This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9948, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and Conference Committee listing.

To commercialize glasses-free 3D display more widely, the display device should also be able to express 2D images without image quality degradation. Moreover, the thickness of display panel including backlight unit (BLU), and the power consumption should not be increased too much, especially for mobile applications. In this paper, we present a 10.1-inch 2D-3D switchable display using an integrated single light guide plate (LGP) without increasing the thickness and power consumption. The integrated single LGP with a wedge shape is composed of prismatic line patterns on its top surface and straight bump patterns on its bottom surface. The prismatic line patterns, which are composed of micro prisms having the light aperture on one side, act as slit apertures of parallax barriers for 3D mode. The linear bump patterns arranged along the vertical direction scatter the light uniformly together with the reflective film disposed under the LGP for 2D mode. LED light sources are arranged as edge-lit in the left and right sides of the LGP for 2D mode, and on the top edge of the LGP with the wider thickness for 3D mode. Display modes can be simply switched by turning on and off the LED light sources, alternatively. Applying the integrated single LGP, we realized a 2D-3D switchable display prototype with a 10.1-inch tablet panel of WQXGA resolution (2,560 × 1,600), and showed the light-field 3D display with 27-ray mapping and 2D display. Consequently, we acquired brightness uniformity over 70% for 2D and 3D modes.

A color transparent screen was designed in this paper, utilizing a planar glass combined with lens array holographic optical elements (HOEs). The lens array HOEs were exposed using two coherent beams, one of which was the reference wave directly illuminating on the holographic material and the other was modulated by the micro lens array. The lens array HOEs can display the images with see-through abilities. Unlike the conventional ones that used the lens array HOEs as the screen solely, planar glass was adopted here as the waveguide. The projecting light was totally internalreflected in the planar glass to eliminate undesired zero-order diffracted light and realize high system compactness. Colorful display can be realized in our system as the holographic materials were capable for multi-wavelength display. To verify the effectiveness of this method, a color transparent screen incorporating the lens array HOEs and waveguide was designed. Results showed the circular display area with 20mm in diameter and the pixel resolution of 100μm were achieved in the system. This simple and effective method could be an alternative in the augment reality (AR) applications, such as transparent phone and television.

Ultraviolet lithography is the most important technology for the semiconductor manufacturer. The high resolution lithography objective lens is the key component of ultraviolet lithography.Aspheres are becoming more and more popular in optical design of lens systems.For traditional aspheres, non-zero terms of over 10th order are seldom used by optical designers.In the paper,we proposes a ultraviolet lithography objective lens with Q-type aspheres.The working wavelength is 193.368 nm, numerical aperture is 0.75,reduction ratio is 0.25, the thickness from the first lens to object is 60mm,the thickness from the last lens to image is 8.5mm,the total track length (from object to image) is 1186mm and image field of view is 26mm×10.5mm.The optical material in ultraviolet wave band is very few,only silica and CaF₂ can be used in engineering project.Because CaF₂ material is very expensive in cost,so we choose silica as the material of ultraviolet lithography objective lens. The ultraviolet lithography objective lens is consisted of twenty-three glass,the maximal aperture is 136.5mm eight aspheric surfaces are used to correct the off axis aberration and higher order aberration.We use the Q-type aspheres and traditional aspheres in the ultraviolet lithography objective lens,and compare the design results.

Over the past few years, new detector technologies have enabled multiband detection through a single aperture. This creates significant SWAP advantages (size, weight and power) and has spurred significant interest in multiband optics (for instance SWIR/MWIR, MWIR/LWIR, etc.). However, due to the small number of materials available in the infrared regions, passive optical athermalization and achromatization can be challenging even over single waveband. This becomes even more challenging in the case of multiband optics. One method for determining appropriate material combinations for athermalization and achromatization is use of a y ∗ v vs. v diagram. We examine an updated form of the y ∗ v vs. v diagram using instantaneous Abbe number. While Abbe number is an effective metric for dispersion within single bands, it becomes less reliable when extended to wider wavelength ranges. Instantaneous Abbe number allows for a wider waveband to be defined, without a loss of generality; and this allows for an updated definition of the y ∗ v vs. v diagram for the development of multiband optics. We present an example of a multiband lens as well as compare the typical definition of Abbe number with instantaneous Abbe number to determine the validity of the updated model.

Several factors impact the light irradiance and relative illumination produced by a lens system at its image plane. In addition to the cosine-fourth-power radiometric law, image and pupil aberrations, and light vignetting also count. In this paper, we use an irradiance transport equation to derive a closed form solution that provides insight into how individual aberration terms affect the light irradiance and relative illumination. The theoretical results are in agreement with real ray tracing.

While historically limited by a lack of suitable materials, rapid advancements in manufacturing techniques, including 3D printing, have caused renewed interest in gradient-index (GRIN) optics in recent years. Further increasing the desire for GRIN devices has been the advent of Transformation Optics (TO) which provides the mathematical framework for representing the behavior of electromagnetic radiation in a given geometry by “transforming” it to an alternative, usually more desirable, geometry through an appropriate mapping of the constituent material parameters. These transformations generally result in 3D GRIN lenses which often possess better performances than traditional radial GRINs. By decomposing TO-GRIN solutions into a 2D-polynomial basis to analyze their behavior, it can be determined which terms govern their performance improvements. However, TO is a computationally intensive evaluation and a comprehensive study of this sort could take weeks to perform. But, by training a surrogate model to approximate the TO calculation, the procedure can be greatly accelerated, dramatically reducing the time of this study from weeks to hours. Moreover, the obscure GRIN terms present in the TO solutions can be mapped to specific aberrations by decomposing the resulting wavefronts into a Zernike polynomial basis and performing multivariate regression analyses. This yields a surrogate model which approximates the full numerical ray-trace and offers an avenue for rapid GRIN lens design and optimization. Meanwhile, to aid in the GRIN construction, we employ advanced multi-objective optimization algorithms which allow the designer to explicitly view the trade-offs between all design objectives such as spot size, field-of-view, and Δn.

In a photo taken with a camera moving at relativistic speed, the world appears distorted. That much has long been clear, but the details of the distortion were slow to emerge correctly. We recently added relativistic raytracing capability to our custom raytracer, Dr TIM, resulting in unique combinations of capabilities. Here we discuss a few observations. In particular, photos can be sharp only if the shutter is placed correctly. A hypothetical window that changes light-ray direction like a change of inertial frame, when combined with suitable shutter placement, can correct for all relativistic-aberration effects.

In this study, we designed, fabricated and demonstrated a compact wavelength detection system based on a gradient grating period guided-mode resonance filter (GGP-GMRF) mounted on a linear charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The GGPGMRF was first fabricated through nanoreplica molding on a plastic substrate, followed by the deposition of a thin TiO₂ film. The grating periods of the GGP-GMRF vary from 250 to 550 nm with a 2 nm increment in each period consisting of 100 cycles. The results show that a 6 mm long GGP-GMRF has a filtering range of 506 to 915 nm. Upon illumination, the GGP-GMRF reflects a particular wavelength of light resulting in the minimum transmission of that wavelength. Hence, the GGP-GMRF provides a spatially dependent minimum transmission depending on the wavelength of the incident light. The linear CCD underneath the GGP-GMRF measures the transmitted intensity, and the wavelength of the incident light can be correlated with the location of the minimum intensity. For the demonstrated GGP-GMRF and CCD system, a spectral resolution of 1 nm can be achieved.

We describe a new pushbroom hyperspectral imaging device that has no macro moving part. The main components of the proposed hyperspectral imager are a digital micromirror device (DMD), a CMOS image sensor with no filter as the spectral sensor, a CMOS color (RGB) image sensor as the auxiliary image sensor, and a diffraction grating. Using the image sensor pair, the device can simultaneously capture hyperspectral data as well as RGB images of the scene. The RGB images captured by the auxiliary image sensor can facilitate geometric co-registration of the hyperspectral image slices captured by the spectral sensor. In addition, the information discernible from the RGB images can lead to capturing the spectral data of only the regions of interest within the scene. The proposed hyperspectral imaging architecture is costeffective, fast, and robust. It also enables a trade-off between resolution and speed. We have built an initial prototype based on the proposed design. The prototype can capture a hyperspectral image datacube with a spatial resolution of 400×400 pixels and a spectral resolution of 500 bands in less than thirty seconds.

Over the past years, a huge interest has grown in both the scientific and the industrial communities for miniaturized and functionalized cameras featuring new capabilities such as depth estimation or multispectral imaging. As a consequence, new optical architectures such as the plenoptic camera have been proposed and studied, primarily in the visible spectrum. These cameras usually include an optical element such as a microlens array or a prism array in order to obtain multiple sub-images of a same object point on the sensor, allowing for single snapshot image refocusing or depth estimation. In the meantime, recent developments in cooled infrared focal plane arrays technology have led to smaller pixel pitch and bigger formats, thus slowly reducing the resolution gap that existed between visible and infrared cameras. This gain in resolution enables the design of more functionalized infrared imaging systems, thus answering the critical need for more features in a limited volume, especially for military applications. However, the use of cooled infrared sensors brings an additional challenge to the design of such cameras because of the specific assembly in which the sensor has to be embedded called a dewar. In this paper we explain how we overcame these constraints to design and implement three different cooled infrared cameras with single focal plane array depth estimation capabilities. We then evaluate the performance of these cameras in terms of range and precision of the depth estimation and conclude on their potential applications.

A low-cost confocal endoscope was developed consisting of a 3D printed laser scanner, a lens, and a housing. The developed tool, mainly made out of low cost polymer offers a disposable use. The scanner unit is overall 10x10mm and electromagnetically actuated in 2-dimensions using a magnet that is attached to the 3D printed scanner and an external miniaturized coil. Using 3D printer’s fabrication advantages the first two vibration modes of the scanner were tailored as out-of-plane displacement and torsion. The scanner employs lissajous scan, with 190 Hz and 340 Hz scan frequencies in the orthogonal directions and we were able to achieve ± 5° scan angles, respectively, with ~ 100 mA drive current. The lens which has 6-mm diameter and 10-mm focal length is 3D printed with Veroclear material and then polished in order to reach optical quality surface. Profilometer (Dektak) measurements indicate only x2 increase in rms roughness, with respect to a commercial glass lens having identical size and focal length.

Novel nonlinear multi-photon laser spectroscopic methods are presented for ultrasensitive detection, separation and identification of biomarker proteins for early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS), cancer, metabolites of carcinogenic molecules, and nicotine and their metabolites. Using compact, portable capillary- or microchip-based separation methods, we demonstrate excellent detection sensitivity and chemical specificity levels. Laser wave mixing is an unusually sensitive optical absorption-based detection method that offers significant inherent advantages including excellent sensitivity, small sample requirements, short optical path lengths, high spatial reso lution, and high spectral resolution. Based on the quadratic dependence of the signal on analyte concentration, it allows more dramatic monitoring of small changes in analyte properties. Wave mixing detection sensitivity is comparable or better than thos e of fluorescence-based methods and enzyme-linked immunoassays for clinical diagnostic and screening. Since the wave-mixing signal is a laserlike coherent beam, it can be collected with virtually 100% efficiency and high signal-to-noise ratio. Laser excitation wavelengths can be tuned to detect multiple analytes in their native forms. Our analysis time is short (minutes) as compared to those of other conventional methods of separation, e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate -polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). When wave mixing is coupled to a high-resolution capillary- or microchip-based separation system, disease biomarkers can be separated and identified at the zepto-mole levels. Laser wave mixing allows for sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers through complexation of cancer antigen with chromophores and absorptionmodifying tags.

The paper deals about central aspects of a new measurement principle, developed to record the 3D trajectory of gun fired projectiles with electronic cameras by illumination with a widened laser beam. Details on the measurement principle and achievements also from live firings will be revisited and an outline of lessons learned be given. Challenges like proper illumination, choice of the camera, system arrangements as well as for postprocessing will be discussed under consideration of imaginable fields of application. It will be shown how simulations can be used to aid optimization of the system design for a certain use case.

The function of a Lateral Transfer Retroreflector is to accurately shift a beam of light laterally, while changing its direction 180 degrees. It uses three optically-flat, reflective surfaces located in mutually perpendicular planes to return an output beam parallel, but laterally separated from the input beam. The device maintains parallelism of the two beams regardless of its own orientation. From mid-2011 to late 2015, two types of LTR were designed, developed, produced and tested at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt Maryland. Information about the development process, along with performance results is given.

Determining the mean square deviation σ of surface roughness and the imaginary part of permittivity n''of a planar gradient optical waveguides n(y)= n3+Δn'(y)+ in''(y) = n'(y)+ in''(y), using the integral waveguide scattering method. For experiment two samples are prepared. The first sample using exchange with silver ions and obtained a parabolic profile, subsequently the method of solid-state diffusion of lead oxide in the glass substrate provides a waveguide with a Gaussian distribution profile permittivity. In both cases, laser radiation is used with a wavelength of 0.6328 microns.

Due to the technological progress in manufacturing, freeform surfaces become a serious option within the optical design proces. The work presented here was done within the German Growth Core fo⁺ and involves all the steps from optical design to manufacturing and testing. The aim of this freeform demonstrator was to improve the field of view correction for an existing spectrometer telescope optics. Within the optical design process different solutions for this freeform element were evaluated. Based on this analysis, the freeform optics was manufactured by grinding and polishing. The results derived from this performance analysis will be presented.

Due to the improving manufacturing processes, freeform surfaces become a serious option within the optical design process. The work presented here was done within the German Regional Growth Core fo+ and involves all steps from optical design to manufacturing and testing. Two approaches for monolithic freeform systems solving the same optical task will be compared with respect to their manufacturability. For this not only surface form deviation but also surface positioning tolerances play an important role. Thus, this will give important hints to what type of optical system is better suited for serial production. The results of this analysis will be presented.

Compacting devices is an increasingly demanding requirement for many applications in both nonimaging and imaging optics. “Compacting” means here decreasing the volume of the space between the entry and the exit aperture without decreasing the optical performance. For nonimaging optical systems, compact optics is mainly important for reducing cost. Its small volume means less material is needed for mass-production and small size and light weight save cost in transportation. For imaging optical systems, in addition to the mentioned advantages, compact optics increases portability of devices as well, which contributes a lot to wearable display technologies such as Head Mounted Displays (HMD). After reviewing the different techniques to design compact systems, we analyze here the multichannel strategies. These type of designs split the incoming bundle of rays in different sub-bundles that are optically processed (independently) and then recombined in a single outgoing bundle. The optics volume decreases rapidly with the number of sub-bundles. These designs usually need to be combined with freeform optics in order to get optimum performance.

Pixellated optical components, for example generalised confocal lenslet arrays (GCLAs), enable the design of optical devices which cannot be realised without introducing pixellation or a similar compromise. A key concern is the degradation of imaging quality due to the combined effects of diffraction, worst for smaller pixels, and the visibility of the pixels. Here we examine the effects of these two factors on image quality through use of our custom raytracer, Dr TIM. We also outline future work in developing these ideas more rigorously and applying the conclusions to more complicated devices.

We propose `digital cloaking' as a method for practical cloaking, where space, angle, spectrum, and phase are discretized. At the sacrifice of spatial resolution, a good approximation to an `ideal' cloak can be achieved- a cloak that is omnidirectional, broadband, operational for the visible spectrum, three- dimensional (3D), and phase-matching for the light field, among other attributes. Experimentally, we demonstrate a two-dimensional (2D), planar, ray optics version of our proposed digital cloak by using lenticular lenses, similar to `integral imaging' for 3D displays. With the continuing improvement in commercial digital technology, the resolution limitations of a digital cloak will be minimized, and a wearable cloak can be developed in the future.

In the present paper, we have carried out analysis of asymmetric light propagation in a chirped photonic crystal (PhC) waveguide. The designed structures have hexagonal arrangement and square arrangement of Silicon (Si) rods in air substrate. Dimensions of the defect rods is tailored, so that the proposed design structure work as an optical isolator. The transmission analysis of the structure reveals that it can act as an optical diode. We have plotted the extinction ratio and transmission analysis graphs for the structure and it has been observed that maximum output is obtained for telecom wavelength of 1.55μm.

Silicon photonics is a fast growing technology for high bandwidth optical communications. Bandwidth can be strongly enhanced with the use of multimode systems, but integrated photonics still has to operate in the single-mode regime. Indeed, most multi-mode photonic devices such as waveguide bends cannot preserve the integrity of the modes. Here we present an alternative inverse-design method to design an ultra-compact multimode waveguide bend. The convergence and performance of the algorithm are studied, along with a transform method that allows to design devices made of two materials only. The optimal device is studied with full electromagnetic simulations to compare its behavior with a more traditional circular waveguide bend. A broadband transmission with very low intermodal coupling is achieved. This illustrates the potential of the objective-first inverse-design method to design ultra-compact broadband photonic devices.

Atom lithography has now become an important means for manufacturing Nano-scale gratings, which are indispensable instruments for Nano-scale dimensional metrology. However, the presence of laser frequency drift makes the results unsatisfactory. Using the atoms’ laser induced fluorescence (LIF) to stabilize the laser frequency provides an effective method of overcoming the drift. This paper gives an analysis with regard to our own experimentation conditions in some aspects, such as fluorescence of Cr beam, difference signal, the correlation between laser frequency and the central of fluorescence. Based on the analysis, the laser induced fluorescence frequency stabilizing equipment is built in our selfdesigned system of chromium atom lithography. The laser is detuned near the wavelength of the ⁷S₃→⁷P₄⁰ transition of 52Cr, so that the atom beam could be illuminated. The power of the laser we used is 15mW. The position of the fluorescent spot depends on detune of the laser. This spot is imaged onto a split- photodiode. Whenever the laser frequency exhibits some deviations from the desired value, the difference signal between the right and the left area of the detector is non-zero. The measured signal is used to servo-lock the laser. It is acquired by the servo-lock port of the Ti:sapphire laser. As a result, the laser frequency is stabilized in the wavelength corresponding to ⁷S₃→⁷P₄⁰ transition of 52Cr. The stability is superior

We describe the optical design and characterization testing of an optically multiplexed imaging system operating in the 3.4 to 5 micron waveband. The optical design uses a division of aperture method to overlay six images on a single focal plane and produce a 90 by 15 degree 6-megapixel field of view. Image disambiguation is achieved through image shifting enabled by piezo-actuated mirrors in the multiplexing assembly. This paper provides an overview of the optical design including focal plane selection, image resolution and distortion, pupil imaging, and aperture division geometry. A method of applying one and two-point non-uniformity correction using radiometric test data is suggested. Sensor-level per-channel image quality and sensitivity tests including MTF, 3D-noise and NEDT are shown to validate the design assumptions.

We present an extension of ptychography coherent diffractive imaging that enables simultaneous imaging of several areas of an extended sample using multiple, spatially separated interfering beams. We show that this technique will increase the throughput of an imaging system by a factor that is equal to the number of beams used. This allows for the acquisition of large field of view images with near diffraction-limited resolution without an increase in data acquisition. This represents a significant step towards large field of view, high resolution imaging in the EUV and x-ray energy regimes.

Conventional sensing techniques work by doing a point-by-point mapping of information from a signal to a detector, whether in spectrometry or imaging. However, there are alternative ways to acquire a signal of interest. By structuring the spectral properties of a measurement, it is possible to impose a sensing pattern onto the signal of interest, and then algorithmically recover the signal from the detected measurements. This allows for a computational isolation of the signal from the measurement, which has potential benefits in flexibility, speed, or resolution. To that end, we have developed a device for spectral engineering using an array of optical resonators. We can then multiplex the properties of our device onto the signal, and the signal then becomes encoded with a known pattern. From this, we recover the signal. The flexibility in our device is shown as we use it for both imaging and spectrometry. We anticipate this method to be useful for a wide variety of applications from high-speed imaging to compact spectrometry.

Virtual analog modeling is the process of creating a digital model of an analog system. In this work a virtual analog model of a dynamic range compression circuit for electrical guitars is constructed by analyzing and measuring the analog reference system. The particular property of the chosen compression system is the use of an analog optical isolator, also called optocoupler. It is a two-port circuit element used to electrically isolate different parts of the audio system while maintaining one-directional coupling via the optical channel. The used analog optical isolator was a Perkin Elmer VTL5C2, consisting of a light dependent resistor and a light emitting diode in an opaque enclosure. All the characteristics of the nonlinear elements were measured, especially the VTL5C2, then the circuit was analyzed to determine its static behavior. In the digital model the output signal is multiplied with a timevariant gain factor, which is dependent on the input signal. Several processing blocks are used to calculate the gain factor, emulating the static and dynamic behavior of the analog reference system. An iterative error minimization procedure is used to refine parameters for the digital model. Finally the output of digital model and analog reference are compared to show how well the model has been adapted to the reference device.

In the past few years we investigated effects of perception of combined acoustical and optical stimuli. These investigations were triggered by the quest for coherence effects in artificially illuminated environment in conjunction with acoustic immissions. Further, harmonies and chords transposed down to frequencies near flicker perception carried by power modulated light in combination with the coherent acoustic stimuli in audible range were subject to research. A deeper discussion is found in previous SPIE papers. These chord experiments showed that - depending on the spatial distribution of light sources and their spots - rhythmic patterns in time and space are generated by the beat frequencies occurring between the chord components. While these results might have consequences in problems of occupational medicine - the original intention of such studies - there might be applications in music and entertainment. The recent paper deals with a deeper discussion of the interference process in power domain and the limits of perception. The resulting rhythm patterns show a fine structure beside the main beat resulting from the frequency differences of the components, which was not considered in earlier works, but obviously depends on phase and signal shape of the components. A basic framework for the design of optical rhythm pattern corresponding to certain sounds is derived. Especially interesting is the question of perception of static phase of the components of chords in both acoustical and optical domains. The paper will give some practical examples, which are part of the talk and the multimedia attachment.

This contribution provides an overview of optical techniques for sound recording, sound synthesis, and sound processing. Several applications of optical devices, examples, and references describing the history and current trends in this field will be given. For sound recording, optical devices can be used to capture vibrations and to transform mechanical sound waves into an electrical signal. Optical storage of audio has a long history beginning with analog sound tracks on film up to recent optical media as for example the Blue-ray Disc. For sound synthesis based on optical systems we will give examples based on graphical sound and the photo-sonic disc for time-domain synthesis. Frequency-domain synthesis techniques which are controlled by a time-frequency (image domain) signal representation will be explained. For analog sound processing the use of a light emitting diode coupled to a photo-electric cell (light dependent resistor) constitutes a nonlinear two-port electrical network or element. These optocouplers have still a wide range of applications for switching, gating, and volume control of audio signals due to their special nonlinear behavior. Hence, there exists a broad interest for high-quality discrete-time models of these devices. An overview of several applications with these optical nonlinearities will be given.

Here we present a refractometer for liquids based on a sinusoidal relief grating immersed in a small cuvette. He – Ne light is sent to the cuvette + grating device where it is diffracted. Zero, +1 and -1 orders appear. It is possible to calibrate the device by measuring +1 order intensity, when different liquids with known refractive index are poured in the cuvette. A theoretical study has been developed that supports the experimental results.

This paper presents a new graphical method for selecting an optimum pair of optical glass and housing materials to simultaneously achromatize and athermalize a multilens system, by use of iterative method. To take into account the lens spacing and housing, we newly quantify the lens powers of the elements by weighting the ratio of the paraxial ray height at each element to them. In addition, we introduce the equivalent single lens and the expanded athermal glass map including a housing material. Even though there is no glass satisfying athermal and achromatic conditions, we can iteratively identify a pair of glass and housing materials by changing the power of equivalent lens.

Recent studies have shown that compressed sensing is capable of recover sparse signals with much few measurements. Meanwhile, it provides a new idea for super resolution imaging. However, previous compressed sensing super resolution imaging methods use digital micro-mirror device or coded aperture as the measurement matrix, which makes the method inefficient. In this paper, we propose a super-resolution method via parallel compressed sensing, the proposed method using scattering medium as the measurement matrix, which we can get enough measurement values at once. Each measurement values contains global information about the object. Experiment simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The paper covers theoretical analysis of the existence conditions for sliding processes in electromechanical servo systems of optical complexes. The conditions of sliding based on servo drive frequency characteristics are obtained. It is first shown that these conditions are equivalent to the conditions of absolute stability of obtained equivalent circuits of servo drives with relay elements.

In this paper we present a novel method to record high spatial resolution far-infrared(FIR) hologram. This method takes advantage of the photo-induced phase transition characteristic of vanadium dioxide(VO₂) film. The light path is off-axis digital hologram recording path, while the VO₂ film is kept in constant temperature in front of the recording high resolution CMOS sensor. In the setup, the far infrared light from CO₂ laser changes the partial transmittance of VO₂ film to visible light, then a read-out visible laser is used to measure the transmittance of VO₂ film, and subsequently the results are recorded by a high resolution CMOS sensor. So that with utilizing the photo-induced phase transition of VO₂ film, we can use CMOS sensor to record far-infrared digital hologram. As the pixel pitch of CMOS sensor is much smaller than tradition FIR sensor, the recorded FIR digital hologram has been much improved. Moreover, the transition speed of VO₂ film is in nanosecond scale which means that far-infrared fast-moving object recording and hologram video could be achieved. In our experiments we used different objects to compare the spatial recording resolution and the experiments prove that our method can record higher spatial spatial resolution than traditional FIR digital hologram. It has the potential to become a more effective FIR digital hologram record method. Further research will focus on the simplified light path and FIR hologram video record and process.

The stereo matching image processing is studied by the characteristic area properties, the geometrical restrictions and color comparisons. The characteristic areas are the 4 directional connectivity areas bound by the edge parts. The geometrical restrictions are the size difference ratio between the characteristic areas, matching point displacement ratio between the centers of the gravity of the characteristic areas, the size distortion ratio between the added stereo matching pattern union and the reference stereo matching pattern. The proper stereo matching conditions are the state of the maximum and sufficient large pixel number on the overlap area, the satisfaction of the condition of the average row difference ratio on the overlap area, the similar state of the average color difference on the overlap area on the proper combinations of the characteristic areas. The ability of the studied stereo matching is experimented with respect to the colorful soccer ball object. The result of the stereo matching experiments provide the proper correspondence between the centers of the gravity of the characteristic areas. The geometrical restrictions is effective to select the good combination between the characteristic areas of the stereo matching patterns.

The optical zoom structure to design a three-dimensional (3D) human-eye optical sensory system with infrared and visible light was proposed. There are two important parts in the study, first, the experiments of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D recognition. According to experimental data on 2D and 3D images, human-eye recognition of 3D images was substantially higher (approximately 13.182%) than that of 2D images. Thus, 3D images are more effective than 2D images when they are used at work or in high-recognition devices. Second, in the optical system design, infrared and visible light wavebands were incorporated as light sources to perform simulations. The results can be used to facilitate the design of optical systems suitable for 3D digital ophthalmoscopes.

TMA-based obstruction-free off-axis three-mirror systems became popular recently. Although they provide good performance over wide field of view by employing freeform mirrors, the overall dimension and the size of the system are relatively large considering their aperture size and focal length. More compact design is possible in off-axis two-mirror systems combined with field-correcting lens. A linear-astigmatism-free two-mirror system with correcting lens provides a wide field of view in relatively small size. In this paper, design examples of compact wide field two-mirror systems with correcting lens are presented.

Microscopic imaging systems especially high speed functional imaging systems employing Galvo-scanner as a beam steering system generate distorted images. In an attempt to make the fast imaging microscopic systems efficient we conducted an in depth study on the possible causes, reasons and formulated an optimal solution for it. We studied and analyzed the behavior of a Galvo Scanner (GS) at different scan frequencies. A triangular signal is usually employed to drive the GS owing its ability to generate less distorted images. Conventionally, the GS’s mirrors move in accordance with the input control signal at low scan frequencies(less than 100 Hz) but as we advance to higher scan frequencies (more than 700Hz), GS fails to obey the input due to the inherent mechanical inertia of the mirrors. This scrambles the distance between the microstructures being imaged, thus leading to distortions in the images obtained. Therefore we propose a novel library of (purposely) distorted ramp signal to deal with this problem. The rationale behind this idea is to provide the GS enough voltage to overcome the inertia so that the resultant movement is a linear ramp. The results obtained showed a significant improvement in the behavior of the scanners in the terms of spectral width of the FWHM of the output signal.

In this work, we have proposed electro-optical nonlinear delayed feedback systems (NDFS) using VCSEL. NDFS is composed by non-linear function unit, a transfer function unit, a gain adjusting unit and delay elements unit. In this system, with the increase of the feedback gain, cyclic oscillations from the non-oscillating state arise, and they repeatedly come to be harmonic or bifurcation transitions, leading to chaotic oscillation. With our experiments, we carried out the simulations, to prove the waveform generated from our NDFS to be really chaotic. In addition, we examined the influence of the external input signals to this process. As a result, we proved that random waveforms seen in the experiments to be really chaotic oscillations by comparison to theoretical chaotic feature. Also, we have observed period entrainment by varying external input frequency or delaytime of NDFS when we add sinusoidal wave with appropriate amplitude to LD driving current in the experiment. Moreover we have observed weak entrainment, strong entrainment, and unchanged period or frequency as varying these parameters step by step. Intervals of frequency or delaytime at the very time of occurring entrainment was determined by above mentioned parameters. Thus, we have clarified that intervals of frequency when occurring entrainment corresponds to the reciprocal of the delaytime when we varied frequency so as to stabilize the delaytime. On the other hand, we have also clarified that intervals of delaytime at the occurring entrainment corresponds to the reciprocal of input frequency when we varied delaytime so as to stabilize the frequency. Also, we have measured spectrum with the peak of input frequency as well as integral multiplication of the frequency when entrainments occur. With these results, it is revealed that NDFS in our experiments shows significant characteristics as to vary the waveforms dynamically by external input signal.

We have demonstrated a new smart grid model by our novel green photonics technology based on self-organized optical networks realizing an autonomous peer-to-peer electric power transmissions without centralized control for the power grid. In this optical network, we introduced an adaptive algorithm for concurrent peer-to-peer communications, with a simple optical-electrical hybrid bistable circuit composed of such as light emitting diode (LED) and photo diode (PD) by utilizing optical nonlinearity depending only on the signal strength passing through the network. In the experiment, the method uses a simple, local adaptation of transmission weights at each network node, which we call a power gate unit (PGU) that enables self-organizing functions of the network. Based on this method, we have demonstrated experimentally a new smart grid model applicable for ad-hoc electric power distribution systems mediated power consumptions. In this model, electric power flow is controlled autonomously through the self-organized network nodes associated with individual power facilities having photovoltaics and electric storage devices, etc., and the nodes convert the amounts of electric power supply and/or consumption to the light intensity values using above mentioned transmission weights at each node. As a consequence, we have experimentally demonstrated a simple short haul system model for ad-hoc electric power distribution with a self-organized optical network as a novel green photonics technology application for smart grid consumptions. In this model, electric power flow is controlled autonomously through the selforganized network nodes associated with individual power facilities having photovoltaics and electric storage devices, etc., and the nodes convert the amounts of electric power supply and/or consumption to the light intensity values using above mentioned transmission weights at each node. As a consequence, we have experimentally demonstrated a simple short haul system model for ad-hoc electric power distribution with a self-organized optical network as a novel green photonics technology application for smart grid.

The purpose of this project was to test and implement recent research of polarization and scatter properties that suggest using a cross polarization imaging system to reduce glare artifacts. In particular, the use of this research is to improve the machine vision of apple quality detection in the food industry. The automated measurement system was implemented by acquiring pictures at different angles and different polarization states of apples. The opto-mechanics, system integration, synchronization and data collection are controlled with LabVIEW.