The paper is a digest of works presented during the XVIth National Symposium on Optical Fibres and Their Applications. The Symposium is organized since 1976. OFTA 2015 was organized by Optical Fibre Laboratory of the Faculty of Chemistry at University of Maria Curie Skłodowska, and Institute of Electronics and Information Technology of Lublin University of Technology, in Nałęczów on 22-25 September 2015. The meeting has gathered around 120 participants who presented 85 research and technical papers. The Symposium organized every 18 months is a good portrait of optical fibre technology development in Poland at university laboratories, governmental institutes, company R&D laboratories, etc. Topical tracks of the Symposium were: optical and photonic materials, technology of classical, tailored and structural photonic optical fibres, light propagation physics in optical fibres, passive and active optical fibre components, optical fibre sensors, passive and active optical fibre networks, optical fibre amplifiers and lasers, optical fibre network issues: modulation, architectures, economy, etc.

The paper is a subjective yet critical authors’ description of arbitrarily chosen series of events associated with the development of optical fibre technology (OFT) in Poland. There are reminding pioneering research activities in the second half of the seventies in Optical Fibre Technological Centres in Lublin (UMCS), in Warsaw (in ONPMP), which were joined soon after by Białystok (Polytechnics and Glass Works). There are mentioned with friendliness the key persons of that period, and in particular the pioneers of OFT in Poland, which are not with us anymore. There is emphasized the role of the first national symposia on “Optical Fibres and Their Applications”, which played an integration role for the newly established research community of OFT and photonics. Omitting the complex history of the development of OFT in Poland during the intermediate years, we bravely jump to today, a day which would have not existed now, if the pioneering period had not been so rich in research results. The authors would like to show in particular these research, scientific and logistic activities, which despite difficult conditions of science development in Poland, when looked at from some distance in time and space, seemed to be then well ahead of their time.

The article contains a brief history and present days of research and education in application of optical fibres at Lublin University of Technology. It also presents the potential of research groups working at the University.

The near-infrared emission of low phonon (805 cm^-1) germanate glasses from GeO₂-Ga₂O₃-BaO system co-doped with 0.7Yb₂O₃/(0.07-0.7)Ho₂O₃ ions has been investigated. Luminescence at 2.1 μm corresponding to ⁵I₇ → ⁵I₈ transition in holmium was obtained by energy transfer between Yb3+ and Ho3+ ions. The optimization of the activator content and the concentration ratio were conducted with the purpose of maximizing the efficiency of energy transfer and as a consequence luminescence intensity at 2mm. The highest value of the luminescence intensity was obtained in glass codoped with 0.7Yb₂O₃/0.15 Ho₂O₃.

In this paper, heavy metal oxide glasses based on bismuth, germanate and gallium elements doped with Er³⁺ have been synthesized. Composition of glass matrix has been developed in terms of low phonon energy (724 cm^-1), low absorption coefficient in the infrared region (1.2 cm^-1), good mechanical and chemical properties. Synthesis of glasses has been performed under a low vacuum condition, which has reduced the OH- ions to 50 ppm. Glasses were doped with (0.25 – 1 mol%) Er2O3 to obtain emission at the wavelength of 2.7 μm (⁴I_11/2 → ⁴I_13/2) under 980 nm laser diode excitation. Obtained results demonstrate that developed heavy metal oxide glass is an attractive material for mid-infrared applications.

The numerous applications of luminescent glass and polymeric microspheres are well known. The polymeric structures are popular as they assure good processability (solid and porous structures) and high doping level. The article presents the suspension polymerization process of polymeric (PMMA) microspheres doped by xanthene dyes: Fluorescein (Fl) and Rhodamine B (RhB). The bright luminescence at wavelengths 510nm 595nm respectively was recorded. The shape and dimension distributions of fabricated microspheres were optically determined. The article presents also potential applications of fabricated luminescent microspheres.

This paper presents the technology of performing an effective glued connection between optical fibers made from silica (SOF) and polymer (POF) and a pair of polymer optical fibers (POF-POF). This study has been undertaken in order to establish the influence of cleaving for quality of fiber preparation (its cutting in particular), type of glue, as well as joint spot protection. The prototype of a hot cleaver of POF, made in Institute of Applied Physics MUT, was minimalized and adapted to a single use of blade. Matching geometry of connected structures was optimized by adjusting optical fibers to each other. The result of this research was to define particular distance between fibers. It turned out that the optimized distance amounts to 30 μm. Experiment showed that a joint made of optical glue has given loss of less than 0.2 dB. The next step was to involve protection of the mechanical joint. It turned out that glass capillary complies with the requirements. In order to confirm the effectiveness of the chosen glue connection, measurements of technical parameters on patch cords with MMF – POF and POF – POF connections were made. It was stated that SOF – POF connections can work within the range of -40°C + 60°C workable for humidity simulation without loss change. However, connections POF – POF are unstable with respect to temperature change. Modal characteristics of near- field were also observed.

We present applications of titanium dioxide wide bandgap oxide semiconductor and its application in integrated optics devices. The paper is focus on research of physical properties TiO₂ such as: spectral transmittance, refractive index, extinction coefficient in the UV-VIS-IR range of light as well as surface topography. In addition we show the numerical calculation and optical characterization of fabricated optical planar waveguide based on TiO₂.

The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is very sensitive, and so is the optical technique used in chemical sensing. The angle of incident of light at which a resonant effect is observed, as well as the dip of a resonant are very sensitive to variations of the optical parameters of the medium on a surface-active plasmon metal layer. In this work a novel combcopolimer of regioregular poly-3-hexylothiophene (rr-P3HT) and is studied as a gas (NO₂) sensing material. Gas sensing properties of this material is examined using SPR technique at room temperature.

(Ag₃AsS₃)_0.3(As₂S₃)_0.7 thin films were deposited onto a quartz substrate by rapid thermal evaporation. The optical transmission spectra of thin films were measured in the temperature range 77–300 K. It is shown that the absorption edge spectra are described by the Urbach rule. The temperature behaviour of absorption spectra was studied, the temperature dependences of energy position of absorption edge and Urbach energy were investigated. The influence of transition from three-dimensional glass to the two-dimensional thin film as well as influence of Ag₃AsS₃ introduction into As₂S₃ on the optical parameters of (Ag₃AsS₃)_0.3(As₂S₃)_0.7 were analysed. The spectral and temperature behaviour or refractive index for (Ag₃AsS₃)_0.3(As₂S₃)_0.7 thin film were studied.

Cu₆PS₅I superionic thin films were deposited onto silicate glass substrates by non-reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Optical transmission spectra of annealed and implanted by sulphur and phosphorous thin films were investigated. In the temperature interval 77–300 K the temperature behavior of optical absorption spectra and dispersion of refractive index of annealed films as well as the influence of ionic implantation on spectra and parameters of exponential absorption edge were studied. Temperature dependences of optical pseudogap, Urbach energy and refractive index of annealed and implanted Cu₆PS₅I thin films were analysed.

Plane evanescent wave sensors are being developed for over thirty years. However, their full development is somehow limited by the lack of relatively cheap and stable waveguide layers of high refractive index, low optical losses and at the same time resistance to the impact of chemical substances. The paper involves waveguide layers SiO₂:TiO₂ of high refractive index (∼1.81) satisfying these criteria, fabricated via sol-gel method and dip-coating technique. The parameters of the waveguide layers SiO₂:TiO₂ were determined using elipsometric and spectrophotometric methods. The presented waveguide layers have excellent optical properties and are suitable for the application in the planar evanescent wave sensors technology. For the best waveguide SiO₂:TiO₂ layers, the obtained level of optical loss was below 0.2 dB/cm.

In presented work, we examined the structures of dual-core fibers paying special attention to the possibility of using them for sensing. In the hole-assisted fiber structure, the character of propagation in the cores was changed fluently, by post-processing the fiber, i.e. tapering with collapsing the holes. Fiber post-processing changed the conditions for supermodes interference and thus the different scale of power transfer between cores was observed. In the paper we investigated the influence of the taper parameters (taper waist, length and ratio) on the properties of the fiber. We have also studied the behaviour of the transmitted signal, while putting post-processed segment of fiber into different external conditions. Presented research shows a great potential of using modified hole-assisted fibers as sensing elements.

In this work we present an innovative method of enhancing optical fibers’ resistance to extremely high temperatures by deposition of a multilayer metal coating on the fibers’ surface. Such multilayer coating is necessary because of the silica degradation at elevated temperatures. Despite the fact that copper coated fibers work well at temperatures up to 400°C, at higher temperatures copper oxidizes and can no longer protect the fiber. To hold back the copper oxidation and silica degradation processes we developed a dedicated multilayer coating which allows fibers to operate at temperatures up to 700°C. The optimal protective layer has been chosen after numerous high-temperature tests, where copper plates coated with different kinds of coatings were evaluated. What is more, we present results of the high-temperature reliability tests of copper coated fibers protected with our multilayer coating. Performed tests proved that our solution significantly improved optical fibers’ reliability to both: elevated temperatures and rapid changes of temperature. Furthermore the developed metal coatings allow fibers’ to be electrolytically bonded to other metal elements (e.g. sensor transducers) what makes them great candidates for harsh environment fiber optic sensor applications.

An engineering tool for designing LPG-based filters is reported. Band-rejection filters for telecom applications have been designed and manufactured and an automated mass production technology has been developed. The technology utilizes single-shot LPG writing with a double CO₂ laser beam. The paper discusses also the critical process parameters controlled to shape the spectral characteristics of manufactured filters.

The paper discusses uncertainty of estimates of the first order PMD parameters in a fiber in the context of their use to characterize quality of optical fiber communication lines. It was recently shown that when the parameters are estimated from waveforms of the signal transmitted through a fiber the uncertainty of the estimates can be considerably large. The results however, were based on an approximation which might not reproduce well the distribution of the parameters, particularly in the tail. This may lead to overestimation of uncertainty, the most influential in the range of low DGD values. The paper presents the method in which a more exact approximation can be obtained and provides estimate uncertainty results for this specific range.

The paper reports on the metal (Cu, Ni, Au)-coated fibers annealed under concentrated solar radiation in ammonia and N₂/H₂ atmospheres at temperatures up to 580 °C. Tensile strength of the annealed fiber components was studied from the point of view of their possible application as a fiber optic sensors in urea chemical synthesis process control.

In this paper we present the results of numerical simulations of the modal properties of the hollow core fiber with new structure of the core. We show that altering the shape of the core of the hollow core fiber allows an improvement of optical parameters, such as losses or bandwidth.

The paper presents analysis of light intensity distribution and sensitivity in differential interferometer based on bimodal polymer waveguide. Key part is analysis of optimal waveguide layer thickness in structure SiO₂/SU-8/H₂O for maximum bulk refractive index sensitivity. The paper presents new approach to detecting phase difference between modes through registrations only part of energy propagating in the waveguide. Additionally in this paper the analysis of changes in light distribution when energy in modes is not equal were performed.

The main aim of the research is to design new types of fiber optic transducers based on filled photonic crystal fibers for sensor applications. In our research we propose to use as a filling material nanoparticles’ ferrofluids (Fe₃O₄ NPs). Optical properties of such transducers are studied by measurements of spectral characteristics’ changes when transducers are exposed to temperature and magnetic field changes. From synthesized ferrofluid several mixtures with different NPs’ concentrations were prepared. Partially filled commercially available photonic crystal fiber LMA 10 (NKT Photonics) was used to design PCF transducers. Their thermo-optic properties were tested in a temperature chamber. Taking into account magnetic properties of synthetized NPs the patch cords based on a partially filled PM 1550 PCF were measured.

In this paper we present the idea and test results of an all-fiber unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer for fiber Bragg grating shift demodulation. The interferometer design allows to monitor Bragg wavelength changes (caused by temperature or strain variations) as changes of intensity on the output detector. Furthermore the construction is cost-effective and based on simple optoelectronic components, which makes the solution attractive for application as a low cost fiber Bragg grating interrogator.

We present a numerical study of the dispersion characteristic modification in a nonlinear photonic crystal fibre (PCF) infiltrated with organic solvents. The PCF is made of PBG08 glass and was developed in the stack-and-draw process. The PBG08 glass has a high refractive index (n < 2.0), high nonlinear refractive index (n₂ = 4.3×10⁻¹⁹ m²/W) and good rheological properties that allow for thermal processing of the glass without crystallization. In the numerical study 18 different solvents were used. The dispersion, mode area, and losses characteristics were calculated. The zero dispersion wavelength (ZDW) of the fibre can be shifted towards longer wavelengths by approx. 150 nm by using Nitrobenzene as infiltrating liquid and by a smaller value using other liquids. At the same time the mode area of the fundamental mode increases by approx. 5 to 15% depending on the wavelength considered. The confinement losses increase significantly for six analysed liquids by a few orders of magnitude up to 10² dB/m. Our approach allows to combine high nonlinearities of the soft glass with the possibility to tune zero dispersion wavelength to the desired value.

In this paper we present a numerical study on the optimization of dispersion of a photonic crystal fiber infiltrated with water-ethanol mixtures. The advantage of such an approach stems from the fact that the dependence of the refractive index on temperature is larger in liquids than in solid materials. Here, we examine photonic crystal fibers with a regular, hexagonal lattice and with various geometrical and material parameters, such as different number of rings of holes, various lattice constants and the size of core and air-holes. Additionally, for the optimized structure with flat dispersion characteristics, we analyze the influence of temperature and concentration of the ethanol solution on the dispersion characteristic and the zero dispersion wavelength shift of the fundamental mode.

Fibre Bragg gratings have many sensing applications, mainly for measuring strain and temperature. The physical quantity that influences grating uniformly along its length causes a related shift of the Bragg wavelength. Many peak detection algorithms have been proposed, among which the most popular are the detection of maximum intensity, the centroid detection, the least square method, the cross-correlation, auto-correlation and fast phase correlation. Nonuniform gratings elongation is a cause of spectrum deformation. The introduction of non-uniformity can be intentional or appear as an unintended effect of placing sensing elements in the tested structure. Heterogeneous impacts on grating may result in additional errors and the difficulty in tracking the Bragg wavelength based on a distorted spectrum. This paper presents the application of correlation methods of peak wavelength shifts estimation for non-uniform Bragg grating elongation. The autocorrelation, cross-correlation and fast phase correlation algorithms are considered and experimental spectra measured for axisymmetric strain field along the Bragg grating are analyzed. The strain profile consists of constant and variable components. The results of this study indicate the properties of correlation algorithms applied to moderately non-uniform elongation of an FBG sensor.

In the paper is presented a numerical analysis of optical sensors based on gradient index multimode interference structures (MMI) made by sodium-potassium ion exchange is presented. Variations of external propagation conditions change the mode properties and as a result the modal fields interference pattern and the signal distribution at the output. Three sensor configurations are considered. In the first case multimode section is covered by dielectric layer which change the real part of the refractive index during its contact with measured analyte. The second configuration use the additional thin buffer layer of a high refractive index placed between the core of a multimode section and a dielectric sensing layer which increases the energy of modes in the active region. A third configuration is based on the MMI section with cladding layer that changes the refractive index and extinction with changes of the concentration of the measured analyte.

This article presents the problem of the impact of environmental disturbances on the determination of information from measurements. As an example, NDIR sensor is studied, which can measure industrial or environmental gases of varying temperature. The issue of changes of influence quantities value appears in many industrial measurements. Developing of appropriate algorithms resistant to conditions changes is key problem. In the resulting mathematical model of inverse problem additional input variables appears. Due to the difficulties in the mathematical description of inverse model neural networks have been applied. They do not require initial assumptions about the structure of the created model. They provide correction of sensor non-linearity as well as correction of influence of interfering quantity. The analyzed issue requires additional measurement of disturbing quantity and its connection with measurement of primary quantity. Combining this information with the use of neural networks belongs to the class of sensor fusion algorithm.

In this paper we present possibilities of tuning spectrum of supercontinuum with the use of temperature change. Our study is based on the information about the role of dispersion characteristics in the process of nonlinear effects generation in nanosecond pulse regime. We obtain tunable spectrum effects in microstructured fiber and we show how to optimize its properties. Our experimental results showing nonlinear effects generation in fiber pumped in normal and anomalous dispersion regime enables to determine how the nonlinear effects depend on temperature changes. We show that even small changes of dispersion characteristic of microstructured fibers enable to obtain significant modification of generated spectra when four wave mixing is dominant effect. Controllable generation of tunable supercontinuum can be used in numbers of potential applications such as diagnostics and measurement systems.

The paper presents the concept of forming ammonia sensor based on a planar waveguide structure. It is an amplitude sensor produced on the basis of the multimode waveguide. The technological base for this kind of structure is the ion exchange method and the sol-gel method. The planar multimode waveguide of channel type is produced in glass substrate (soda-lime glass of Menzel-Glaser company) by the selective Ag+↔Na+ ion exchange. On the surface of the glass substrate a porous (~40%) silica layer is produced by the sol-gel method. This layer is sensitized to the presence of ammonia in the surrounding atmosphere by impregnation with Bromocresol Purple (BCP) dye. Therefore it constitutes a sensor layer. Spectrophotometric tests carried out showed about 50% reduction of cross-transmission changes of such sensor layer for a wave λ=593 nm caused by the presence of 25% ammonia water vapor in its ambience. The radiation source used in this type of sensor structure is a light emitting diode LED. The gradient channel waveguide is designed for frontal connection (optical glue) with a standard multimode telecommunications waveguide 62.5/125μm.

The sol-gel technology allows preparation of thin silica films ranging in porosity from dense to highly porous. These films can function as a matrix binding molecules of the pH-sensitive dyes and can be utilized as the sensitive films for intensity based planar evanescent wave chemical sensors. Sensitive properties of these dyes decreases in time due to aging processes. We report characterization of weakening of sensing properties of highly porous silica films doped with the bromocresole purple (BCP). In the presence of the gaseous ammonia, the absorption band (AB) of protonated BCP centered at λ=430 nm, is shifted toward λ=591 nm due to deprotonation, resulting in the increase of sensitive films absorption in the range of wavelengths of shifted AB. Two sets of films were investigated. Films from the first one were cyclically exposed to the ammonia and stored isolated from the daylight. Films from the second set weren't exposed to the ammonia and were stored in a staining jar exposed to the daylight. A depth of the AB at λ=430 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer. A sensitivity of the films toward ammonia was measured using LED emitting at center wavelength λ=610 nm. As was shown, the sensitivity of these films exposed to the ammonia diluted in dry air, and isolated from the daylight, decreases in time exponentially. The magnitude of that decrease monotonically depends on the ammonia concentration. It was also shown that the daylight causes quick aging of films not exposed to the ammonia. A depth of the AB centered at λ=430 nm relatively quickly decreased when compared with films isolated from the daylight and exposed to the ammonia.

Reflectance characteristics of a two-cavity extrinsic Fabry-Perot optical fiber sensor were investigated using computer modeling. Calculations were performed using a plane wave-based approach, selected for clarity of results. Based on the modeling results, it can be concluded that the two-cavity Fabry-Perot interferometer can be used to measure two different quantities, such as refractive index and temperature, independently. It is also possible to use one of its cavities as a wavelength or optical path length reference, especially when a tunable laser is used as a light source. Spectral signal processing needed in such sensor is not substantially more complicated than that used in single cavity sensors.

In this work we would like to exhibit theoretical investigation of correlated fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) for sensor applications. The spectra of FBGs have been simulated so as to overlap each other. There have been performed analysis of reflected optical power for different sensing FBGs using self-written program. Different width of scanning FBGs have been applied in order to obtain various response of sensor setup. The comparison study of these FBGs have been done. This work presents the results of simulations for reflected optical power with regard to different temperatures surrounding sensing FBGs.

The authors designed and fabricated optical power splitters, which make an alternative solution to existing commercial products. The proposed solutions use multicore microstructured optical fiber designed for new generation telecommunication networks made in Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM) system. The splitters presented in this paper aim to have low loss and to be compatible with existing elements of optical networks, and in the same time to eliminate disadvantages of existing splitters. Two designs presented in this paper are made in all-fiber technology in order to ensure high environmental stability. The authors present detailed description and experimental results for both optical power splitters’ designs.

Optical fiber carbon dioxide gas sensors are reported. The sensors utilize pH sensitive indicator dyes, which change color, when exposed to varied concentrations of CO₂. Sensors were made by deposition of silica sol solution on the Plastic Clad Silica fiber side surface. The possibility of preparing the sensors by deposition of active layer on the surface of etched fibers has also been demonstrated. Dependence between the fiber diameter and the sensitivity of the sensor has been presented. Morphology of the active layer has been investigated by the analysis of SEM images.

Design of a fiber optic gyroscope FOG using a photosensitive line to scan interferograms is proposed. Shift periods depends mainly on the change of the phase of counter light waves propagating along the closed loop in opposite directions while rotating loop around an axis that is normal to its plane. Phase shift is proportional to the angular velocity Ω and the area of the circuit S which is bypassed by the counter-propagating waves. Proposed FOG design significantly reduces the impact of the following optical noise factors: zero drift, Rayleigh scattering, the Kerr effect, etc.

In order to numerically model modern multimode fiber based links we are required to take into account modal and chromatic dispersion, profile dispersion and spectral dependent coupling. In this paper we propose a complete numerical model which not only is precise but also versatile. Additionally to the detailed mathematical description of the model we provide also a bunch of numerical calculations performed with the use of the model.

In the paper we presented results of investigation of an original ultra dense wavelength division technology based on optical comb generator and its implementation for FTTH networks. The optical comb generator used a ring configuration with an acousto-optic frequency shifter (AOFS) which ensured obtaining very stable optical carrier frequency distances. Properties of an optical comb generator module determined stability of the UDWDM transmitter. Key properties of a selective components based on all fiber Fabry-Perot resonant cavity were presented. Operation of direct and coherent detection DWDM systems were shown. New configurations of FTTH UDWDM architecture have been proposed.

In this paper we present experimental results of measurements of the lens thickness carried out using all fiber low coherence interferometer. A new interferometric device for measuring the thickness of the lens using optical fibers has been developed in response to market demand. It ensures fast, non-contact and accurate measurement. This work focuses above all on the conducting tests to determine the repeatability of the measurement and to verify the ability of using this method in industrial conditions. The system uses a Mach-Zehnder interferometer in which one of the arms is the reference part and the second arm containing the test element is the measurement part. The measurement rate and the easiness of placement of the test lens in the system give the possibility to automate the measurement process. We present the measurement results, which show that the use of low-coherence interferometry allows achieving high measurement accuracy and meeting other industrial needs.

The use of optical elements and other photonic components makes it possible to overcome telecommunication satellite’s bottleneck problems such as size and weight reduction. Despite the unquestionable potential of such elements, nowadays they are not widely used in systems operating in space. This is due to many factors, including the fact that space radiation has disruptive influence on optical fibre. Namely it introduces additional radiation induced attenuation (RIA) that significantly lowers efficiency of optical fibre based systems. However, there is a possibility to produce radiation-hardened (rad-hard) components. One of them is seven core erbium-doped active fibre (MC-EDF) for fibre amplifiers in satellites that we have been developing. In this paper we present a detailed description of seven core structure design as well as experimental results. We report that average gain of 20 dB in C-band with noise figure of 5.8 dB was obtained. We also confirmed that low crosstalk value for a multicore fibre amplifier based on our fibre can be achieved.

Optical sensing systems has a not weakening research and development in recent years. Because of its unique properties of being unsusceptible to electromagnetic interference, having wide range of operational temperature and having extreme small physical dimensions, optical fiber sensors has increasing acceptance. Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) is the most frequently used type of optical sensor types because of its huge multiplexing potential and potentiality of being embedded into composite material (e.g. in structural health monitoring) or attached into measured structure. Embedding or attaching FBG into an inhomogeneous environment, spectral characteristic of the sensing grating do not retain full symmetry, which is due to related differences in the distribution of the axial stress of the grating. When periodicity of the grating is constant, the peak of FBG reflection spectrum should be narrow and sharp. An inhomogeneous axial strain distribution will cause a distorsion in measured transmission or reflection spectrum. This paper shows an distorsions in FBG reflection spectrum measured from sensor attached on surface with welded joint. The sensor strain-to-wavelength shift processing characteristics obtained for homogeneous and welded steel samples were compared.

On the base of the analysis of laws on voltage regulation by the supply transformers with the under load tap change device, the paper presents the modified regulation law, the use of which, unlike the known ones, allows to limit the number of tap changing of the supply transformer, which results in improvement of voltage quality of the consumers and the reliability of the under voltage tap change device operation.

Serial-parallel systems used to convert the image. The control of their work results with the need to solve coordination problem. The paper summarizes the model of coordination of resource allocation in relation to the task of synchronizing parallel processes; the genetic algorithm of coordination developed, its adequacy verified in relation to the process of parallel image processing.

The paper proposes additional evaluation functions to mark the segment area that cuts straight line to determine the intensity of the color pixel. For anti-aliasing purposes a twelve-angle pixel model is suggested. Additional evaluation functions are used to identify the pixel color intensity. These functions can be calculated independently. A structure of a device is proposed for hardware implementation of anti-aliasing.

The paper presents a system that implements methods of finding at the image lines of road marking, vehicle localization in space, the rules by which the system will react to different road situations in accordance to the position of the vehicle relative to line marking, and registration of unauthorized changes of rows movement.

The use of the polarimetry techniques for display and study of biological tissues has gained increasing interest in recent years. This interest is related mainly to the non-invasiveness, relatively low cost, and ease of application among other characteristics. However, for full use of these advantages, the calibration methods must ensure the minimization of the effects of uncertainties related to the optical element positioning and the noise in intensities measurements.

The second fundamental form (SFF) characterizes surface bending as value and direction of normal vector to surface. The value of SFF can be used for blur elimination by simple subtractions of the SFF from image signal. This operation narrows amplitude fronts saving contours as inflection lines. However, it sharpens all small fluctuations and introduces image distortion like noise. Therefore blur recognition and elimination using SFF has to be accompanied by procedure of image estimate optimization in accordance with regularization functional which acts as nonlinear filter. Two iterative methods of original image estimate optimization are suggested. The first method uses dynamic regularization basing on condition of iteration process convergence. The second method implements the regularization in curved space with metric defined on image estimate surface. The given iterative schemes have faster convergence in comparison with known ones.

The method of acetylene production in acetylene generator was analyzed. It was found that impossible to provide the desired process characteristics by the PID-controller. The adaptive control system of acetylene generator was developed. The proposed system combines the classic controller and fuzzy subsystem for controller parameters tuning.

The opportunity of direct transformation of pressure in frequency is shown on the basis of the hybrid integrated circuit consisting of the two-collector pressure sensitive transistor and the field two-gate transistor with an active inductive element on the basis of the bipolar transistor with a phase-shifting RC chain. Analytical dependencies of transformation function and the equation of sensitivity are received. Theoretical and experimental research have shown, that sensitivity of the transducer makes 1,55–1,10kHz/kPa.

This article gives a detailed introduction of the operation of optical switches, as well as the problems that arise, and according to this, the possible solutions in theoretical approaches, in the next paper will be made a simulation to compare the new design.

The application field of using the Mueller-matrix polarizing reconstruction system of phase structure of biological layer for optical-anisotropic parameters differentiation of histological sections of healthy and rat’s liver with hepatitis were investigated. Comparison of system informativity with known systems on indexes of sensitivity, specificity and balanced accuracy were performed.

In this study we propose a new version of photodynamic therapy performed by laser scanning. The method consists in tumor treatment by a light beam of a small cross section which incrementally moves through the chosen area with a defined delay at each point and repetitively re-scans a zone starting from the initial position. Experimental evaluation of the method in vitro on murine tumor model showed that despite the dose, applied by scanning irradiation mode, was 400 times lower, the tumor inhibition rate conceded to attained with continuous irradiation mode by only 20%.

For the successful surgery on the eye muscles it is recommended to use a computer system of preoperative planning of the surgical correction of strabismus. With using the computer system at surgery planning, ophthalmologist surgeon will be able to choose the best surgical treatment and surgery dosage for a particular patient.

The method and a diagnostic tool based on a digital colorimetry and multispectral images of biological tissues are improved and developed. The method consists of measuring the color coordinates in the biological tissue, or XYZ coordinates in n-dimensional multispectral space in a diffuse light from the standard light source.

Change of color coordinates of normal and pathological biological tissues is based on calculated spectral diffuse reflection. The proposed color coordinates of normal and pathological biological tissues of skin provided using standard light sources, allowing accurately diagnose skin damage due to mechanical trauma with a blunt object for forensic problems.

Neurosurgical intervention is a very complicated process. Modern operating procedures based on data such as CT, MRI, etc. Automated analysis of these data is an important task for researchers. Some modern methods of brain-slice segmentation use additional data to process these images. Classification can be used to obtain this information. To classify the CT images of the brain, we suggest using local histogram and features extracted from them. The paper shows the process of feature extraction and classification CT-slices of the brain. The process of feature extraction is specialized for axial cross-section of the brain. The work can be applied to medical neurosurgical systems.

The paper evaluated the diagnostic value of laser photoplethysmography when examining patients with chronic lower limb ischemia. A statistical analysis of the research results was made, and diagrams of relationship between the degrees of ischemia and blood flow are presented.

The article is devoted to the actual problem - the development of new express diagnostic methods, based on which a doctor-otolaryngologist can quickly and efficiently determine a violation of smell. The work is based on the methods of processing and analysis of medical images and signals. We have also identified informative indicators of endoscopic image of the olfactory region of the nasal mucosa of the upper course.

Control and development of priority measures to minimize the impact of allergenic plants on the state of morbidity, caused by asthma are one of the most common and complex problems for public health in modern cities. Bronchial asthma in humans occurs because of aggregation of various factors, the nature of which varies in time and space. So, we should use spatial-temporal data model for formalization of this problem, but typical data formalization methods and data processing methods need to be improved, taking into consideration the peculiarities of impact, especially of allergenic plants and weather conditions on people in a city. The paper shows a new approach to unified in time and optimal by discretization in space data formalization, concerning the main factors that form the conditions for the emergence of bronchial asthma. The example of such analysis was given, which illustrated the efficiency of the proposed information model and the method of its processing.

The paper presents improvement of the method of environmental monitoring of water bodies based on bioindication by phytoplankton, which identify phytoplankton particles carried out on the basis of comparison array multispectral images using Bayesian classifier of solving function based on Mahalanobis distance. It allows to evaluate objectively complex anthropogenic and technological impacts on aquatic ecosystems.

In the work the formalization of the problem of diagnostic and treatment activities (DTA) steps complex estimation for increasing of their efficiency and minimization of the risk of doctor’s mistakes was completed. The decision support system during conducting of DTA based on formalizations of steps of DTA performing with theirs complex estimation was developed that allows to minimize the risks of doctor’s mistakes, raise validity of decisions.

Actuality development of optoelectronic rapid diagnostic system for measuring physical and biological characteristics of the skin in vivo with radiation of electromagnetic radiation in the optical range to obtain objective information on the spatial distribution of biochemical and morphological and anatomical components are different for state standards and pathology.

Improved methods for multispectral measuring television monitoring of the ecological state of water bodies on the characteristics of macrophytes groups to assess complex human impact on their environment. Integral assessment of water pollution is based on research products of higher aquatic plants and their communities by optical methods.

The article proposes the application of discrete cosine transformation, Haar wavelet transformation and parallel computation in order to reduce the computational complexity of the fractal coding algorithm and to increase the processing speed of the image compression using the proposed algorithm.

The paper discusses the possibility of time-logic functions (LTF) using polynomial, extending the formal mathematical apparatus to practical problems of pattern recognition. Reviewed operations on LTF have been presented in case of submitting them in the form of polynomials as well as hardware implementation of these operations have been discussed.

The appearance of glitches in digital-to-analog converters leads to significant limitations of conversion accuracy and speed, which is critical for DAC and limits their usage. This paper researches the possibility of using the redundant positional number system in order to reduce glitches in DAC. There had been described the usage pattern of number systems with fractional digit weights of bits as well as with the whole number weights of bits. Hereafter there had been suggested the algorithm for glitches reduction in the DAC generation mode of incessant analogue signal. There had also been estimated the efficiency of weight redundancy application with further presentation of the most efficient parameters of number systems. The paper describes a block diagram of a low-glitch DAC based on Fibonacci codes. The simulation results prove the feasibility of weight redundancy application and show a significant reduction of glitches in DAC in comparison with the classical binary system.

Building of “clever” thesaurus by algebraic means on base of concepts formalization of language image and figurative meaning of the natural-language constructs in the article are proposed. A formal theory based on a binary operator of directional associative relation is constructed and an understanding of an associative normal form of image constructions is introduced. A model of a commutative semigroup, which provides a presentation of a sentence as three components of an interrogative language image construction, is considered.

The methods of correction of the saltatory conversion characteristics of tracking ADC with weight redundancy, based on inaccurate analog elements, were analyzed. It is shown that the multiplicity of numbers presentation in notation systems with weight redundancy allows to reduce the errors of the conversion characteristic of a DAC and to simplify the correction of the conversion characteristic of the ADC containing such DAC using the boundary code combinations. The criterion was defined and the effectiveness of the proposed approach was estimated.

The article contains information technology of clustering problem situations in computing and office equipment, which is based on an information model of clustering and modified clustering methods FOREL and K-MEANS such situations.

Paper presents a method that allows evaluating the impact of uncontrolled parametric perturbations on the stability of automatic systems with logical control units. The major difference of the proposed method is using analytical form for representing the stability of such systems which allows evaluating the parameters of self-excited oscillations.

There is an important role of the users that are traversing Internet resources and their activities which, according to the practice, aren’t usually considered by the Internet resource owners so to adjust and optimize hypertext structure. Optimal hypertext structure allows users to locate pages of interest, which are the goals of the informational search, in a faster way. Paper presents a model that conducts user auditory behavior analysis in order to figure out their goals in particular hypertext segment and allows finding out optimal routes for reaching those goals in terms of the routes length and informational value. Potential application of the proposed model is mostly the systems that evaluate hypertext networks and optimize their referential structure for faster information retrieval.

Conditions of diversification of enterprise products are involving for changes of higher levels of management hierarchy, so it’s leading by tasks correcting and changing schedule for operating of production plans. Ordinary solve by combination of enterprise resource are planning and management execution system often has exclusively statistical content. So, the development of decision support system, that helps to use knowledge about subject for capabilities estimating and order of operation of production object is relevant in this time.

The paper is devoted to synthesis of the control algorithm of cyclicity for branched technological process. The calculated schema of optimal number of repetitions for executing of branched technological process is described. The information technology for optimal control of technological process is developed. The developed information technology is used in technological process of software quality assurance.

The paper presents algorithm of decision making for development strategy of information systems. The process of development is planned taking into account the internal and external factors of the enterprise which affect the prospects of development of both the information system and the whole enterprise. The initial state of the system must be taken into account. The total risk is the criterion for selecting the strategy. The risk is calculated using statistical and fuzzy data of system's parameters. These data are summarized by means of the function of uncertainty. The software for the realization of the algorithm of decision making on choosing the development strategy of information system is developed and created in this paper.

The advisability of clustering of control tasks providing reduction of information flows needed to coordinate operational processes is demonstrated. Criterion and algorithm for optimal aggregation are proposed. The influence of the hierarchical structure of control system on the filling factor of information flow matrix is discussed.

The paper describes a new approach to presenting of the information about the control system states and processing of this information for the control decision-making. The ranks between distances of system states but not these distances are important information for implementation of procedures to identifying states and optimization of the system in this approach. The concept of rank configurations and special binary codes for their encoding are introduced. Different models of ranked configurations for defining the characteristics of these codes are presented. The interval model of ranked configurations to determine the completeness of such codes and a method and algorithm for evaluation of its adequacy are designed. The results of the algorithm performance are presented.