This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7421, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and the Conference Committee listing.

Albert Einstein did not believe in completeness of QM. He dreamed of creation of prequantum classical statistical mechanics such that QM will be reproduced as its approximation. He also dreamed of total exclusion of corpuscules from the future model. Reality of Einstein's dream was pure fields' reality. Recently I made his dream come true in the form of so called prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). In this approach quantum systems are described by classical random fields, e.g., electromagnetic field (instead of photon), electron field or neutron field. In this paper we generalize PCSFT to composite quantum system. It is well known that in QM, unlike classical mechanics, the state of a composite system is described by the tensor product of state spaces for its subsystems. In PCSFT one can still use Cartesian product, but state spaces are spaces of classical fields (not particles). In particular, entanglement is nothing else than correlation of classical random fields, cf. again Einstein. Thus entanglement was finally demystified.

The time-dependent spectral properties and nonlinear dynamics of a spontaneous photon emitted by two level atom, trapped in damped nanocavity and coupled to a single resonance mode, have been investigated. The results have been obtained with the help of new nonperturbative approach by solving exactly the Schrödinger equation. The theory accounts exactly and simultaneously processes of emission, reabsorptions and leakage of photon. The solution was found with the Green functions formalism, supplemented with the novel algorithm in operating causal singular functions and fundamentals of the theory of quasi-stationary systems. The obtained distributions and emission dynamics are presented with plots as functions of photon frequency detuning and time for various value Γ/4g. For Γ/4g <1 the spectrum is a triplet inside the cavity and doublet outside it. In this case the total emission probability is described by decaying oscillations. For Γ/4g ≥ 1 and Γ/4g >> 1 the spectrum consists of a single central line decaying exponentially with profile depending on value Γ/4g.

Double slit experiments with true single photons are presently becoming reality. Thus one may speculate that the wave particle duality of light and photons can now be proven unequivocally. This was not the case with earlier experiments using attenuated multi-atom light sources. Here it is suggested that the few available experiments which indeed are using single photons can be explained in a comprehensible manner without invoking quantum mechanics and wave particle dualism. However, one has to give up the notion of an indivisible photon.

The 'graininess' in the energy content of light is reported in experiments ranging from the blackbody spectrum and photo-electric effect to revivals in the Jaynes-Cummings model. Laser shot noise and antibunching of correlations in resonance fluorescence signify a departure from continuous wave behavior for light. Such phenomena underlie the unique sense in which a photon is regarded as an indivisible particle, experimentally tied to the fact that a beam splitter does not split a single photon of a two-photon pair. We consider three arguments for indivisibility - quantization of energy, particle-like fluctuations, and which-way measurements. We argue that in each case, photon indivisibility is an inference based on energy conserving interactions where the detection mechanism involves countable electrons subject to space and bandwidth limitations. The indivisibility of the photon thus remains an open question, and one that we can use to probe the foundations of quantum electrodynamics.

We have performed several original experiments, in order to investigate the nature of optical interference. In some contexts, the assumption that light beams suffer perturbations during their interaction is the most plausible. In others, the assumption that they do not is more appealing. Yet, the observable outcomes of both models are compatible with each other, in theory as well as in experiment. We conclude that they work equally well for the purpose of making physical predictions, and that each of them is logically valid. However, their interpretive value is not equal. If we assume that light beams cross each other unperturbed (even at the microscopic level), then we run into theoretical complications and even paradoxes that are not otherwise present.

In recent years it has become evident that the primary concept of the photon has multiple interpretations, with widely differing secondary connotations. Despite the all-pervasive nature of this concept in science, some of the ancillary properties with which the photon is attributed in certain areas of application sit uneasily alongside those invoked in other areas. Certainly the range of applications extends far beyond what was envisaged in the original conception, now entering subjects extending from elementary particle physics and cosmology through to spectroscopy, statistical mechanics and photochemistry. Addressing this diverse context invites the question: What is there, that it is possible to assert as incontrovertibly true about the photon? Which properties are non-controversial, if others are the subject of debate? This paper describes an attempt to answer these questions, establishing as far as possible an irreducible core of what can rightly be asserted about the photon, and setting aside some of what often is, but should never be so asserted. Some of the more bewildering difficulties and differences of interpretation owe their origin to careless descriptions, highlighting a need to guard semantic precision; although simplifications are frequently and naturally expedient for didactic purposes, they carry the risk of becoming indelible. Focusing on such issues, the aim is to identify how much or how little about the photon can be regarded as truly non-controversial.

Formulations for second and higher harmonic frequency up & down conversions, as well as multi photon processes directly assume summability and divisibility of photons. Quantum mechanical (QM) interpretations are completely congruent with these assumptions. However, for linear optical phenomena (interference, diffraction, refraction, material dispersion, spectral dispersion, etc.), we have a profound dichotomy. Most optical engineers innovate and analyze all optical instruments by propagating pure classical electromagnetic (EM) fields using Maxwell's equations and gives only 'lip-service' to the concept "indivisible light quanta". Further, irrespective of linearity or nonlinearity of the phenomena, the final results are always registered through some photo-electric or photo-chemical effects. This is mathematically well modeled by a quadratic action (energy absorption) relation. Since QM does not preclude divisibility or summability of photons in nonlinear & multi-photon effects, it cannot have any foundational reason against these same possibilities in linear optical phenomena. It implies that we must carefully revisit the fundamental roots behind all lightmatter interaction processes and understand the common origin of "graininess" and "discreteness' of light energy.

This paper extends and generalizes the principle of Non-Interference of Light (NIL) to diffracted secondary wavelets. In a previous series of papers we have demonstrated the NIL principle for well defined superposed light beams, which experience negligible diffracted spreading within the interferometers being used. NIL is consistent with quantum physics where emitted photons from material dipoles are considered non-interacting Bosons. Our NIL principle describes the formation of fringes (energy re-distribution) as patterned energy absorptions or scattering by "local" material dipoles proportional to the square modulus of the sum of all the superposed stimulating fields experienced by the dipoles.

In 1900 Max Karl Planck performed his famous black-body radiation work which sparked the quantum revolution. Re-examination of that work has revealed hidden variables, consistent with Einstein's famous sentiment that quantum mechanics is incomplete due to the existence of "hidden variables". The recent discovery of these previously hidden variables, which have been missing from foundational equations for more than one hundred years, has important implications for theoretical, experimental and applied sciences and technologies. Planck attempted to integrate the new "resonant Hertzian (electromagnetic) waves", with existing Helmholtz theories on energy and thermodynamics. In his famous January 1901, paper on black-body radiation, Planck described two significant hypotheses - his well known Quantum Hypothesis, and his more obscure Resonance Hypothesis. Few scientists today are aware that Planck hypothesized resonant electromagnetic energy as a form of non-thermal energy available to perform work on a molecular basis, and that Planck's Resonance Hypothesis bridged the gap between classical Helmholtz energy state dynamics of the bulk macrostate, and energy state dynamics of the molecular microstate. Since the black-body experimental data involved only a thermal effect and not a resonant effect, Planck excluded the resonant state in his black-body derivation. He calculated Boltzmann's constant "k_B" using completely thermal/entropic data, arriving at a value of 1.38 ×10^-23 J K^-1 per molecule, representing the internal energy of a molecule under completely thermal conditions. He further hypothesized, however, that if resonant energy was present in a system, the resonant energy would be "free to be converted into work". Planck seems to have been caught up in the events of the quantum revolution and never returned to his Resonance Hypothesis. As a result, a mathematical foundation for resonance dynamics was never completed. Boltzmann's constant was adopted into thermodynamic theories without its natural companion, the resonance factor ("r_f").

The main aim of this review is to show that the common conclusion that Bell's argument implies that any attempt to proceed beyond quantum mechanics induces a nonlocal model was not totally justified. Our analysis of Bell's argument demonstrates that violation of Bell's inequality implies neither "death of realism" nor nonlocality. This violation is just a sign of non-Kolmogorovness of statistical data - impossibility to put statistical data collected in a few different experiments (corresponding to incompatible settings of polarization beam splitters) in one probability space. This inequality was well known in theoretical probability since 19th century (from works of Boole). We couple non-Kolmogorovness of data with design of modern detectors of photons.

Findings show that important fundamental principles of mathematical Physics are consistently misapplied to concepts of gravitational lensing or just simply ignored. The thin plasma atmosphere of the sun represents an indirect interaction involving an interfering plasma medium between the gravitational field of the sun and the rays of light from the stars. There is convincing observational evidence that a direct interaction between light and gravitation in empty vacuum space is yet to be observed. Historically, the observed evidence of light bending occurred predominantly near the plasma rim of the sun, not in the vacuum space far above the rim. An intense search of the star filled sky will reveal a clear lack of lensing exists among the countless numbers of stars, where the lens and the source are by good chance co-linearly aligned with the earth based observer. With this condition at hand and assuming the validity of the light bending rule of General Relativity, the sky should be filled with images of Einstein rings. Moreover, the events taking place at the center of our galaxy under intense observations by the astrophysicists since 1992, presents convincing evidence that a direct interaction between light and gravitation simply does not take place. This highly studied region, known as Sagittarius A*, is thought to contain a super massive black hole, a most likely candidate for gravitational lensing. The evidence is clearly revealed in the time resolved images of the rapidly moving stellar objects orbiting about Sagittarius A*.

The wavelength has been a common denominator to the various wave-like and particle-like models of the photon - this wavelength being inversely proportional to the momentum and energy ascribed to the photon. The Lorentz transformation has been utilized with both wave-like and particle-like descriptions to generate the relativistic Doppler Effect and the associated transformation of the wavelength. The relativistic transformation of those models is reexamined here, noting the common feature that wavelength transforms as a specific time-length projected along the trajectory of the photon. While in the wave-model this length can be associated with the periodicity of the wave, in the particle-model this length can be associated with a real, quantized geometric property of the photon. This associated length can tie the photon to the description of components of other quantum particles modeled variously by strings or membranes. Whatever description for the structure of light we ultimately converge upon should integrate this real, geometric property of wavelength. A novel membrane-like model for the photon is discussed that integrates this geometric time-length and suggests the correlation to mass-energy.

Application of the Electro-Gravi-Magnetic (EGM) Photon radiation method on a Cosmological scale suggests "the nature of light" to be that of propagating matter; facilitating the derivation of the present values of the Hubble constant "H₀" and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) temperature "T₀". It is demonstrated that a mathematical relationship exists between the Hubble constant and CMBR temperature such that "T₀" is derived from "H₀". The values derived are "67.0843(km/s/Mpc)" and "2.7248(K)" respectively. Consequently, utilising the experimental value of "T₀", improved estimates are derived for the solar distance from the Galactic centre "R_o" and total Galactic mass "M_G" as being "8.1072(kpc)" and "6.3142 x10¹¹(solar-masses)" respectively. The EGM construct implies that the observed "accelerated expansion" of the Universe is attributable to the determination of the Zero-Point-Field (ZPF) energy density threshold "U_ZPF" being "< -2.52 x10^-13(Pa)" [i.e. "< -0.252(mJ/km³)"]. Moreover, it is graphically illustrated that the gradient of the Hubble constant in the time domain is presently positive (i.e. "dH/dt > 0").

This paper is based on Einstein's key concept, 'Physical Interpretation of Co-ordinates' on which basis he developed his theory of relativity. However, in the present theory, space and time co-ordinates are abandoned and instead, internal components of energy are recognized as co-ordinates of Nature's geometry. This enables the development of the theory in full conformity to the principle of conservation of energy. Whereas, the co-ordinates that vary in the motions of matter particles are inertia and velocity of the applied momentum, in motion of photons, it is the inertia and frequency co-ordinates that vary, while velocity co-ordinate remains invariant at value c, making the result of Michelson's experiment self-explanatory. Thus, although this theory vindicates special theory of relativity in regard to the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light, it contradicts it by recognizing the possession of mass by a photon. By identifying that Newton has willfully omitted two important laws by the use of the Ockham's razor, since these have no significant effects on the motion of bodies at low velocities, and by re-instating these laws, classical mechanics is revised to apply to bodies moving at all velocities whatsoever, so that the revised theory becomes capable of accounting for gamma-factor, Lorentz transformation and other relativistic phenomena. The parallel between 'Lorentz transformation' of the displacement of a fast moving particle in a laboratory on earth, in terms of co-ordinate variation of inertia and velocity, and the relativistic Doppler effect of starlight incident on earth in terms of co-ordinate variation of inertia and frequency, is established.

The first realistically photon-like Schrödinger solution of Maxwell's classical equations in dispersive media is presented. Classical modes of transverse electric or transverse magnetic fields with angular frequency ω propagating along an axis are shown to be able to be enveloped with counter-rotating helical modulations which have a different angular frequency Ω. These helical rotations, called distributed spin rotations, propagate at the group velocity. The formation of a completely closed packet of electromagnetic energy requires that the axial fields and transverse fields have a common axial length of envelope. This forces Ω to take quantized values in terms of ω with Ω related to the Schrödinger frequencies of a harmonic oscillator. The spin rotations permit flexible transverse confinement allowing for localization of the photon wave-packet over different spatial areas. It is argued that the energy of this packet is not related to its volume but depends on the quantized helical frequency Ω. Such photon-like packets possess classical phase and group velocities in keeping with experimental evidence. A single photon-like packet does not disperse in dispersive media. Incrementing or decrementing the rate of helical rotation promotes or demotes the packet energy in keeping with standard photon theory. The model offers explanations for self-interference and entanglement.

Recently anew interpreted old experiments as well as the ongoing debate, "What is the nature of light?" force one to illuminate the photon's character from another side. In particular, the question is discussed: Can the quantum properties of a single photons be transferable to a manifold of correlated ones of them (laser)? A sketch is given how helically polarized laser radiation focused onto a metal alloy target, such that moiré fringes appear, generate tremendous locally inductances (B-field) underneath "hot spots." This is possible due to the fact that the group velocity of light underneath the laser interaction zone tends to approach zero but not reaching it. An imbalance in absorption of E-and B-field of the degenerated electromagnetic wave is responsible of it, however, as B→ ∞ underneath a "hot spot" the energy density ρ→0. Experiments revealed the B-field can grow so strong that trapped nuclei may be dismantled (Nuclear Cluster Jet). The origin of the observed phenomena are caused by light, but the quantum nature of photons can not made responsible for it, it is mere a feature of special optical fields in association with target conditions.

In this paper, we show that there are actually two versions of Maxwell's equations. The new version is mathematically, but not physically, equivalent to the conventional form. It was missed because of an attempt to give a mathematical fix for a basic physical problem. This second formulation fixes the clock of the field source for all inertial observers. However now, the (natural definition of the effective) speed of light is no longer an invariant for all observers, but depends on the motion of the source. This approach allows us to account for radiation reaction without the Lorentz-Dirac equation, self-energy (divergence), advanced potentials or any assumptions about the structure of the source. This version has a new invariance group which, in general, is a nonlinear and nonlocal representation of the Lorentz group, and provides a natural (and unique) definition of simultaneity for all observers. We briefly review the corresponding particle mechanics. The purpose is to show that there is a (unique) clock for any closed system of physical bodies. This clock provides a unique definition of simultaneity for all events associated with the system. We then discuss our view of the photon within this theory.

This paper offers a "Two-Field" point of view for understanding propagating electromagnetic energy. Nature's parsimony allows us to say, "Light beams consist of two continuous, independent, modulated and rapidly moving E and H fields." At lower intensities the intermittent emission identified by Planck appears. Experiments involving radio fields showed that E fields propagate at slower velocity than H fields. Experiments involving light showed that H fields passing through the atmosphere will probably not be scintillated. Experiments are underway to photograph scenes using the H portion of light. Experiments are underway to reduce blur of an over-exposed diffraction-limited image.

Optical micromanipulation offers a unique insight into light-matter interaction at the mesoscopic level within the classical framework. The optical forces used in this process originate from the conservation of energy and momentum during an optical interaction. They can be determined through the use of the electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor which describes the flux of momentum and energy. However, can we use this direct opto-mechanical interaction to further our understanding of the classical nature of photons? In this paper, I generalize the momentum energy tensor and determine its eigenmodes for a given scattering object. These eigenmodes decompose the classical electromagnetic field into modes that have formally similar properties to those associated with photons i.e. modes with uniquely defined energy, momentum and polarization. This classical interpretation of photons is put forward and discussed in the context of small scattering particles. When a single photon is scattered from an object, transferring its momentum, is its final state one of the momentum energy eigenmodes? Potential experiments are discussed that could confirm this assumption in the case of single photon optical trapping and verify the "classical" nature of the photon.

The basic concepts of space and time have undergone radical changes in the course of history, which render the Newtonian notions of elementary particles obsolete. This was inherent in the formulations of quantum mechanics, as the zitterbewegung of quantum-mechanical free particles are not the same as that of classical ones. The quantum field theories do not fare any better as particles and the corresponding fields are inseparable concepts. As physical concepts are becoming fuzzy, the definition of what constitutes an experimental "discovery" of an elementary particle is being revised. In these attempts, the quasi-particles, which are simple mathematical conveniences, tend to be reclassified as physical entities. The current model depictions of physical vacuum as superconducting medium do not accommodate a picture of elementary particles as individual entities. It is a situation where interactions and interactants become entangled and description of either one independent of the other is unattainable.

Detecting non-locality requires almost ideal experimental conditions - ideal sources for entangled photon pairs and ideal detectors. Deviations from this ideal situation may critically hamper interpretations of experiments attempting to prove non-locality. Of two major known loopholes, the detector loophole is not yet unequivocally closed. Now another loophole emerges: When in such experiments down converting crystals with lasers as primary sources are used, exceeding threshold values in the Bell inequalities, i.e. their violation, can be caused by so far not fully recognized problems in the generation and detection of photon pairs. Taken together, nonlocality is still not yet unequivocally proven.

Re-examination of the work of Max Karl Planck has revealed hidden variables in his famous quantum work, consistent with Einstein's famous sentiment that quantum mechanics is incomplete due to the existence of "hidden variables". The recent discovery of these previously hidden variables, which have been missing from the foundational equations of quantum theory for more than one hundred years, has important implications for all the sciences as well as for understanding the interactions of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Planck's quantum formula, E = hν, is missing the variable for measurement time. Planck had included the missing time variable in his earlier electromagnetic work, but omitted it in his famous work that sparked the quantum revolution. Restoration of measurement time to Planck's quantum formula produces the more complete, E = h~ ν t. The numerical value Planck calculated for his action constant "h" takes on new meaning as an energy constant "h~" for light. Planck's energy constant is the mean energy of a single oscillation of light, namely 6.626 X 10^-34 J/oscillation. The mean oscillation energy of light is constant, and does not vary with frequency or wavelength. The photon, as historically defined, is a time dependent packet of energy, based on the arbitrary measurement time of one second. An arbitrary, one second increment of energy cannot be a truly indivisible and elementary particle of nature. Omission of the time variable from Planck's quantum formula contributed to numerous paradoxes in quantum mechanics, such as uncertainty relating to formulations involving time, wave-particle duality, the need for normalization of wave functions, lack of dimensions for the fine structure constant, and irreconcilability of quantum mechanics and general relativity (Einstein's gravitational theory). Many of these paradoxes are simplified or eliminated altogether with a re-interpretation of quantum mechanics with Planck's hidden time variable and energy constant.

Based on the theoretical derivation and experimental data, the declaration that the quantum theory of light can contain the classical electromagnetic theory of light is oppugned, and two dead-points are put forward. One is the nonconservation of the energy of the electromagnetic field before and after quantization due to a number of zero point energy, and the other is that the real electromagnetic wave, as a matter, will lose its real material nature in theory, or only as a substitute of photons. Finally, a crucial experiment is designed to demonstrate and compare the accuracy of quantum theory and classical electromagnetic theory in the classical condition.

We propose a classical, i.e., local-real physical model of processes underlying EPR experiments. The model leads to the prediction, that the visibility of the output signal will exhibit increasing variation as the coincidence window is increased, thus providing a testable criteria for its validity. If it can be sustained, this model undermines the claim that Nature has a fundamentally nonlocal feature or that irreal entities are required by quantum theory.

The Afshar experiment is a relatively simple two-slit experiment with results that show a discrepancy with the predictions of Bohr's Principle of Complementarity. We report on the results of a calculation using a simpler but equivalent set-up called the modified Afshar experiment. Numerical results are in agreement with the experimental measurements performed on the Afshar experiment set-up. Calculations show that the level of which-way information and visibility in the Afshar experiment is higher than originally estimated.

The origin of this conference series has started with the publication of a special issue, "The nature of light: What is a photon?" by Optics and Photonics News, OSA, October, 2003. This issue contained five articles by well-known main stream people from several countries. In 2005, SPIE allowed us to organizing an out-of-box conference series on the same topic; and we have just completed the 3rd biannual conference with great success and enthusiastic participation by many thinkers. Many of these participants believe that all successful theories must be periodically re-evaluated from its base to modify and correct, as necessary, based on newer and more advanced information. This particular article establishes the assertion of the last sentence by identifying paradoxes and contradictions existing in current text books on classical and quantum optics. We show that these can be resolved simply by adopting the hypothesis, Non-Interference of Light (NIL). NIL is derived by developing realism driven measurement epistemology, which also helps us to appreciate that time-frequency Fourier theorem should not be used as a principle of nature because of NIL principle. Further, Fourier "monochromatic components (modes)" do not represent reality as they violate the principle of conservation of energy. Consequent impacts in classical and quantum optics are summarized in this paper, which should help the readers to appreciate the vital importance as to why we should continue such an "out-of-box" conference with steadily increasing vigor.

Compilation of extended abstracts from the participants of the panel discussion: Is indivisible single photon really essential for quantum communications, computing and encryption?

In this paper it is tried to provide a new approach to the problem of electron spin by reviewing the classical concept of spin. It is exhibited that the big flaw in calculation of electron spin by classical concept and formulation is due to intrinsic errors associated with any experiment to measure the amount of the radius of electron, i.e. the measured amount of electron radius in any lab experiment will be much smaller than expected value and is varied depending on some factors, the nature and the conditions that govern each experiment. It is tried to provide a mathematical analysis and physical model to show that any change in kinetic energy of electron will change the rotational speed of electron slightly. It is obvious that the rotational speed of electron should be very close to the light speed then any change of above mentioned speed will result a great change in the radius of electron (Ehrenfest paradox) and measured mass of electron in any specific experiment. In other words a small change of rotational speed due to the change of kinetic energy of scattered particles in each experiment will result different values of measured radius of electron depending on the conditions that govern any specific any experiment but it is showed that spin of electron remains fix in all experiments. This phenomenon can be called relativistic asymptotic behavior. Most of lab experiments for calculation the radius of electron are scattering of electron-particle , then any change of kinetic energy of electron will change the rotational speed considerably .The concept of rest mass, contracted length and Ehrenfest paradox, are used to investigate the spin concept by a novel method. A very direct consequence that can not be avoided to be mentioned is an interpretation to the concept of anti-neutron that is mentioned in this paper too. It is also exhibited that the mathematical analysis of Compton effect can be a strong proof for this model. As the following, the concept of proton spin and neutron spin is analyzed precisely. Finally, a precise value for Planck constant is obtained according to the above mentioned model that can be a confirmation to the provided mathematical analysis and modeling.

This paper provides a complete physical model associated with mathematical analysis and formulation that is based on Schrödinger equation and Feynman path integral. This model answers to single Photon (electron) double slit experiment with high degree of accuracy. It also gives a new method of analysis and formulation for Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffractions that are completely according to the Schrödinger equation and Feynman path concept. The results of these methods are precisely in agreement with the near field and far field diffraction experiments. In other words the new formulation in all above mentioned phenomena i.e. single photon (electron) double slit experiment, Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffractions are completely confirmed by lab experiments(measurements). Lab experiments mean common intensity and pattern experiments resulting from Fresnel (near field) diffraction, Fraunhofer (far field) diffraction and patterns resulting in single photon (electron) lab experiment. The resultant formulas are sketched and calculated by matlab program, the resultant graphs and values are compared with lab experiments in each section. This analysis substitutes wave function and probability density function concepts instead of interference of light beams emitted from infinitesimal pinholes or classical interpretation of near field diffraction and far field diffraction phenomena. The ultimate goal of this paper is to give a very accurate answer to the single particle double slit experiment and also to unify diffraction concept of classical optics in to quantum mechanics, deleting the traditional concept of phases in classical optics and substituting the concept of deflection of Feynman paths. The above mentioned analysis may be a glad tiding to a reliable method to unify classical optics in to quantum mechanics.

It is considered questions of coherence of a light. The model of quantum packet structure of optical flow for connection of its coherency with parameters of quantum packets is proposed.

A simple mechanical model of a photon is presented. It comes directly from conservation of matter and observations of electron - positron annihilation and electron - positron pair production. If electrons and positrons are considered fundamental particles, there is no reason to believe that they change character between annihilation and pair production. The most direct way to think about this is to simply believe that a photon is an electron and positron joined in a two body orbital union, translating through space.