This paper presents our research and development efforts in realizing and perfecting organic/inorganic photon upconversion devices for wavelengths from near infrared (1.5 μm) region to visible light (green). The basic idea is to integrate an InGaAs/InP photodetector with an organic light emitting diode (OLED), connected in series. The detected photocurrent drives the OLED to emit visible light, thereby achieving the upconversion. A few approaches of integration methods and device designs have been tested.

320×256 GaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) Focal Plane Array (FPA) was successfully prepared. The material design, device fabrication, performance measurement, as well as thermal imaging by the first QWIP FPA thermal imager was addressed in this paper. Further development and application of large format QWIP FPA detector was also presented. Based on the mature material growth and devices processing technology the large format III-V QWIP focal plane array was characteristic of promising mass production ability with high performance, good repeatability, good uniformity and low cost. Besides, the flexible Energy-Band Engineering of III-V QWIP technology made QWIP FPA as the advanced Third-Gen infrared detector technology now and in the future.

Based on the development of infrared thermometry all over the world, a problem has been pointed out. Whenever infrared thermometer has been used in measuring temperature, the field of full vision of target must be considered. Or else there will be a mistake. In the thesis, base on the theory of infrared thermometer, we analyze the reasons of the error. And we also deduce the theory equation of partial vision temperature measurement about infrared thermometry. In the process of deduction, because of the other influences are not considered; so we get the approximate equation of partial vision temperature measurement, based on measurement value we draw a compensatory curve to compensate the equation of infrared thermometry. The curve has reflected the compensating effect well. In the end, we analyze the reasons of error. We draw a conclusion that this method of partial vision temperature measurement is feasible. We discuss the error which caused by distance and get a feasible method to correct the error.

Infrared Atmospheric Sounder(IRAS) on FengYun-3 meteorological satellite measures scene radiance in the infrared spectrum and is used for sounding atmospheric parameters such as temperature and vapor vertical profiles. MWIR and LWIR detectors of IRAS need to work at 100K and are cooled by passive radiant cooler. To achieve temperature below 100K, multistage radiators are required. After the satellite was lunched in May 2008, the decontamination heaters of IRAS cooler were turned on and the cooler was heated at about 300K. After anti-contamination cover was deployed, the second stage radiator was heated for several days. When all heaters were turned off, the radiant cooler began to cool down and reached its lowest temperature about 3 days. The uncontrolled temperature of second stage and first stage are 85.3K and 136.3K. The cooling capacity of IRAS cooler is approximately 70mw at 100K controlled temperature. Degradation of IR channel signals is not observed. The flight performance and ground test results of the cooler are presented.

Quantum structure has been optimized for the excited state confinement to improve the detector performance of quantum wells infrared detector (QWIP) and quantum dots infrared detector (QDIP). By the energy band engineering, the quantum states in quantum structure are easier to be manipulated than the case in interband transition of bulk material. Moreover, the confined state in resonant tunneling diode has shown its function to amplify the photo-excited carrier in the order of 10⁷, which imply that a new high sensitivity infrared detector will be resulted from the integration of such amplification quantum structure with the quantum inter-subband transition structure. The optimized quantum structure has been used for the QDIP linear array and very long wavelength QWIP linear array in the format of 256×1. The response peak for QDIP is at 6μm. Two type of QWIP is developed with the response peak at 12μm and 15μm, respectively.

The paper introduces the development of space thermal infrared imaging technology. Firstly, it discusses the characteristics and difficulties of space thermal infrared imaging. It then introduces the progress and related applications of space thermal infrared imaging technology during the past several decades. Finally, it presents some considerations involved in the development and applications of space thermal infrared imaging technology.

An efficient approach based on wavelet transform is presented to detect the variation degree of dynamic background. Firstly, some candidate regions can be obtained by processing IR data through wavelet transform, then the degree of the difference between current and referenced background can be judged through detecting the difference of the above feature regions. Finally, the small moving target can be detected by improved eliminating background. At the same time, data association and robust tracking of the target can be realized by fuzzy inference. In addition, target' disappearing and new targets emerging phenomena occasionally arise during target tracking. This problem can be solved by 'memorizing and filling'. The proposed approach is validated using actual infrared image sequences. Experiment results indicate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

With the development of scientific technologies, infrared imaging technology has been applied in the fields of industry, medical treatment, and national defense and so on. Infrared detection has the advantages of looking through the smoke, fog, haze, snow, and also could avoid the affection of battlefield flash. Hence, it could achieve the long distance and all-weather scout, especially in nighttime and badness weather conditions.All kinds of single-FOV, dual-FOV, multi-FOV and continuous zoom optical systems have been applied more and more abroad with the research and application of infrared imaging technologies. Therefore, the research of all sorts of dual FOV optical systems would be more important. The system belongs to simple zoom optical systems by having two fields of view. The zoom methods comprise of single zoom, rotary zoom, radial zoom, axial zoom and so on. Basing on the analysis of zoom methods, a new method of zoom optical system has been developed, which realized the dual FOV optical system by sharing secondary imaging lenses. This design method could make the results approaching to diffraction limit, and improve the precision of optical axial. It also has decreased the moving parts and reduced the difficulty of assembly of system.

Image enhancement is very important image preprocessing technology especially when the image is captured in the poor imaging condition or dealing with the high bits image. The benefactor of image enhancement either may be a human observer or a computer vision process performing some kind of higher-level image analysis, such as target detection or scene understanding. One of the main objects of the image enhancement is getting a high dynamic range image and a high contrast degree image for human perception or interpretation. So, it is very necessary to integrate either empirical or statistical human vision psychology and perception knowledge into image enhancement. The human vision psychology and perception claims that humans' perception and response to the intensity fluctuation δu of visual signals are weighted by the background stimulus u, instead of being plainly uniform. There are three main laws: Weber's law, Weber- Fechner's law and Stevens's Law that describe this phenomenon in the psychology and psychophysics. This paper will integrate these three laws of the human vision psychology and perception into a very popular image enhancement algorithm named Adaptive Plateau Equalization (APE). The experiments were done on the high bits star image captured in night scene and the infrared-red image both the static image and the video stream. For the jitter problem in the video stream, this algorithm reduces this problem using the difference between the current frame's plateau value and the previous frame's plateau value to correct the current frame's plateau value. Considering the random noise impacts, the pixel value mapping process is not only depending on the current pixel but the pixels in the window surround the current pixel. The window size is usually 3×3. The process results of this improved algorithms is evaluated by the entropy analysis and visual perception analysis. The experiments' result showed the improved APE algorithms improved the quality of the image, the target and the surrounding assistant targets could be identified easily, and the noise was not amplified much. For the low quality image, these improved algorithms augment the information entropy and improve the image and the video stream aesthetic quality, while for the high quality image they will not debase the quality of the image.

Infrared images at sea background are notorious for the low signal-to-noise ratio, therefore, the target recognition of infrared image through traditional methods is very difficult. In this paper, we present a novel target recognition method based on the integration of visual attention computational model and conventional approach (selective filtering and segmentation). The two distinct techniques for image processing are combined in a manner to utilize the strengths of both. The visual attention algorithm searches the salient regions automatically, and represented them by a set of winner points, at the same time, demonstrated the salient regions in terms of circles centered at these winner points. This provides a priori knowledge for the filtering and segmentation process. Based on the winner point, we construct a rectangular region to facilitate the filtering and segmentation, then the labeling operation will be added selectively by requirement. Making use of the labeled information, from the final segmentation result we obtain the positional information of the interested region, label the centroid on the corresponding original image, and finish the localization for the target. The cost time does not depend on the size of the image but the salient regions, therefore the consumed time is greatly reduced. The method is used in the recognition of several kinds of real infrared images, and the experimental results reveal the effectiveness of the algorithm presented in this paper.

The Infrared radiation experiments on bolt and rock in the process of loading were carried out. The results show that the infrared radiation temperatures rise wholly and uniformly before stress peak with increase of loading. The bolted rock presents local dissimilation in the thermal image after stress peak. The multi-layer round infrared radiation isothermal lines is formed around bolt. The temperature is gradually reduced from inside to outside. There are two kinds of infrared omens for bolted rock fracturing, i.e., the infrared thermal image anomaly and curve of infrared radiation temperature and time anomaly, which reflect the spatial and temporal features of infrared omens respectively.

In this paper an experimental measurement system was carried out in order to estimate the degree of athermalization of the infrared optical systems, the test system could evaluate the change of focus and imaging quantity with environment temperature in three spectrum range(1~3μm, 3~5μm and 8~12μm) respectively. The infinite target was gained by the high temperature blackbody with some particular target and the collimator, and then was focused on the focal plane of the IR optical system under test, whilst a medial-image of the infinite target was obtained. The medial-image was magnified through the IR micro objective and then focused on the imaging detector arrays, the images in the different temperature conditions were analyzed through the aspects of autofocus algorithms and image processing to assess the change of focus and imaging quantity. A thermal equipment with two standard ZnS windows was designed to simulate the circumstance temperature from -55°C to +80°C; two IR micro objective were used to capture the medial-images; the grating ruler with 3μm absolute measurement accuracy was used as the feedback of defocus value. Finally, a test results of some MWIR was given through the change of focus, image size and energy distribution in different circumstance temperature.

The edge information of infrared image for ground scene is an important means to express the contour of object and match MWIR and visible image. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to analyze the edge continuity of the entire scene quantitatively. In order to investigate the mutual relationship between edge continuity and matching performance, a great deal of MWIR and visible aerial image sequences are selected from rural and factory district scenes in the different time of a day quantitatively. According to the experimental results, conclusions can be made that the edge continuity is proportional to the correlation peak value, and inversely proportional to the registration error for the same scene.

With the rapid development of Infrared Focal Plane Array (IRFPA) technology, infrared imaging systems have found wide application. Due to the Fixed Pattern Noise, Nonuniformity correction (NUC) has played a key role to achieve higher performances in modern infrared imaging systems. In this thesis, we designed an imaging system with Sofradir 320×256 Short Wave Infrared Focal Plane Array (SWIFPA), especially discussed the Real-time Multi-point NUC system based on FPGA (Actel APA600). The novel contributions in our approach include the central role of Actel FPGA in whole system, and the processing and parameter storage model. We used multi-point algorithm for NUC which concerns the nonlinear response of IRFPA and has better performance. We devised an innovative storage model which combined the nonvolatile of Flash memory with the high speed of SRAM, and successfully resolved the contradiction between high quality and high speed. The experiment results indicate that this system has good performances of low power, small volume, high speed and convenience of control.

Pulse Phase Thermography (PPT) has been reported as a powerful technique of the thermal NDE. In this paper, the authors show that the original phase-images of two kinds of honeycomb structure defects by PPT based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for the signal of temperature-time of each pixel. One is the artificial defects in honeycomb structure core under surface skin, and the defects can be identified easily. The other is disbonding defect between surface skin and core, and the difference is apparent compared with bonding and no-bonding between surface skin and core. To improve the signal to noise ratio for defect inspection of honeycomb structure, the temperature decay curve of each pixel is smoothed by moving average filter and then fitted by exponential function. After FFT on the fitted data of temperature, the fitted phase-images of two kinds of honeycomb structure defects are given. Compared with the original thermal-images of PT and original phase-images, the calculated phase-images are much more improved. Another advantage is the data could be represented by coefficients of fitting functions, and the storage of data could be greatly reduced. At last, the calculation process of temperature decay curve and analysis of the influence caused by increasing sampling time and frequency are given.

The influences of concentration of the Tetra-methyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution together with oxidizer additions were studied in order to optimize the anisotropic silicon etching in the development of a fabrication process for Ba_0.65Sr_0.35TiO₃ (BST) pyroelectric thin film infrared detectors. The detector active element was consisted of capacitance NiCr/BST/Pt and the thin silicon suspending membrane. The later one was formed by bulk anisotropically etching of the (100)-Si wafer. Both solution concentration and oxidizing agent were tuned in order to obtain an optimum etching process. Some improvements such as higher etch rate and lower surface roughness have been obtained by the addition of ammonium peroxide sulfate ((NH₄)S₂O₈) as oxidizing agent under different conditions. The examination of etching speed and surface topography were performed by step surface profiler and scanned electronic microscopy. Furthermore, a simple approach was developed to fabric BST pyroelectric thin film detector based on the optimized TMAH etching parameters. A BST thin film capacitance was formed on a thin silicon membrane, where high sensitivity D* of 9.4×10⁷cm•Hz^1/2/W was measured.

In order to overcome the intrinsic difficulties in conventional GaAs/AlGaAs multi-quantum well infrared photodetectors(QWIPs), such as small photocurrent, big dark current and low response speed, a novel tunneling compensation QWIPs structure is proposed in this paper. Based on static Boltzmann Equation and Equilibrium Equation, considering scattering of the ionized impurity and the optical vibration, the transportation process of carriers have been simulated at low temperature. The device is in anti-bias state when adding bias, each periodic unit's maximum voltage is about 1.5V. Because of big resistance the intrinsic type AlGaAs have large voltage, which is about 1.3V. When electrons transport in the depletion region and the N-type GaAs, the transportation time is less than the electron momentum relaxation time. The scattering mechanisms have not yet occurred, and consequently only the perturbation due to the electric field is observed. Each carrier is shifted the same amount in the direction of the field. Then, only a rigid shift of the initial distribution function, proportional to the elapsed time and to the electric field value, will occur. The velocity of all carriers along the field direction, and in turn the drift velocity, increases linearly with time so that that a high value of the drift velocity can be achieved. The result show that carriers in the novel structure, which transported ballistically through the region of quantum well accelerated by the large build-in electric field, have more higher transportation speed and more longer lifetime relative to the conventional QWIPs structure. Due to empty states of the subband in quantum well region, which was generated by incident infrared light, will be filled by tunneling mechanism, it should be expected that the photocurrent would increase with the numbers of quantum wells step by step in the novel structure, otherwise another characteristic would be expected that the absorb wavelength of the photodetector is tunable by different bias level.

The theory of orthogonal wave-front coding for range information extraction from a single image in a passive way is introduced. A cosine rectangular separable optical mask was chose in the system. The expression of the diffractionlimited system's OTF for the value of defocus was deduced by method of the Ambiguity Function. The system's accuracy was analyzed using the Fisher information matrix and an evaluation of the Cramer-Rao bound. Simulation experiment results show the orthogonal method was feasible. An experimental system was also built, and results are given.

As prerequisite and foundation, the study of infrared imaging characterization for different ground scene in different time under different meteorological condition is the key of infrared image registration and ATR. In order to find out the proper time and optimum scene which is suitable for image registration, a great deal of aerial image sequences is analyzed in different season and different time at same region. Furthermore, a new metrics is put forward to measure the variation of IR scene with some statistical parameters, such as mean, standard deviation, POE. The metrics is designed to describe different scene properties quantitatively so as to evaluate the stability of scene MWIR imaging .According to the result of MWIR and visible image registration with NPROD, the proposed method can be used to correctly select reference area and increase the probability of map matching.

By solving an inverse heat conduction problem, one numerical method is developed about how to rebuild inner wall temperature of the heated pipeliner. A finite-difference method is used to discretize the governing equations and then a linear inverse model is constructed to identify the unknown boundary conditions. The present approach is to rearrange the order of the governing differential equations and estimate the unknown boundary conditions. The results show that the calculation result by the method is very nicety, even when measurement errors are considered.

Because of its low-cost low-volume and little power waste , The uncooled infrared detector has widely used in military and civil affairs. But the imaging quality of the uncooled infrared detector is degraded badly even the image is not identified when the ambient temperature of the uncooled infrared detector is above 60 or under 0.Aim at this problem, a method of the local temperature control of the detector was proposed to improve the imaging performance of the uncooled infrared detector when its ambient temperature had a large dynamic range. A heat insulation structure between the detector and the readout circuit and the temperature control circuit based on pettier effect are designed. The pettier is wrapped around the detector and the temperature sensor is set in the detector. When the ambient temperature of the detector is range from -40 to 20 or from 30 to 70 the control circuit work and It can keep the ambient temperature of the detector about 30±5 .When the temperature is range from 20 to 30the control circuit do not work. By this design the ambient temperature of the detector is controlled near 30,so the detector can operate in the optimal temperature point recommended by manufacturer and the image quality can be hold in well. Based on the Sofradir 320×240 microbolometer ,above-mentioned method is used and the test prototype is made. The interesting experiments are done and the experiment results indicate that the method is feasible, effective, and can obviously extend the ambient temperature dynamic range for the practiced application of the uncooled infrared detector. In this paper, firstly Relations between the performance of the uncooled infrared detector and the operating temperature were analyzed simply. Secondly the method of local temperature control and the principal on how to improve the performance are described in detail. Thirdly the test prototype is introduced. Lastly the experiment results are given and some conclusions are discussed. Keyword: uncooled infrared detector, pettier effect, microbolometer ,temperature control

Recent investigations into the use of new method of polarization remote sensing for the detection of camouflage targets in complex backgrounds have led to the need to understand the optical properties of military objects and backgrounds. The use of polarimetric signatures in remote sensing has been the subject of much study particularly; an understanding of camouflage materials properties and their variations is critical to detect the existence of these targets. Our study examined spectral polarization degree of camouflage materials within a meadow environment and presented a description of polarimetric scattering of materials. The result indicates that the polarimetric degree of camouflage materials is influenced by conditions of the incidence, azimuth angle and the surface roughness. Therefore, a spectral phenomenological model for the polarimetric scattering of camouflage materials was developed for the visible and infrared band to study these issues in more detail; the model considered the effects of solar rays and surface refractive index. From the model, it is clear that scattering light from the camouflage materials can be divided into two parts, surface scattering and volume scattering. Surface scattering acts as a function of polarization but volume scattering acts as a function of depolarization, and the method of polarization remote sensing can improve the understanding of camouflage detection.

Focused on the cloud detection task using EOS/MODIS (Earth Observation System/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) information, this paper introduced a new method for cloud detection by use of the Support Vector Machines (SVMs) algorithm. Firstly, the paper introduces the bands used in cloud detection and analyzes the process of feature selection. Secondly, special software named Libsvm was introduced, which was widely used in support vector classification and support vector regression. Then the new method is established by building a model of remote sensing image classification based on SVMs. The performance of SVMs was compared with the prevailing method of error back propagation neural network (BP-NN) method with different training set numbers from 2000 to 250. The two methods show similar detection accuracy when the training set number is larger (with a number larger than 1500), while SVMs perform better than BP-NN method when the sampling number is smaller (with a number of 500 or less). There is no significant difference of error rate among three kernel functions of SVMs algorithm. The general error rate is about 4%. Thirdly, in order to valuate the capability of SVMs, two cases were selected for cloud detection using SVMs method. The cloud was clearly identified either from land or sea, and the snow cover existed in both cases, which was selected intentionally to test the capability of distinguishing the cloud from the underneath snow. Therefore, the SVMs technique is proved effective as compared with traditional methods in remote sensing image classification and is worthwhile to be popularized in the society of remote sensing applications.

Usually, infrared optical system design and test in normal temperature conditions. In fact, infrared system work in the larger temperature range. In this paper, for satisfying the special environmental tempreture requirements, an optically passive athermal infrared optical system working in the 3~5 micron mid wavelength infrared band was designed. The design principle, design results are described. In addition, the optical system was incorporated with an infrared focal plane array forming an infrared camera. The thermal test of imaging quality of this camera is also presented,which validated the athermalisation.The thermal testing method is simple, intuitive, high credibility. The result shows that the IR optical system has good athermal performances in large working temperature range with simple configuration.

Infrared target detecting and tracking is an important military application of the infrared technology, but the quality of image and the precision of detecting and tracking system are greatly influenced by the environment disturbance as well as the sensitivity of infrared acquisition equipment. A real-time fully-digital processing approach in an infrared target detecting and tracking system is introduced. In this paper, based on a comparison study on the present methods for quadrature sampling of signal, the sufficient-necessary condition for the sampling frequency choice is analyzed, and the choice range has been extended. Correspondingly, a new fully-digital approach for in-phase and quadrature components extraction is proposed and the expected results is obtained in experiments.

In the night vision assistant driving systems with near IR active imaging, the contrast and resolution of images or videos captured by cameras are drastically altered by back scattering in bad weather such as fog and mist etc, which brings a hidden danger in the night driving. In order to remove weather effects from images and make vision information captured by vision systems more valuable, it is imperative to make a study of the defog algorithm in laser night vision images. Direct towards laser active imaging assistant driving system, Monocular Camera Machine Vision and ABA Model are combined to restore the blurred images of driving environment in night fog day. In order to obtain the scene depth information, the camera was calibrated firstly; then, the scene depth map by linear imaging model and the Technical Standard of Highway Engineering was constructed. The brightness of each pixel at the receiver is composed of scene point attenuation irradiance, back scattering irradiance and airlight illumination scattering intensity in ABA model simply. By removing back scattering and airlight illumination scattering by particles to restore the image degraded in foggy day.

The image fusion system has the benefit of having simultaneous multi-spectral data available to the user. In this paper, we describe how to implement real-time fusion of visible and infrared image in a hardware system. In this system, we use a CCD detector and a uncooled microbolometer focal plane arrays as the imaging detector. Image registration and image fusion algorithm based on weighted pixel average is realized in real-time image processor. With experiment images, analysis of reflectance and radiation characters of objects in image is given then, on the base of which we get the spectrum distribution of some objects in fusion image. It leads to a study on a new measure of spectral information of image. A definition of spectral information quality is given for the first time and a formula is discussed. We can get the conclusion that: Measure on spectral information quality is significative in image fusion. The ultimate reason for increase of information in fusion image is the increase of spectral information.

Whole-Sky Infrared Cloud Measurement System (WSIRCMS) is a ground-based automatic cloud measurement equipment. WSIRCMS retrieves cloud from the atmospheric downward infrared radiance (DIR) in the range of 8~14μm. The Radiometric detector of WSIRCMS is made of a 320×240 pixels uncooled infrared focal plane array(UIRFPA) and a large field of view infrared lens which is approximately 47°×64°. The non-uniformity of the detector is caused by the infrared lens and the UIRFPA. The non-uniformity can seriously distort sky radiance image and affect cloud retrieval. A non-uniformity correction (NUC) method is proposed in this paper, which is based on the calibration test of each pixel of the detector. A Wide Field of view Hemispheroidal calibrator(WFHC) is manufactured to test the non-uniformity of the detector of WSIRCMS. Its temperature is controlled by water bath. The equivalent emissivity of the WFHC is determined first. The Each pixel of the detector mounted on the sphere's center of the calibrator can receive equal radiance. Correction coefficient of each pixel of the detector is acquired from the analysis of calibration data and a correction table is made. The result of non-uniformity correction shows that the method proposed can correct the nonuniformity of radiometric detector of WSIRCMS and improve the cloud image quality effectively.

Most current research into the localization of leaks is focused on leaks of petroleum and natural gas pipelines, while there is very little new work being done on the leakage of vessels. A novel air-leak diagnosis and localization method based on infrared thermography is described in this paper, which is developed in an attempt to overcome the disadvantages of low efficiency and poor anti-jamming ability associated with the traditional approaches to localization of leaks from a vessel. The method achieves leak positioning through a factor θ based kernelized fuzzy clustering segmentation done to weighted differential thermal images of the test objects. The temperature difference factor θ is inventively built as a parameter changed with temperature range of the target region, in order to enhance the robustness and the interference proof ability of the algorithm. Heat transfer simulation with air-leak flow is addressed by the finite element analysis. The experimental results indicate that the method proposed is effective and sensitive. The purpose of air-leak localization has been reached.

A molecular spectral imaging system instead of common microscope was used to capture the spectral images of blood smears. Then an improved spectral angle mapper algorithm for automatic blood cells segmentation was presented. In this algorithm, the spectral vectors of blood cells were normalized first. Then the spectral angles of all bands and partial bands were calculated respectively. Finally, the blood cells were segmented according to the spectral angles combined with the threshold segmentation method. As a case study, the leukemia cells were selected as the target and segmented with the new algorithm. The results demonstrate that this algorithm can utilizes both spectral and spatial information of blood cells and segment the leukemia cells more accurately.

The desire to maximize target detection range focuses attention on algorithms for detecting and tracking point targets. However, point target detection and tracking is a challenging task for two difficulties: the one is targets occupying only a few pixels or less in the complex noise and background clutter; the other is the requirement of computational load for real-time applications. Temporal signal processing algorithms offer superior clutter rejection to that of the standard spatial processing approaches. In this paper, the traditional single frame algorithm based on the background prediction is improved to consecutive multi-frames exponentially weighted recursive least squared (EWRLS) algorithm. Farther, the dual solution of EWRLS (DEWLS) is deduced to reduce the computational burden. DEWLS algorithm only uses the inner product of the points pair in training set. The predict result is given directly without compute any middle variable. Experimental results show that the RLS filter can largely increase the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of images; it has the best detection performance than other mentioned algorithms; moving targets can be detected within 2 or 3 frames with lower false alarm. Moreover, whit the dual solution improvement, the computational efficiency is enhanced over 41% to the EWRLS algorithm.

We present a new efficient method for infrared image enhancement in the general infrared imaging system. The method is based on the local, adaptive and nonlinear image processing theory. We use spatial blocks and gray segmentations to eliminate the problem of valid gray level's compression in the process of re-mapping gray when there exists infrared jamming or wide dynamic-range scene. The proposed method is suitable for parallel implementation, since all blocks can be calculated simultaneous. Experimental results, obtained with real infrared image sequences, illustrating a wide gray range scene and high temperature infrared jamming, demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

For the problem of detecting and tracking a varying number of dim small target in IR image sequences, multitarget track-before-detect approach based on mixture models of probability densities is proposed and mixtures of t distribution particle filters (MTPF) are developed for the implementation of the proposed approach in this paper. The existence of each tracked target is detected by using the sequential likelihood ratio test estimated by the output of component particle filter. New targets are detected by the appearance probabilities in the discrete occupancy grid in the image frame. The algorithm explicitly handles the instantiation and removal of filters in case new objects enter the scene or previously tracked objects are removed. The proposed approach overcomes the curse of dimensionality by estimating each target state independently by using separate particle filter and avoids the exponential increase in the estimation complexity. Simulation experiments illustrated that the MTPF algorithm can detect and track the variable number of dim small targets in the IR images, and simultaneously detect the disappearance and appearance of targets.

The deficiency of CCD's sampling time resulted from slow shooting frequency and breaking surface of measured object bring some difficulties to the three-dimensinal surface restoration of dynamic process. A novel method of three-dimensinal restoration with marked fringes tracking for high movement process is proposed in this paper, and the problems caused by deficiency of sampling and breaking fringes are solved, the proper three-dimensinal shape of measured object is obtained. Computer simulation and experiment have proved the feasibility of this method.

Laser welding has the advantages such as non-contaminant process, no thermal stress and etc. It has been broadly used in manufacturing especially in producing motor components, but the quality of the laser welding products is influenced by laser power, laser welding velocity and so on. To ensure the quality of the laser welding, various different detecting technologies need to be applied. Lock-in infrared thermography (IRT) is an active nondestructive testing technology utilizing modulated heat source to incite surface of samples and recording thermal response from the samples by infrared camera. The article uses FFT tool to process date received by the infrared camera, the phase difference between the defect area and the healthy area indicates the information of defects. The article uses the Lock-in IRT to detect welding quality of six stainless steel welding samples of the motors, wherein four of them are produced with different welding powers, the others are formed with the different welding velocities. Phase images acquired at a lock-in frequency of 0.3Hz show that the lock-in IRT has the ability to evaluate quality of the laser welding samples.

The Space-borne Infrared Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (SBFTS) carried by FY-4 meteorological satellite is one of infrared remote sensing instruments. It acquires the temperature, pressure and humidity of atmosphere on geostationary orbit, and supplies the input data for numerical weather prediction. It not only can detect the spectrum of the target but also can imaging. The SBFTS carry 16×4 plane array detectors. For the proper use of the SBFTS it is imperative to provide high quality spectral characterization and characterizations of the instrument line shape (ILS). Objective: This paper's mainly analyses the off-axis factor that influence the ILS of SBFTS and convinces it through experiment. And the spectral calibration of SBFTS is according to the ILS. Methods: The accuracy of spectral-calibration of SBFTS lies on its ILS. First, the main factors that will influence the ILS are discussed here. They are the finite optical path difference and the off-axes effect because of using plane array detectors. The ILS of Fourier transform spectroscopy is influenced by the angular distribution of light in the interferometer's off-axis detector. The paper studies the effect to spectral calibration by off-axis detectors, and then makes ILS simulation for rectangular detector based on the sounder's 16×4 plane array detectors structure. The absorption line shape of CO is Lorentzian distribution in the laboratory environment. Now the ILS and the absorption line shape of the CO are given. They can be combined to the instrument detecting line shape theoretically. So the theoretical position of the absorption peak detected by the SBFTS is acquired. The frequency of absorption peak is red-shift. And the spectrum is broadened. According to the reference spectrum the spectrum calibration coefficients of each pixel is derived. And the absorption peak of CO also can be detected using the gas cell methodology. Finally the calibration coefficients are used to calibrate the spectrum of CO detected by the SBFTS. Results: The spectral-calibration coefficients of each pixel are presented and proved by the calibration experiment of CO. The relative calibration accuracy is up to 10^-6.

A new readout signals process circuit for infrared focal plane array (IR FPA) applications is proposed. In the proposed structure the continuous-time current signals from the detector array are mirrored, amplified, integrated on the integration capacitors and changed to discrete analog voltage signals. Next, these voltage signals are amplified and modulated by a group of encoded signals from the column buses, then fed to a multiple-input analog adder to generate a single serial output data stream. The generated single serial data stream is transferred to the mitigate noise circuit and is converted to digital signals by the A/D converter. For very large format detector arrays applications the speed restriction of the time-multiplexing circuitry and the A/D converter will be released. Since no scan technique has been used, all the output signals from an entire row in the detector array have been readout simultaneously without loss of optical power, the scalability of the photon-signals, the readout efficiency and the accuracy of the imaging system will be improved. Theory analysis and experimental results show that the proposed idea is reasonable and efficient. The proposed readout method is a solid option for large format infrared detector arrays and highly integrated infrared imaging system applications. In addition, the proposed idea also can be used for other active and passive imaging readout integrated circuits.

In this paper, the methods of preparation of Ge-Se-Sb glasses with low impurity content were developed, and a large Ge-Sb-Se glass rod (φ85×80mm) with good quality was obtained. The physical and optical properties of the glass were measured. The optical homogeneity (Δn) at 2μm at different places inside the same bulk was less ±2×10^-4. In order to accurately evaluate the infrared resolution of our prepared glass, a lens of f 19mm F/#1.3 was used to evalue its modulation transfer function (MTF) performance. The MTF value at 20cycles/mm for 20°C was 0.52. The area under MTF curve covers 82.466% of the image space, and has a value of 21.8 cycles/mm.

This paper provides an up-to-date review of research efforts in thermal camera and target object recognition techniques based on two-dimensional (2D) images in the infrared (IR) spectra (8-12μm). From the geometric point of view, a special target plate was constructed with a radiation source of lamp excited that allows all of these devices to be calibrated geometrically along a radiance-based approach. The calibration theory and actual experimental procedures were described, then an automated measurement of the circle targets by image centroid algorithm. The key parameters of IR camera were calibrated out with 3 inner and 6 outer of Tsai model in thermal imaging. The subsequent data processing and analysis were then outlined. The 3D model from the successful calibration of a representative sample of the infrared array camera was presented and discussed. They provide much new and easy way to the geometric characteristics of these imagers that can be used in car-night-vision, medical, industrial, military, and environmental applications.

In complex sea background, the ship target in the IR image often appears near the sea-sky region, and the sea-sky region is appeared as a horizontal or nearly horizontal block region, so the primary step of the IR target detection is to localize the sea-sky region. According to this characteristic of the target and background in the IR image, a detection algorithm for IR ship target detection in complex sea background is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the low frequency subimage and horizontal detail subimage is obtained by the multi-scale analysis of wavelet transform. Secondly, the gray projection and binary clustering segmentation method are combined to localize the sea-sky-line in the image, the target potential area, that is, sea-sky-region, is also determined. Finally, the multi-level filter method is adopted to detect the ship target in the sea-sky region. The experiment result show that this algorithm can effectively reduce the computational complexity, enhance the real-time execution and possess of high detection probability.

The "direct current" radiation is turned to periodic "alternating current" radiation by the modulate tray, then, the periodic "alternating current" radiation is received by photoelectric detector in one constant frequency during measuring D*. The ratio is called modulated factor, which the ratio is the fundamental virtual factor of "alternating current" radiant power to "direct current" radiant power. The modulated factor is an important parameter in measuring D*. The modulated factor could be gained by analytic method or numerical computation method. In this paper, by the method of numerical computation and Matlab program, the authors give out modulated factor of a light-spot modulated by a fan-shaped modulate tray. The modulated factor is different from r, R, n. Some conclusions that we are using in measuring D* are testified. When the light-spot and the detector are at the same axis and L≥10 √A_b (A_b is the area of the light-spot), the diameter of the light-spot is 0.87 of the width of fan-shaped modulate tray dentition, the modulated factor is 0.3536.

In order to detect small target in non-stationary complex background, this paper summarizes the previous representative results about the image complex degree metrics, and focuses on analyzing the disadvantage of weighted information entropy (WIE) in the application of adaptively detecting small target in frequency domain. We then introduce clustering and classification of feature vectors of pixels to the detection of small targets, and clustering degree of feature vectors of background pixels and the dispersion degree of feature vectors of target pixels outside the background clustering in feature space are described by constructed Statistical Distance Weighted Information Entropy (SDWIE). Then the adaptive small target detection algorithm based on SDWIE is proposed in this paper. The validity of this algorithm was demonstrated by actual experiments.

The analytical models were adopted to rapidly find out and simulate rocket plume apparent infrared radiation intensity observed by satellite in the wave bands of 2.7 um and 4.3 um at various altitudes at boosting stage. Specifically, a rocket plume flow field was first of all divided into three regions-highly under-expanded initial region, free turbulent efflux transitional region and free turbulent efflux main region-to build up a simplified flow field model of rocket plume. Then by simplifying the atmospheric emission and absorption factors into vapor and carbon dioxide only, we divided the heterogeneous plume into several homogeneous layers along the observation direction, which enabled us to construct a layered infrared radiation integration model of rocket plume. After that, we formulated a spectral transmittance model of each layer of plume by use of the Curtis-Godson approximation HITEMP database. The final step was the modeling of atmospheric spectral transmittance by means of the Combined Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (CART) software. Simulated curve for the intensity of rocket plume infrared radiation bears high similarity to the one measured by satellite.

To study the effect on infrared imaging seeker's target tracking of missile attitude changes, the model of a seeker in which optics system is installed in gyro rotor is built. In the model such factors as dynamic characteristics of gyroscope, noise caused by gyroscope rotation, coupling of pitching and yawing of seeker and so on are taken into accounted. Simple missile model and target model were built too. Based on the models simulation was made and simulation results show that rolling has more obvious effect on seeker's tracking target than pitching and yawing and the larger magnitude and frequency of missile's rolling movement are the more seriously seeker's output is affected, which is helpful for design of missile's control system, choice of guidance law and overall design of weapon system.

The conflict of longevity of satellite's service and limited life of Sterling cooler decides that coolers should work on the intermittent mode in space. As a result, The HgCdTe (MCT) infrared (IR) detectors in satellite are commonly subjected to thousands of repeated thermal cycles from below -173°C to room temperature (20°C), which brings some new reliability problems. Especially the mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of different materials may lead to some unfamiliar failure modes with such low temperature and nearly 200°C span of thermal cycles. In order to study the characteristics of MCT detectors under the stress of thermal cycles, this paper introduced a special automatic system. The system is mainly composed of a sub-container of liquid nitrogen, a heater controlled by the PID hardware, and an object stage on which the MCT detectors to be tested are mounted. Furthermore, the sub-container, the heater and the stage are positioned in a large vacuum tank. In the course of thermal cycles, the object stage moved up and down with MCT detectors is driven by a step motor. When it rises to the bottom of liquid nitrogen sub-container, the stage is to be cooled with detectors, and when declines to the heater, the stage to be heated with detectors, too. At last, two long wavelength MCT detector samples are tested with this equipment, and the resistance, the signal and the noise are measured. It shows that all the pixels' resistance didn't change beyond 5% after 5000 cycles. However, the tested signal of the last pixel of both detectors increased sharply after 1000 cycles, and fell to normal level after 5000 cycles, with its noise altering a little from beginning to end. A deduction is given in this paper for this phenomenon. In accordance, the thermal cycle equipment and the experimental data, would supply some references to the design and fabrication of MCT IR detectors.

A dual-band infrared optical system adopting an uncooled LW infrared detector and a cooled MW infrared detector is designed and manufactured, based on the athermal ability and special diffractive properties of harmonic diffractive elements. The design shows in the MW IR band the F/# is 2 and the focal length is 72 mm, for the temperature range -40 °C ~ 70°C the MTF value is over 0.4 at 20 lp/mm; while in the LW IR band the F/# is 1 and the focal length is 114 mm, for the temperature range -40° ~ 70° the MTF value is over 0.5 at 10 lp/mm. Finite element method is applied to the opto-mechanic structure of the system for thermal analysis, which confirms the imaging ability of the system in a wide temperature range.

In Video tracking, detection and tracking need two algorithms. The process is complex and need much time which detection and tracking is. In this paper a hybrid valued sequential state vector is formulated. The state vector is characterized by information of target appearance and of location. Particle filter-based method implements detection and tracking. In order to reduce process time and think of pixel position in tracking field, feature histogram of color-based is as observe vector and used posterior estimate. The experimental results confirm that method can detect and track object in 17.68ms successfully when the number of particles is 160. The method is robust for rolling ,scale and partial occlusion.

The Multi-spectral simulation system has been constructed at Beijing Simulation Center (BSC) for hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) testing of optical and infrared seekers, in single-band and dual-band, or even multi-band. This multi-spectral simulation facility consists primarily of several projectors and a wide-angular simulation mechanism, the projector technologies utilized at BSC include a broadband point source collimator, a laser echo simulator and a visible scene projection system. These projectors can be used individually with the wide-angular simulation mechanism, or any combination of both or all of three can be used according to different needs. The configuration and performance of each technology are reviewed in the paper. Future plans include two IR imaging projectors which run at high frame frequency. The multi-spectral optical simulation system has been successfully applied for visible and IR imaging seekers testing in HWIL simulation. The laser echo simulator hardware will be applied soon.

In the inclement pneumatic calefaction condition, the window of IR imaging system will be calefied and emit infrared radiation, so that the Signal-to-Noise and quality of target IR image are felled off that are from the imaging system. At this rate the physical characteristic of IR window direct affect capability of imaging system controlled and guided homing by IR tracker and measure precision of target IR characteristics. The properties of sapphire make it an ideal choice for the high speed missile applications compared to other existing or emerging materials. But the research has not been reported about the infrared radiation characteristic of sapphire as the IR window. In this paper, based on an IR imaging system using the sapphire window, the experimentation and conclusions of IR thermal image measurement affected by IR window's pneumatic calefaction have been accomplished. Firstly, the temperatures of sapphire window at supersonic flight extended over 1 km and 15 km from the ground have been estimated by calculating the flow and state variables and the aerodynamic heating into the window. On the base of the results calculated the window static state calefaction experimentation and electric arc wind tunnel experimentation had been designed and completed to validate the effect degree of pneumatic calefaction to the imaging system. With the temperatures of the sapphire window rising, in the image coming from the imaging system, the peak luminance of target image detected is increased, the background average luminance of the image is also increased, and the margin of above two varies in a little range. The data obtained from the different temperature experimentation have demonstrated that the IR flux due to the sapphire window becomes heated by friction with the air and heat transfer to the dome can obscure the target image created by the onboard IR sensor, depress Signal-to-Noise and resolving power of the imaging system, but can not overload the detector.

This article from two factors including the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and image registration accuracy, discussed the situation on 3.5um band on Multi-Channel Scanning Imagery Radiometer of geosychronous orbit meteorological satellite FY-4 used to apply sub-pixel detection technology to enhance image spatial resolution, thereby improve accuracy of fire position and calculation of fire area on the earth surface.

In the application of optical pulsed infrared NDE, the visible light absorption and IR emissivity of the detected object must be considered. One of the simple methods is spraying paint on the highly reflective and low IR emissivity surface before testing. However, for some materials such as with pore space in the surface or easily to be corrupted have to be pretreated by other method and apparatus. Two kinds of apparatus for surface pretreating are designed according to the dimension of the detected object and the testing conditions. One apparatus is independent of the former detecting system, and the other is an improvement of the former system. The basic principle of the two apparatus is covering a flexible membrane of high light absorption and IR emissivity on the specimen surface by vacuum pumping. The paper also present the applications of the method, including the detection of the metal mesh material and the honeycomb structures with aluminum coating. The experimental results show that the technique of covering thin film by vacuum pump is effective for enhancing surface absorption and emissivity; moreover, it does not pollute or damage the sample. The application of the technique has practical significance, because it extends the scope of the application of the optical pulsed thermography nondestructive evaluation.

The high speed, high precision and wide range specifications are requirement for the modern aircraft, which the traditional hemispherical dome can't achieve now, and the novel conformal window instead can enhance the aerodynamic performance of the aircraft obviously. To reduce the aerodynamic drag and radar cross-section, the window geometry is generally aspheric in shape. As a result, the involved fabrication and testing processes are much more challenging than that of conventional optics and must be mastered before these windows and systems can be implemented at an acceptable cost and risk. Metrology is one of the critical areas required to advance the conformal window technology. But as the surface of these conformal windows is not the traditional sphere lens, the measurement method for it is infeasible with the conventional optics measurement processes. This paper we express the development of testing technology for the special conformal windows in brief, and emphatically introduces one available novel testing method- a new null testing, and here based on the theory of compensation methods, The principle of Offner's refractive null lens has been extended to test the transmission wavefront through conformal window optics and provide feedback during surface fabrication. a compensator system for the was designed for the conformal window is given which parameters are 100mm for its aperture and two parabolic surface as conformal window, the final residual wavefront error(RMS) of which is less than 1/20λ(λ=632.8nm).

Moving target detection and localization is one of the most fundamental tasks in visual surveillance. In this paper, through analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional approaches about moving target detection, a novel approach based on temporal-spatial information fusion is proposed for moving target detection. The proposed method combines the spatial feature in single frame and the temporal properties within multiple frames of an image sequence of moving target. First, the method uses the spatial image segmentation for target separation from background and uses the local temporal variance for extracting targets and wiping off the trail artifact. Second, the logical "and" operator is used to fuse the temporal and spatial information. In the end, to the fusion image sequence, the morphological filtering and blob analysis are used to acquire exact moving target. The algorithm not only requires minimal computation and memory but also quickly adapts to the change of background and environment. Comparing with other methods, such as the KDE, the Mixture of K Gaussians, etc., the simulation results show the proposed method has better validity and higher adaptive for moving target detection, especially in infrared image sequences with complex illumination change, noise change, and so on.

Nowadays, image segmentation is of great importance in features extraction and object recognition for video image sequence. Many traditional segmentation techniques have special application and exists some limitation in some degree. After analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the present image segmentation and object recognition methods, according to the characteric of infrared image, this paper proposes a very simple yet effective algorithm to optimize the threshold value, which is in accordance with the status of the reference pixels. The proposed algorithm varies the threshold value with bidirectional line-by-line scanning (the forward scanning and the backward scanning) fusion model. The purpose of the technique is to discriminate targets from the background, which is equivalent to assigning the label "F" (representing "foreground") to object pixels, and the label "B" (representing "background") to background pixels. Based on these bidirectional scanning intersections in the corresponding regions, this paper applies the conditional probability density function (PDF) to fuse and optimize the threshold value. At the same time, the optimal threshold values for target segmentation and recognition were acquired. Therefore, this paper designs a novel background frame differencing method that refers to previously conclusions made by neighboring pixels. Change different infrared image sequences, the experiment results show this fusion method can eliminate the boundaries blurring, especially the transition regions between object (foreground) and background. As a conclusion, for different infrared image sequences with complex illumination change, noise change, etc., the proposed method gives better segmentation and recognition results for objects than other traditional methods, such as the fixed threshold method, the single directional scanning technique, and so on. On the other hand, the proposed method has lower complexity and higher real-time, which is helpful for hardware design and engineering application.

A novel common aperture dual waveband imaging optical system for a MWIR/SWIR polarization imager is presented in this paper. The optical system consists of an all-reflective telescope with focal ratio 4, a dichroic beam-splitter, a MWIR refractive optical arm with effective focal length 60 mm, a SWIR refractive optical arm with effective focal length 60 mm. The effective focal length of the whole optical system is 240 mm, the f-number is 2 and the efficiency of the cold stop is 100%. The MWIR arm includes a secondary refractive telescope, a MWIR polarimetric analyzer, a re-imaging objective and a MWIR 320×256 FPA. The SWIR arm includes a secondary refractive telescope, a SWIR polarimetric analyzer, a focusing lens and a SWIR 320×256 FPA. The common axis all-reflective telescope has a minimal central obstacle ratio of 0.3, which is composed of a first paraboloid, a mirror with two operational faces, a second paraboloid. In order to minimize the apertures of the first paraboloid, the beam-splitter and the polarizer, the thrice imaging technique is taken to design the MWIR arm, that is, the remote scene is imaged three times and the cold stop is imaged twice from the image space to the object space. The first real image of the remote scene is focused on the common focus of the first paraboloid and the second paraboloid, i.e., the small hole centered on the mirror with two operational faces, the second real image is focused on the intermediate real image plane of the re-imaging objective, and the third real image is focused on the FPA. The first real image of the cold stop is located nearby the beam-spiltter, the second real image (the entrance pupil) is located nearby the first paraboloid, so that the clear apertures of the first paraboloid, the beam-splitter and the polarizer are compressed within Φ 125mm, Φ 45mm and Φ 30mm respectively. The image quality of the dual waveband optical system is optimized perfect well, and it can fulfill the requirements and the specifications of the dual waveband IR polarization imager.

With its high density, good performance and low cost, non-cold infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) has become the key point at present of studying infrared imaging technology. It will be restricted by such various technological problems as material performance, output circuit, performance parameter test, and image quality to develop non-cold infrared focal plane array detector with big area and even performance. Focusing on the working principle, structure and form, imaging quality of non-cold infrared focal plane array, considering the present achievements, this paper describes the key technological problems of the newest study hot-spots in details.

The space heat flux that the spatial balloon decoy gets is calculated in the appropriate coordinate system and the earth heat flux is calculated accurately with the use of the unit hemisphere method. The surface temperature distribution of the balloon decoy is got by solving the transient heat balance equations with the use of the finite element software, ANSYS 10.0. On the basis of the solved surface temperature distribution, taking the balloon decoy as a point object, the spatial distribution of infrared radiation intensity in 3~6um and in 6~16um is calculated. Finally, the differences of the surface temperature distribution and the infrared radiation intensity spatial distribution between the spatial balloon decoy got in this paper and a spatial target got in our previous work are compared and analyzed in detail. The research results of this paper have referential value on infrared automatic target recognition (ATR) of spatial targets.

Traditional ACQUIRE models perform the discrimination tasks of detection (target orientation, recognition and identification) for military target based upon minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) and Johnson criteria for thermal imaging systems (TIS). Johnson criteria is generally pessimistic for performance predict of sampled imager with the development of focal plane array (FPA) detectors and digital image process technology. Triangle orientation discrimination threshold (TOD) model, minimum temperature difference perceived (MTDP)/ thermal range model (TRM3) Model and target task performance (TTP) metric have been developed to predict the performance of sampled imager, especially TTP metric can provides better accuracy than the Johnson criteria. In this paper, the performance models above are described; channel width metrics have been presented to describe the synthesis performance including modulate translate function (MTF) channel width for high signal noise to ration (SNR) optoelectronic imaging systems and MRTD channel width for low SNR TIS; the under resolvable questions for performance assessment of TIS are indicated; last, the development direction of performance models for TIS are discussed.

Infrared optical system which has severe requirements on stray light levels often need cold shield around the detector. Some basic design principles and goals for baffles are presented. The location of vanes for cold shield are shown based on universal design criteria of baffle vane. Three different categories of vane designs for cold shield and their advantages for stray light control are discussed: one vane, two vanes and three vanes. The design of vane structure on cold shield surfaces is analyzed using the LIGHTTOOLS stray light software. The PST curves of cold shield without vane and with different vanes are given.

We have demonstrated a dual-band quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) exhibiting simultaneous photoresponse both in the mid and the long wavelength atmospheric windows of 3-5 μm and of 8-12 μm, but the device only has two ohmic contacts. The structure of the device was achieved by sequentially growing a mid wavelength part (MWQWIP) followed by a long wavelength part (LWQWIP) separated by an n+ layer. Comparing with the conventional dual-band QWIP device utilizing three ohmic contacts, our QWIP is promising to greatly facilitate the two-color focal plane array (FPA) fabrication by reducing the number of the indium bump per pixel from three to one just like a monochromatic FPA fabrication; another advantage may be that this QWIP FAP boasts two-color detection capability while only using a monochromatic readout integrated circuit.

128×128 pixels AlGaN solar blind ultraviolet photodetector arrays have been designed and fabricated. The diameter of each pixel is 44μm with a 50μm pitch. They are photosensitive in the waveband of 225~255nm, with the peak sensitivity at 246nm. The back-illuminated p-i-n heterojunction structure has been grown on transparent sapphire substrate using MOCVD, the aluminum composition of Al_xGa_1-xN n-type window layer was 71%, and the alloy composition of the unintentionally doped (UID) absorber layer was 52%. The dark current measured at a bias voltage close to zero is 27 pA, and the photocurrent is 2.7 nA at the incidence optical power of 0.12 mW in a wavelength of 246 nm, corresponding to a peak responsivity of 23mA/W.

In this paper, dealing with the original image as an isotropy one rank Markov process, we use present weighted average method based on directional derivation to identify the direction of motion blurred image. The identification results show that the direction of motion blurred is not only influenced by the direction of motion blurred, but also influenced by the object shape. So we give a new way to identify the motion blur direction from the blurred image by improved direction derivation method. Under the consideration that one object can't occupy four corners of the whole image, the new idea of identifying four corners of the image instead of the whole picture is proposed. It can identify any direction, from -90° to 90°, with high precision and high stabilization. The experimental results show that the motion blurred direction can be identified effectively by the new method. The mean square error is reduced to 68.55% compared with the old method. The blurred image can be rotated to a horizontal axis according to the motion blurred direction. For the pixels in blurred images have high correlation with the neighbors, we use derivation and correlation methods to estimate the blur parameters. At last we complete the restoration of motion blurred image by Wiener filters.

Predicting the performance of target acquisition of human-vision-based infrared imaging system is one research domain spanning multi-subject. From the point view of building model, the information processing mechanism of human eyes and the clutter metric are the critical factors for the development of the target acquisition model. The issues involved in the development of the model and the means of settlement are also introduced, while the improvement of the target acquisition model is also discussed. Finally, the concept of 'performance model' is explained, which lays a foundation for building targeting task performance model according to our own applying circumstances.

We present a systematic theoretical study on optical properties of short-period InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices (SLs) which can serve for Mid-Infrared (MIR) detection. From the energy dispersion relation for the electron derived from using the standard Kronig-Penney model we calculate the electron-minibands structure in InAs layer and the hole-minibands structure in GaSb layer of such SLs. The obtained band-gap energies are in line with those realized experimentally. On the basis of the mass-balances equations derived from the Boltzmann equation, at the same time considering the polarization direction of the infrared irradiation vertical to the growth direction of the material, we develop an approach to calculate the Fermi level and photo-excited carrier density in the corresponding SL systems. The dependence of photo-conductivity in InAs/GaSb type-II SLs on temperature and well-widths are examined. This study is pertinent to the application of InAs/GaSb type-II SLs as uncooled MIR photodetectors.

The design of cooperative marker and the accuracy of target extraction are of great significance for precision of monocular pose measurement. To suit all-weather conditions in some applications, infrared cooperative marker combined by several crosses is designed, and each of the crosses is composed of a certain mount of infrared LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) with the wavelength of 850 nanometers. When shooting at different directions, the angles between both arms of the cross and horizontal axis of the image are different and irregular. Aiming at detection of random and irregular cross, a new sub-pixel detection method based on GPI (gray projecting integration) and correlation is put forward. Experiments show that the proposed detection method is robust and can locate cross center with the accuracy prior to 0.05 pixels.

The design of the high mass image storage system is introduced using DSP, FPGA and Flash structure. Texas Instruments Corporation DSP chip (TMS320VC5509APEG) is used as the main controller, Samsung's Flash chips (K9F2G08U0M) used as the main storage medium, and the Xilinx Corporation FPGA chip (XCV600E) used as logic control modules. In this system, Storage module consists of 32 Flash memory chips, which are divided into 8 groups that correspond to 8-level pipeline. The 4-Flash memory chip forms a basic 32-bit memory module. The entire system storage space is 64 G bit. Through simulation and verification, the storage speed is up to 352Mbps and readout speed is up to 290Mbps, it can meet the demand to the high-speed access, and which has strong environmental adaptability.

The rotor blades are key components in wind turbine generators. A visual inspection of the laminated shells for delaminations, air pockets, missing/disoriented fabric etc. is in most cases also not possible due to the manufacturing process, so Non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT & E) techniques for assessing the integrity of rotor blades structure are essential to both reduce manufacturing costs and out of service time of wind turbine generators due to maintenance. Nowadays, Infrared Thermal Wave Nondestructive Testing (Pulsed thermography) is commonly used for assessing composites. This research work utilizes Infrared Thermal Wave Nondestructive Testing system (EchoTherm, Thermal Wave Imaging, Inc.) to inspect a specimen with embedded defects (i.e. foreign matter and air inclusions) in different depth which is a part of rotor blades in wind turbine generators, we have successfully identified defects including foreign matter and air inclusions, and discovered a defective workmanship. The system software allows us to simultaneously view and analyze the results for an entire transition.

Au-Al_0.30Ga_0.70N Lateral Schottky photodiode was fabricated by an electrical breakdown of a single Schottky barrier of metal-semiconductor-metal Au-Al_0.30Ga_0.70N film rocking curves are about 523.7 arcsec for the (00.2) plane reflection and about 989.5 arcsec for the (10.5) plane reflection. Dark current of the device is 1.2nA at the reverse bias of 1 V at room temperature. Analysis of the measured characteristics showed the ideality factor n, the zero-bias barrier height Φ_B0 and the serial resistance R_S are equal to 1.8, 0.80eV and 9.8KΩ, respectively. Ideality factor away from 1 and reverse leakage currents can be attributed from crystalline defects in the materials.

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plated (CFRP) with Foam sandwich has the merits of high strength and light weight, which was used in the fields of manufacturing industry, aeronautics and astronautics. The basic principles and characteristics of the ultrasonic infrared thermography is discussed in the paper. The ultrasound is introduced into the sample, and the mechanical vibration weakens and transfers to heat at the place where defect or crack locates. A infrared camera monitors the surface temperature distribution and records this process. A CFRP foam sandwich structure sample with five pre-embedded defects was inspected with ultrasonic infrared thermography. The results is shown and compared with pulsed thermography.

Here presented an experimental study on crosstalk in front illuminated planar and mesa-type InP/ InGaAs/ InP PIN hetero-junction photovoltaic infrared detector arrays. A scanning laser beam with an optical wavelength of 1310 nm coupled in a single-mode optical fiber placed within a few microns of the detector array surface was used to measure the crosstalk between the detector pixels. The crosstalk in the detector array varying with the distance between the incident laser spot and the measured pixel was shown. It is suggested that for the deep mesa-type arrays the dominating source of crosstalk is the light reflected from the detector substrate. And the dominating source of crosstalk that occurs in the planar type and shallow mesa type photovoltaic arrays is associated with photo-induced carries generated in the InGaAs absorption layer that diffuse laterally between neighbor pixels. These results gave out the possibility to optimize the detectors structures in order to reduce crosstalk.

Background suppression is an effective method for extracting the signal of target in infrared remote sensing image. Background clutter contains spatial information and is correlative in spatial domain. In spatial statistics the semivariogram is an important function that relates semivariance to sampling lag. This function can characterize the spatial dependence of each point on its neighbor and provide a concise and unbiased description of the scale and pattern of spatial variability. One of the main reasons for deriving semivariogram is to use it in the process of estimation. Kriging is an interpolation and estimation technique that considers both the distance and the degree of variation between known data points when estimating values in unknown areas. A kriged estimate is a weighted linear combination of the known sample values around the point to be estimated. In this paper a new algorithm based on spatial statistics is developed for IR background suppression. The main objective of the algorithms is to suppress background clutter through Kriging estimation. Theory analysis and experiments show that the method is reasonable and efficient.

Detecting moving object is vital for dynamic imagery applications, for instance target tracking and target recognition. In thermal infrared image, the difficulties of the motion detection come from appearance changes of the objects, moving background or other causes. In this paper, we present a phase-based filtering method for motion detection in infrared images. Phase-based filtering is a frequency domain related optical flow algorithm. For measuring the flow velocity in infrared image sequence, phase information has advantages because of its stability to geometric deformation and linearity with spatial position. The phase information is filtered out with the Gabor filters. Based on the output phase responses from the filters, component velocities are figured out with the spatial-temporal phase gradients. Combining the component velocities, the full velocities form the optical flow field, which reflects the motions in the images. We demonstrated the effectiveness of the approach with the experiments, and got good results.

The atmospheric correction for the ocean color remote sensing is an important and essential process, more than 90% of signals received by sensors are caused by scattering of atmosphere. The assumption of negligible water-leaving radiance at near-infrared (NIR) bands in the embedded standard atmospheric correction method is not valid for Case II waters, and its main errors are occurred by the estimation errors of the aerosol property and quantity which are highly variable in both space and time. In this study, our main purpose is to develop the advanced atmospheric correction method by using FTIR spectrometer. The aerosol information derived from FTIR spectrometer on the same day in Case II waters and then modify the standard atmospheric correction algorithm to retrieve the water-leaving reflectance. Results of comparisons with standard atmospheric Correction, the modified atmospheric correction is available to estimate the aerosol properties and effective to atmospheric correction in Case II waters.

Due to the infection by heat transfer at the junction between different materials, edges in infrared(IR) images are usually blurred. The phenomenon named the edge effect almost always ignored by the existing methods for infrared images simulation. In this paper, we develop a simulation algorithm based on heat transfer model to obtain more perfect simulation results for infrared images. Meanwhile, to further enhance the fidelity of simulated IR images, a novel scheme to generate IR texture is presented. The experiment results show that our method can yield higher fidelity IR image than the existing simulation method.

Template matching technique is used widely in many fields, such as target tracking, target recognition, image registration, etc. Template matching based on gray measures is unstable because of illumination change and noise. A novel template matching algorithm based on phase correlation is proposed. Phase correlation is used to compare the similarity of two images in same size. In order to compare the similarity of two images in different size, a new method which is named periodic stretch is proposed. Experimental results show that the template matching algorithm based on periodic stretch phase correlation is effective.

The spatial non-uniformity in the photo-response of the detectors in the array on the focal-plane array (FPA) Infrared imaging systems restricted the infrared applications. In this paper, we improve the method of temporal high-pass filter for the complex real scene sequence. Firstly, it adopts the one point non-uniformity correction algorithm which calibrates the FPA at distinct temperatures by use of flat-field data generated from a black-body radiation source. It realized simply and it compensated for the spatial non-uniformity coarsely. After this step, the convergent time of the temporal high-pass algorithm was reduced, and the grade of ghost-shading was alleviated. And then, we analyze the pixels of images and classify them to two categories. One is the changed pixels, another is the stillness pixels. For different kinds of pixels, deal with different strategies. For the changed pixels, estimate the offset with the temporal high-pass filter algorithm. For the stillness pixels, estimate the offset with the iterative steps. This strategy reduced the grade of scene-vanishing when scene was stillness, and the grade of ghost-shading when target moving fast after stillness. Testing on the real infrared image sequence, the experiments showed that this method was very promising.

The spatial non-uniformity in the photo-response of the detectors strongly influences the quality of infrared image. There was no one effective means to evaluate the quality of infrared imaging systems and the performance of the NUC algorithms. A real-time testing system was designed and implemented, which could be used to acquire the data from infrared imaging system, measure the system and analyze the data, and provide researching platform both on software and hardware for developing the infrared processing system. The experimental results show that the system implemented acquiring infrared data in real-time with high speed and high precision. The system has been applied and it was helpful for the researcher to exploit and improve the NUC algorithms.

With a certain space-based low earth orbit satellite as its detecting target, after the author did a lot of research work and by experiential speculation, the paper initially gives simplified framework, shape and size of the satellite. Based on the different kinds of heat-control materials adopted by the satellite, the concerned material parameters were given out, such as emissivity, heat capacity, density and thermal conductivity etc. Based on the satellite's geometrical features, its 3D model was established via 3DS Max and was translated to customized-format model file which can be easily read-out by vc-program. The orbit of the satellite is a sun-synchronous orbit, its attitude control system was carried out by means of inertial directionality. According to the temperature of the surface given by a certain institute, the temperature of the satellite surface in the whole orbit period was gained by linear interpolation method. The infrared radiation model of the satellite was established based on the temperature and features of the proper materials. The motion model was established by two-body orbit motion formula which was based on the six orbital elements. At last, the infrared simulating images are provided under the system parameters such as detecting positions and detecting wavebands etc. The infrared scene simulation of space object can be achieved by this method and the base for the infrared detection of the space object is established.

On account of high performance requirement of video processing systems and the shortcoming of conventional circuit design method, a design methodology based on the signal integrity (SI) theory for the high-speed video processing system with TI's digital signal processor TMS320DM642 was proposed. The PCB stack-up and construction of the system as well as transmission line characteristic impedance are set and calculated firstly with the impedance control tool Si8000 through this methodology. And then some crucial signals such as data lines of SDRAM are simulated and analyzed with the IBIS models so that reasonable layout and routing rules are established. Finally the system's highdensity PCB design is completed on Cadence SPB15.7 platform. The design result shows that this methodology can effectively restrain signal reflection, crosstalk, rail collapse noise and electromagnetic interference (EMI). Thus it significantly improves stability of the system and shortens development cycles.

This paper presents an improved fractional divider used in 1.8~2GHz fractional-N frequency synthesizers. A new clock setting for delta-sigma modulator (DSM) is proposed to prevent the potential problems of traditional fractional dividers: the DSM output would be wrongly loaded and the action of DSM circuit may affect the phase-detection of phase-frequency-detector (PFD). Simulation result shows the effectiveness of this improvement.

A ground-based long-wave hyperspectral imaging spectrometer (LWHIS) is designed and simulated. The spectrometer is based on a focal plane array detector with a spectral response that covers the range 7700 to 9300 nm. Optical system of this instrument is all-reflective and provides up to 30 continuous spectral channels with 54 nm of dispersion per pixel. The entrance aperture is 20 mm and feeds an F/2 telescope front end. The telescope has a 11-deg field of view with 256 spatially resolved elements (detector pixel size is 30 μm). To get high enough signal noise rate (SNR), no concern about the electronic part, first, the cool stop of the detector is used as soon as possible, and second, background thermal radiance of the opto-mechanical system seen by the focal plane must be suppressed. Thus, the entire instrument is set in a vacuum chamber and the opto-mechanical subsystem is cooled by liquid nitrogen. The background thermal radiance verse different cases is discussed. Based on the radiation simulation and analysis, if the opto-mechanical subsystem of the spectrometer within the vacuum chamber is cooled blew 100 Kelvin, significant performance gains can be realized. The design and simulation provides an example for illustrating the design principles specific and radiation simulation to this type of system.

Laser scanning and tracking technology has been widely used in many applications. For a laser scanning and tracking system, a two-dimensional scanning mirror is usually combined with a plane array detector to detect and track the object. The scanning process and quality of acquired images from the detector are two key factors and they are both correlated with the choice of scanning mode, which is a known hard problem and little has been done in the subject. Based on this deficiency, this paper analyzes and compares two common two-dimensional scan mode-continuous scan and step scan, from a theoretical point of view. As we known, the continuous scan can acquire data quickly and is easy to implement. But the acquired images may blur severely due to the fast continuous scan velocity. The step scan can produce highquality images, but it takes much longer time and is more difficult to control. Formulas are proposed in this paper to quantitatively measure the characteristics of each mode and evaluate the parameters that affect the scanning process. These results can be provided as a reference for the proper choice of scanning mode. Moreover, through analysis of imaging characteristics of the detector, an improved raster scan pattern is presented to reduce the number of dead zones and enhance the performance of the system.

On account of restriction of man-made and collection environment, the fingerprint image generally has low quality, especially a contaminated background. In this paper, an enhancement algorithm based on edge filter and Gabor filter is proposed to solve this kind of fingerprint image. Firstly, a gray-based algorithm is used to enhance the edge and segment the image. Then, a multilevel block size method is used to extract the orientation field from segmented fingerprint image. Finally, Gabor filter is used to fulfill the enhancement of the fingerprint image. The experiment results show that the proposed enhancement algorithm is effective than the normal Gabor filter algorithm. The fingerprint image enhance by our algorithm has better enhancement effect, so it is helpful for the subsequent research, such as classification, feature exaction and identification.

Using transmissive-writing and orthogonal-readout scheme, a dual-channel wavelength division multiplexer on the bases of two volume holographic gratings is demonstrated for the first time. The two gratings locate in different areas of a piece of doubly doped LiNbO3 photorefractive crystal, so that each grating can reach the maximal diffraction efficiency of the crystal. The gratings are recorded in the crystal by using green laser. During the readout, the input infrared light is incident on a surface of the material perpendicularly, and the light beam diffracted by one of the two channels emerge from a surface adjacent the input one. The two diffracted beams both propagate normally to the output surface. This makes it easier to couple the communication light beams into and out of the device. The filter works at the third window of optical communication with a channel space of 0.72 nm.

It is utilized the morphology filter and self-adaptive genetic algorithm to present the morphology filter with selfoptimized genetic algorithms (MFGA) for detecting IR image signature of the target. According to training the structuring element from original image data, some constraint conditions such as the prior knowledge and statistics laws , we summarize a judgment rule on finding out the best of structuring elements. As two special applications about IR image signature of the detections, one is detected solid thruster plume IR image and the other is weak-small infrared target under complex background. Compared the experimental results of the MFGA with those of the morphology filter (MF), we find that the MFGA has high convergence speed, greatly enhanced the Signal Noise ratio of target detection and effectively detecting target from complex background. And the experimental results and methods have a great significance in aerial forecasting and space defense.

A novel approach for evaluating the tracking performance of optoelectronic theodolite is proposed. First, an equivalent mathematic model of tracking error is established. Then, the equivalent sine signal is inputted to the equivalent model, and the outputs are sampled. The results of evaluating the tracking performance are obtained based on the statistical calculation of output produced by equivalent model. Equivalent model using the BP (Backprogration) neural network structure is identified. The training method of BP neural network adopts the LM (Levenberg-Marquardt) algorithm for the sake of speeding up training process. The BP neural network is trained and tested by using the training and testing samples gotten from the simulation model of optoelectronic theodolite tracking system under MATLAB/SIMULINK. The estimate errors of equivalent model including average error, maximum error and standard error are 2.5872e-006°≈0°, 2.8" and 1.9". The results show that the equivalent model identified based on BP neural network meets the needs of evaluating the tracking performance of optoelectronic theodolite. The accurate evaluation of tracking performance is achieved.

Current research on infrared simulation often focuses mainly on infrared imaging simulation by computer and pays little attention to outdoor simulation of infrared radiation characteristics of targets. In order to simulate infrared radiance of targets outdoors, in this paper we propose a new outdoor simulation method on the basis of heating the cloth by electricity. There are two major contributions in the paper. Firstly, uneven distributing of temperature field of the cloth surface is considered and the long-wave thermal imager is used as a link of the temperature control system. On the basis of many experiments, the expression is concluded about the relation of the temperature obtained by the lone-wave thermal imager and the temperature obtained by the temperature control system and the environmental temperature at the experimental scene. Secondly, the influence of the environment at the experimental scene on the infrared radiance of the cloth surface is thought over. Thanks to two measures above, simulation precision of infrared radiance is made much better. The results of many outdoor experiments demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach.

A new infrared target segmentation algorithm by using watershed transform based on multi-scale mathematical morphology and target enhancement is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the multi-scale mathematical morphological operator is used to pre-process the original infrared image, which suppresses the effect of noises and protects targets. Secondly, the property of the infrared image, non-parameter kernel method and linear extension are used to enhance dim target. Thirdly, some pixels of the enhanced target regions are binarized and then processed by morphological operators as the markers of the infrared targets. Finally, after the gradient of the pre-processed infrared image is calculated by using Sobel detector, the watershed is performed on the gradient image guided by the markers of target regions to segment the target regions. The proposed method can be widely used in different applications of target detection, target tracking, navigation system and so on. Experimental results verify that the proposed method is efficient.

This paper deals with a complete analytical modeling and analysis of thermoelectric uncooled infrared sensors compatible with CMOS technology. The model put forward is based on dividing the sensor into three zones, each one being the subject of a thorough thermal study (conduction, convection and radiation thermal effect). Through the analytical thermal gradient analysis developed in each zone of the structure (absorber, part of thermoelectric transducer layer placed under the absorber, thermoelectric transducer) we are able to predict the sensitivity, detectivity and the stability power to the sensor. Thus, such a kind of analytical approach is worth of interest to optimize thermopile sensor design parameters.

This paper proposes a set of mathematical equations for modelling the REMS GTS, a pyrometer dedicated to measure the brightness temperature of the Martian surface. The equations complete a new simplified analytical thermal model based on an energy balance theory, which considers the internal thermopile structure and operation, and the exchanged heat fluxes between detector transducer and the rest of the elements. The main advantage of this model, versus previous ones, is that it includes a direct relation between the sensor physical properties and the parameters of the model. Therefore, it is simple to establish a methodology to calibrate the system after a change or degradation in any part of the sensor. In remote or hostile applications this property is very important and necessary. The model permits to establish a practical method to identify the model constants, and a differential in-flight calibration algorithm to determine and compensate the degradation of the sensor due to the deposition of dust over the thermopile window. The main objective of this paper is to show, by using experimental data, the performance of the proposed model, analyzing its capability to measure the temperature of a target surface. It is also included a practical demonstration of the correct behaviour of the in-flight calibration algorithm.

An extended analytic model for atmospheric clutter radiance in absorption bands is developed. In this model, clutter radiance is mainly due to temperature and reflectance fluctuations of atmospheric, cloud and earth. A simplified line-of-sight (LOS) radiance model for short-wave infrared (SWIR) and mid-wave infrared (MWIR) absorption bands is introduced, based on the one-dimensional radiation transfer equation (RTE) and Young's semi-empirical model for diffuse reflectance of clouds. Under the assumption that atmospheric temperature fluctuations are isotropic horizontally, the relations between clutter radiance and temperature fluctuations as well as other factors are obtained. The clutter radiance characteristics are analyzed in 2.7μm and 4.3μm absorption bands, the long wavelength wing of 2.85μm and 4.35μm shows a much larger clutter contribution from earth and cloud. The models present here are efficient and reasonable by comparing the results of MODTRAN and data from SPIRIT-III radiometer.

Boron-doped ZnO thin film was fabricated on fused quartz substrate using the pulse laser deposition method. The infrared photovoltaic properties were studied using Nd:YAG 1.064μm pulse laser and 10.6μm carbon dioxide continuous laser. When the film was irradiated by the10.6μm laser, the photovoltage depends on the laser spot and undergoes a sign reversal as the laser spot travels from one electrode to another. The changeover in sign occurs at the middle of two electrodes. When the laser spot irradiated nearly on the electrode, the largest photovoltage of ~3 mV with a rise time of several seconds was observed. When the film was illuminated by the1.064μm pulse laser, the peak photovoltage reaches ~2.8 mV and the rise time and full width at half-maximum are ~1.5 ns and ~3 ns, respectively. The present results suggest that the Boron-doped ZnO thin film can be utilized in an infrared sensitive detector at room temperature.

It's an important and complicated process in target interpretation that target features extraction and identification, which effect psychosensorial quantity of interpretation person to target infrared image directly, and decide target viability finally. Using statistical decision theory and psychology principle, designing four psychophysical experiment, the interpretation model of the infrared target is established. The model can get target detection probability by calculating four features similarity degree between target region and background region, which were plotted out on the infrared image. With the verification of a great deal target interpretation in practice, the model can simulate target interpretation and detection process effectively, get the result of target interpretation impersonality, which can provide technique support for target extraction, identification and decision-making.

With the requirement of the SWIR Hyper-spectral Imaging Spectrometer, this article describes a project of SWIR image circuit based on IRFPA detector. First, the structure of the SWIR Hyper-spectral Imaging Spectrometer is introduced in this paper, and then the infrared imaging circuit design is proposed, which is based on MCT SWIR FPA with 500*256 pixels, the detector NEPTURN, in Safradir Company. According to the scheme, several key technologies have been studied in particular, such as driving circuit, time control circuit, high-speed A/D converter, LVDS (Low Voltage Differential Signaling) transmission circuit. At last, An improved two-point Correction Method was chosen to correct the Non-uniformity of image. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively suppress noises and work with low power consumption. The electric system not only has the advantages of simplicity and compactness but also can work stably, providing 500×256 image at the frame frequency of 200 Hz in good quality.

An effective neural network non-uniformity correction (NUC) algorithm based on DSP is proposed in this paper. The non-uniform response in infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) detectors produces corrupted images with a fixed-pattern noise(FPN).We introduced and analyzed the artificial neural network scene-based non-uniformity correction (SBNUC) algorithm. A design of DSP-based NUC development platform for IRFPA is described. The DSP hardware platform designed is of low power consumption, with 32-bit fixed point DSP TMS320DM643 as the kernel processor. The dependability and expansibility of the software have been improved by DSP/BIOS real-time operating system and Reference Framework 5. In order to realize real-time performance, the calibration parameters update is set at a lower task priority then video input and output in DSP/BIOS. In this way, calibration parameters updating will not affect video streams. The work flow of the system and the strategy of real-time realization are introduced. Experiments on real infrared imaging sequences demonstrate that this algorithm requires only a few frames to obtain high quality corrections. It is computationally efficient and suitable for all kinds of non-uniformity.

The IR-Imaging-Guided Weapons have been playing an important role in the modern warfare by means of select attacking the vital parts of targets with the features of highly secret attacking, high precision, and excellent anti-jamming capability ,therefore, they are viewed to be one of the promising precisely guided weapons ,receiving great concern through out the world. This paper discusses the characteristics of IR-Imaging guidance systems at the highlight of making a study of correlated technologies of jamming IR-Imaging-Guided Weapons on the basis of elaborating the operational principles of IR-Imaging-guided Weapons.

The parallel scan infrared imager consists of a linear focal plane array (FPA) detector aligned orthogonally to scan direction and imaging requires a one-dimensional scan to cover the field of view in horizontal dimension entirely. Each column of the image is corresponding to one frame outputted from the detector and the non-uniformity of detector is usually manifested as horizontal stripes. In other words, one image could contain many different detector frames, and this is very helpful in non-uniformity correction (NUC). Although a scene contains a lot of temperature information, we could assume that the scene is made up of numerous small fractions with same temperature; thus the fraction could work as a thermal reference source (TRS) and the difference in responses of detector pixels which view the same fraction can be obtained. When the amount of detector frames is large enough, we could find out all the differences in responses of the detector pixels, and offset drifts can be corrected by utilizing these differences. Based on these characteristics, we propose a novel NUC algorithm to correct offset non-uniformity in drift with time.

Based on analysis of the near infrared spectral absorption of CO molecule and considering factors such as compatibility with the transmission characteristics of silica optical fiber and the price, a kind of allfiber remote sensor utilizing Fiber Bragg Grating(FBG) filters and 1.567μm high power light-emitting diode (LED) was developed for real time absorption measurement. FBG has a low insert loss and can be produced easily compared with dielectric interference filters. Theory and experiment proved that the system has simple construct and high sensibility.

Significant progress has been achieved in technology of the InGaAs focal plane arrays (FPA) detector operating in short wave infrared (SWIR) last two decades. The no cryogenic cooling, low manufacturing cost, low power, high sensitivity and maneuverability features inherent of InGaAs FPA make it as a mainstream SWIR FPA in a variety of critical military, national security, aerospace, telecommunications and industrial applications. These various types of passive image sensing or active illumination image detecting systems included range-gated imaging, 3-Dimensional Ladar, covert surveillance, pulsed laser beam profiling, machine vision, semiconductor inspection, free space optical communications beam tracker, hyperspectroscopy imaging and many others. In this paper the status and perspectives of hybrid InGaAs FPA which is composed of detector array (PDA) and CMOS readout integrate circuit (ROIC) are reviewed briefly. For various low light levels applications such as starlight or night sky illumination, we have made use of the interface circuit of capacitive feedback transimpedance amplifier (CTIA) in which the integration capacitor was adjustable, therefore implements of the physical and electrical characteristics matches between detector arrays and readout intergrate circuit was achieved excellently. Taking into account the influences of InGaAs detector arrays' optoelectronic characteristics on performance of the FPA, we discussed the key parameters of the photodiode in detailed, and the tradeoff between the responsivity, dark current, impedance at zero bias and junction capacitance of photosensitive element has been made to root out the impact factors. As a result of the educed approach of the photodiode's characteristics optimizing which involve with InGaAs PDA design and process, a high performance InGaAs FPA of 30um pixel pitch and 320×256 format has been developed of which the response spectrum range over 0.9um to 1.7um, the mean peak detectivity (λ=1.55μm) was 6×10¹² cmHz^1/2W^-1 and dynamics range reached 68 dB at room temperature. Making use of the fabricated 320×256 InGaAs FPA, the concerning objects can be imaged in the low light level or nightglow background.

For simplifying transfer contributions of axial gradient index (AGRIN) medium AGRIN singlet is regarded as infinite thin-plate. Each thin-plate can be treated as a plane plate so the aberration formulas of plane plate can be used to calculate AGRIN's aberrations by integral process. The results achieved by our method are the same results as those of Sands' and Bociort's. Nevertheless the solving process is very easy for understanding and calculation.

A flexible support structure of space infrared detector is presented so as to reduce the impacts of mechanical vibration, electromagnetic interference and temperature shift from outside environment. According to technical requirements of the infrared detector, the flexible support structure is designed, which mainly consists of two components: one component is planted in the outside of the infrared detector to shield electromagnetic wave called shield cover; the other component is a soft rubber ring, which can connect the shield cover to bracket forming a flexible support. In order to demonstrate its effectiveness on reducing vibration, parameter identification and dynamic analysis of this structure are carried out to calculate the acceleration of detector under sine vibration with different frequency. Then a new type composite material is used to produce the shield cover, which has some advantages such as lighter weight, higher stiffness and function of electromagnetic shielding. Besides, the soft rubber ring is made of a special rubber called XM-31. Not only can this rubber isolate the vibration, but insulate the heat, which will further improve the performance of detector. The flexible support structure has an important application value in the field of infrared detection and imaging.

The integration of thermal imaging system and radar system could increase the range of target identification as well as strengthen the accuracy and reliability of detection, which is a state-of-the-art and mainstream integrated system to search any invasive target and guard homeland security. When it works, there is, however, one defect existing of what the thermal imaging system would produce affected images which could cause serious consequences when searching and detecting. In this paper, we study and reveal the reason why and how the affected images would occur utilizing the principle of lightwave before establishing mathematical imaging model which could meet the course of ray transmitting. In the further analysis, we give special attentions to the systematic parameters of the model, and analyse in detail all parameters which could possibly affect the imaging process and the function how it does respectively. With comprehensive research, we obtain detailed information about the regulation of diffractive phenomena shaped by these parameters. Analytical results have been convinced through the comparison between experimental images and MATLAB simulated images, while simulated images based on the parameters we revised to judge our expectation have good comparability with images acquired in reality.

The importance of hard-ware-in-the-loop infrared seekers testing with realistic infrared scenes warrants a review of the current technologies used in dynamic infrared scene simulation. Infrared seeker dynamic scene simulation technology includes dynamic infrared simulator technology and infrared scene image generation technology. Infrared simulator includes resistor arrays, liquid crystal light valves, laser writers, laser diode arrays, CRT and digital mirror devices (DMD). The technology that may provide high performance for testing seekers is the DMD approach. Other technologies such as resistor arrays, LCLVs, laser diodes, and the CRTs are still under development. Infrared scene generation can be divided into the stage of data generation and the stage of programming. Target 3D model is completed by the software of Multigen Creator and dynamic scene image generation is completed by the software of Vega. The SensorVision module of Vega can supply the atmosphere model parameter and target texture material.

In this paper, we propose a novel general framework for target detection and tracking in infrared image sequences. An integrated tracking system is described by this framework based on multiple models learning online. The relations among each component of the tracking system are expressed distinctly. Furthermore, we emphasize that the main components of the tracking system shouldn't be invariable. On the contrary, they should update dynamically. An integrated tracking system is composed of six modules. The target appearance will change as the target object moves from one place to another. So the object description also needs update dynamically in the tracking framework. At the core of many approaches for object tracking is the metric or similarity measure used to determine the distance between the target template and candidates. In the proposed tracking framework, the distance measure is learnt online and update dynamically by the ensemble learning algorithm. Approaches on estimation of object tracking can be divided into two groups: deterministic approaches and stochastic approaches. In our unified framework, the estimation approach is not fixed, but adaptive. The observation model, motion model and number of particles can adapt to the changes of the foreground and background. Our extensive experiments show that the presented algorithm performs robustly in a large variety of infrared image sequences. The approach proposed in this paper has the potential to solve other sensor fusion problems.

An far-infrared interferometer which can test rough surface is presented. It is based on the optical configuration of classical Fizeau interferometer. In addition, the design and system performance of an infrared system is presented. Using the infrared system, the far-infrared interferometer is capable of testing rough aspheric surfaces. The measuring error(RMS) is less than λ/200 (λ=10.6μm), this accuracy is able to fulfill the need of grinding primary mirror.

Different methods of testing and evaluation for IR imaging system are used with the application of the 2nd and the 3rd generation infrared detectors. The performance of IR imaging system can be reflected by many specifications, such as Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference (NETD), Nonuniformity, system Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD), and Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference (MRTD) etc. The sensitivity of IR sensors is estimated by NETD. The sensitivity of thermal imaging sensors and space resolution are evaluated by MRTD, which is the chief specification of system. In this paper, the theoretical analysis of different testing methods is introduced. The characteristics of them are analyzed and compared. Based on discussing the factors that affect measurement results, an applied method of testing NETD and MRTD for IR system is proposed.

The non-uniformity correction (NUC) is a key part that affects the image quality of IR imaging systems. In this paper, the NUC technique for staring IR imaging system is studied based on the research of the response characteristic and the noise components of IRFPA. Especially, the improvement of the traditional neural network correction method is also studied. According to the theory of neural network, we analyzed the reasons that cause the defects of traditional neural network correction, which are the difficulty for choosing the length of study-step, poor performance of the offset nonuniformity correction and the side-effect of "ghosting", then found methods to improve them. So the correction ability and the applicability of the improved NUC method are enhanced. To test the effect of the new NUC method, we implemented the arithmetic on a hardware platform using the Digital Signal Processor TS201, and made experiments in real terrestrial scene and offshore scene. The results prove that the improved neural network correction arithmetic is effective.

In order to acquire stabilization image for IR imaging system, an image stabilization system is required. Linear method is often used in current research on the system and a simple PID controller can meet the demands of common users. In fact, image stabilization system is a structure with nonlinear characters such as structural errors, friction and disturbances. In up-grade IR imaging system, although conventional PID controller is optimally designed, it cannot meet the demands of higher accuracy and fast responding speed when disturbances are present. To get high-quality stabilization image, nonlinear characters should be rejected. The friction and gear clearance are key factors and play an important role in the image stabilization system. The friction induces static error of system. When the system runs at low speed, stick-slip and creeping induced by friction not only decrease resolution and repeating accuracy, but also increase the tracking error and the steady state error. The accuracy of the system is also limited by gear clearance, and selfexcited vibration is brought on by serious clearance. In this paper, effects of different nonlinear on image stabilization precision are analyzed, including friction and gear clearance. After analyzing the characters and influence principle of the friction and gear clearance, a friction model is established with MATLAB Simulink toolbox, which is composed of static friction, Coulomb friction and viscous friction, and the gear clearance non-linearity model is built, providing theoretical basis for the future engineering practice.

In this paper, several samples of GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well material with different parameters are present, the measurement result using photoluminescence(PL) spectroscopy shows the energy between the ground state in valence band and the ground state in conduction band of the well for each sample. Through transfer matrix method (TTM), we obtain bound state eigenvalues, and the corresponding eigenfunctions of arbitrarily graded in one-dimensional potential wells. With theoretical calculation, the peak response wavelength of the QWIP is determined. The calculated result is coincident with the one from photocurrent spectrum for the same sample very well. The comparison of theory and experiment confirms that PL scan is an important testing method for the quality of material.

The Global Optimal Solution (GOS) provides surface velocities from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) remote image sequences by using bilinear interpolation algorithms. A highly accurate velocity field can be estimated by GOS with infrared image sequence, but the field has only first order continuity. This paper deals with the use of GOS, but with higher order continuity and smoothed cutouts around coastland edges to estimate surface velocities. Since an actual coastal ocean has a complex, irregular coastland, and some ocean studies need vorticity and divergence analysis which must be extracted from the velocity field, the development of generic GOS algorithms with higher order continuity and smoothed cutouts around these edges is very important. In this paper, the GOS bilinear polynomials, formerly applied only to square tiles with first order continuity, are replaced by surface B-Splines functions. The new GOS algorithms can be applied to AVHRR images containing complicated coastal land boundaries - or even clouds - to yield smooth velocity fields next to land, and higher order continuity velocity field can be obtained. The main advantages of the new GOS are that the highly accurate solution is global optimized, linear, and high order smoothed. The high order GOS velocity fields with those from the numerical model and from the first order GOS technique are compared. Results of applying these methods to two real image sequences are presented. It is demonstrated in this paper that this high order GOS technique to two sequences of NOAA satellite AVHRR images taken in the New York Bight to calculate a velocity field adjacent to the land. I found that all results of the angular and magnitude errors of the velocity by 1^st and 3^rd order GOS are quite close for both numerical model data and AVHRR image sequences, but velocity field estimated by 3^rd order GOS is global smoothed.

By the theory and numerical value, the paper analyses and calculates the ability of the target detection by medium wave or long wave IR detectors in range 3~5μm and 8~12μm. We choose which wave band to detect target depend on characteristic of the target and background radiation. For the factor, we analyze and do experiments. Finally, we give adaptive situation.

Based on single panoramic annular lens optical system and external-low-luminance CCD sensors, 360-degree panoramic night vision image processing hardware platform were established. The night vision panoramic image algorithm was presented, grounding on the image segmentation and multimode displaying technology. The annular image can be unwrapped and corrected to conventional rectangular panorama by the panoramic image unwrapping algorithm. The night vision image enhancement algorithm, based on adaptive piecewise linear gray transformation (APLGT) and Laplacian of Gaussian (LOG) edge detection, were given. APLGT algorithm can be adaptively truncate the image histogram on both ends to obtain a smaller dynamic range so as to enhance the contrast of the night vision image. LOG algorithm can be propitious to find and detect dim small targets in night vision circumstance. After abundant experiment, the algorithm for night vision panoramic image was successfully implemented in TMS320DM642, basing on the image Segmentation and multimode displaying algorithm. And the system can reliably and dynamically detect 360-degree view field of panoramic night vision image.

We propose an effective algorithm of IR target location based on image registration. This approach includes four steps--pre-processing, typical region and feature points extraction, point pattern matching, target location. Firstly, by analying the characters of the visual and IR images, a pre-processing procedure is introduced to improve the IR image quality and to make the gray distribution in IR and visual images more consistent. Secondly, mathematical morphology is used to extract typical regions around the target, and we mark the feature points based on the extracted typical regions. Thirdly, point pattern matching algorithm is applied to realize the preliminary registration of IR/visual images, triangle geometry similarity is utilized as the similarity measure to establish two points set correspondance. Finally, we take twostage location strategy to accurately locate the IR targets, least square method and mutual information theory are applied in the location strategy. Experiment results demonstrate a high rate (above 93%) of success for predicting target location, the results showed that this method can effectively meet the requirement of target detection in low resolution and low contrast IR images.

Because of high infrared attenuation, water mist (or fog) are widely used in fire prevention and heat radiation protection etc. However, the theoretical analysis and calculation of water mist about infrared attenuation are not easy due to parameters that complicate the transport process, such as multi-scattering in the water mist, distribution of droplets, concentration of droplets and water optical constant in the infrared atmosphere windows, etc. There are several methods to calculate the water mist infrared attenuation, for example, Monte-Carlo method (MCM), independent scattering method (ISM) and solo mean diameter method (SMDM). These methods have different accuracy and complicacy. Theoretically, MCM should be more precision and complicated than the other methods but no report on the comparisons between these methods is found by the authors. The present article studies the spectral transmittance of water mist with different concentration and different thickness using MCM and Mie theory, since spectral transmittance of water mist in the infrared atmosphere windows with lognormal distribution is important data for infrared attenuation analysis. At the same time, the transmittance of the same water mist was calculated with ISM and SMDM and the results of MCM were compared with those of ISM and SMDM. It is clearly indicates that the ISM is accurate when the droplet concentration is less than 320 droplets/cm³, the SMDM is accurate when the droplet concentration was less than 300 droplets/cm³, with variance 2 and mean diameter 8μm lognormal distribution. When the mean diameter of water mist is below 8μm, ISM and SMDM are applicable with higher mist concentration. The ISM and SMDM is valuable for engineering calculation about water mist infrared attenuation, when the mist concentration is not high enough.

An accurate modeling method is presented for the optical scattering characteristics of space target. Bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) can effectively describe spatial and spectral scattering characteristics of target's surface material. According to background radiation environment and surface appearance of space target, mathematical models on optical scattering characteristics of space target in visible and near infrared band are established by introducing BRDF. The calculation formulas of irradiance on entrance pupil of detector caused by reflected background radiation from target surface and magnitude of target are put forward. By setting target body rectangular coordinate system, the relative positions of background radiation sources, detector and target are determined in terms of coordinate conversion, and the "visual surfaces" of target to detector are defined by the vector coordinate method. Energy distribution on entrance pupil of detector and magnitude characteristics are calculated in detail by the given geometry dimension and surface physical parameters of the typical space target, and simulation results are demonstrated. The calculation results indicate that the irradiance of the solar sail has the same order as that of the target body, 10^-6W/m² , and the optical scattering characteristics of target are related to the geometrical shape, surface material of target, as well as with the real-time positions of the sun, the earth and the target. Simulation results prove the correctness of modeling method with BRDF.

The center problem of common autofocus method by using image processing is to determine the position of best focus of an objective lens through the system output video. The general image processing autofocus algorithms require a focusing window with a suitable size, but this size is difficult to determine. An innovative solution is proposed here according to the retinal vision information-processing function. Un-uniform sampling is introduced by using the retinal space-variant resolution vision mechanism as reference in order to get higher resolution in central part of image and wider view field, making sure that the object located in the fovea region is protruded and the negative effect of the background image is restricted. The sharpness evaluation parameters are further studied for better performance. All the logic circuit above is realized in one FPGA chip of Cyclone II EP2C20 and the SoPC (System-on-a-Programmable-Chip) architecture is adopted to ensure the computing and response speed of the image autofocus. The experimental results indicate that the validity of autofocus algorithm.

The infrared imaging equipment is widely used because it can acquire more thermal and material information from infrared band than from visible band. Based on the lighting model which is widely used in computer graphics and the radiation transfer law, a simplified thermal infrared imaging computation model is derived. The following works have been done to derive the model: 1) Adding the surface temperature distribution of the 3D model; 2) Specifying the physical material of the 3D geometry model; 3) Merging the self emitting and the detector response into the imaging model as one term. The ray tracing method is applied to construct an infrared imaging simulation system which can generate the synthetic infrared images of a 3D scene from any angle of view. To validate the infrared imaging computation model, several typical 3D scenes are made, and their infrared images are calculated to compare and contrast with the measured infrared images obtained by a middle infrared band imaging camera. The result shows that: 1) The infrared imaging computation model is capable of producing infrared images which is very similar to those received by thermal infrared camera; 2) The infrared imaging computation model can well simulate the relative brightness contrast in the infrared images, it also can reflect most of the basic infrared imaging characteristics; 3) Some geometry, thermal and material information also can be retrieved from the synthetic infrared images. Quantitative analysis shows that the absolute brightness does not match well, and the reasons are analyzed. By the synthetic infrared images, it also illustrates the difficulty and complexity in infrared image analysis and simulation.

A real-time color image fusion system has been presented for the infrared thermal camera and the low-light-level camera, which provides more complete spectral image information. The statistical transform method based on the YCRCBcolor model transfers the first order statistics of the color distribution of a representative natural color daytime reference image to the false color dual -band images. This mapping is usually performed in a perceptually decorrelated color space. The colors in the resulting colorized dual-band images closely resemble the colors in the daytime color reference image. Also, object colors remain invariant under panning operations and are independent of the scene content. Preliminary field trials demonstrate the potential of these systems for applications like surveillance, security and target detection.

Optical correlator technologies play the important role in image processing systems, such as Vander Lugt correlator and Joint Transform Correlator. Compared with traditional computer image processing techniques, optical correlation system have an inherent capability for parallel processing, which can transmit rapidly mass information. Meanwhile, it changes the complex images processing problem into spot recognizing in output plane. As a kind of important image recognizing tool, JTC can be built easily in lab. Abundant research results show the correlation peak of joint transform correlator should be a sharp circle spot when input the same target picture and reference picture. However, experimental result shows the Characteristics of input target influences the intensity distribution of correlation peak in the paper. A group of correlation peak is obtained which is different distribution in the vertical direction and horizontal direction when change length-width ratio of rectangles which is used as the target picture and reference picture. Furthermore, the experimental result proves the distribution of correlation peak change continuously with the different characteristics of rectangle. Under the special condition in experiment course, length-width ratio of correlation peak will climb up to 3.8 when length-width ratio of two input rectangle is 30 to 1. The possible cause is analyzed in paper. According to the above results, more strict identifying condition must be adopted in correlation peak recognition in order to avoid the occurrence of misjudgment.

To carry out sophisticated image motion compensation, the real-time computing problems of two-dimensional highprecision motion speed must be solved. The computation is even greater in the processing of large-size satellite remote sensing images. In order to find out the motion speed of the satellite more accurately and rapidly, a motion estimation algorithm is present in this paper. The entire pixel motion estimation is completed by line matching method accurately in the first step. In the following step, a surface fitting method is utilized to obtain the high-precision sub-pixel displacements. As the time intervals between the two or more images which are taken by the satellite detectors are known, the real-time motion speed of the satellite could be easily gotten in the end. There are two major contributions in the paper. Firstly, the line template and line matching are summed up. Therefore, the computations and searches in correlation matching processing could be reduced greatly while the efficiency is improved. Secondly, by the reasonable use of the mathematical surface fitting method, high-precision sub-pixel displacements of images could be obtained successfully. Theory analysis and experiments show that the method is reasonable and efficient.

The radiant characteristic is one of the most important characteristics of the infrared simulation system. This paper evaluates the radiant energy from the target of the infrared imaging hardware-in-the-loop simulation system and background of laboratory environment. The previous studies focuses only on the radiation of the whole target, the radiation of background is usually discussed from the angle of noise voltage. This study analyzes the radiant energy difference between the target and the background of the laboratory environment on a pixel of sensor focal plane array under test.

This paper discussed about a readout circuit for Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetector (QDIP) Focal-Plane-Array (FPA) imaging system. The readout circuit employed a modified regulated cascode circuit to stabilize the bias of QDIP. The readout circuit consisted of in-pixel dark current cancellation circuit, sensed current integration and in-pixel switch integration capacitor. The chip worked at 5V power supply and operated at 1MHz clock rate. Output voltage ranging from 2 volt to 4 volt was generated when the sensing current from 10nA to 100nA, the dark current was set up to 100nA. The total power consumption was less than 3.3 mW. The dimension of unit pixel was 30×30μm and the integration capacitance was about 0.24pF. The 8×8 pixels array readout circuit of in-pixel variable integration capacitors was implemented by using TSMC 0.35μm Mixed Signal 2P4M CMOS process.

Scene-based nonuniformity correction algorithms are widely concerned since they only need the readout infrared data captured by the imaging system during its normal operation. However, there still exists the problem of ghosting artifact in the algorithms, and their performance is noticeably degraded when the methods are applied over scenes with lack of motion. In order to solve this problem, a novel adaptive scene-based NUC algorithm, with a design of foreground and background, is presented. As the foreground, the neural network, using the adaptive learning rate rule, performs the normal NUC. As the background, the block-based motion detection monitors changes of the scene and determines the way of parameter update. The strength of the algorithm lies in its simplicity and low computational complexity. The performance of the proposed algorithm is then evaluated with infrared image sequences with simulated and real fixedpattern noise. The results show a more reliable fixed-pattern noise reduction, tracking the parameter drift, and presenting a good adaptability to scene changes.

Robust infrared target tracking is an important and challenging research topic in many military and security applications, such as infrared imaging guidance, infrared reconnaissance, scene surveillance, etc. To effectively tackle the nonlinear and non-Gaussian state estimation problems, particle filtering is introduced to construct the theory framework of infrared target tracking. Under this framework, the observation probabilistic model is one of main factors for infrared targets tracking performance. In order to improve the tracking performance, covariance matrices are introduced to represent infrared targets with the multi-features. The observation probabilistic model can be constructed by computing the distance between the reference target's and the target samples' covariance matrix. Because the covariance matrix provides a natural tool for integrating multiple features, and is scale and illumination independent, target representation with covariance matrices can hold strong discriminating ability and robustness. Two experimental results demonstrate the proposed method is effective and robust for different infrared target tracking, such as the sensor ego-motion scene, and the sea-clutter scene.

Water body information is very important for urban planning and environment improving. Extracting water body information from the satellite images such as MODIS images, Spot images, Radarsat SAR images and LANDSAT TM images has been explored by some researchers. However, extracting water body information from high resolution satellite images is still a problem because of the shade effect of buildings in urban area. The color of the calm water surface is similar to the shadows and it is difficult to distinguish between water body and shadows from satellite imagery. With Near-Infrared Spectral Analysis of IKONOS imagery, we present a new method to extract water body and make distinctions between the water body and the shadows. We employ existing knowledge for extracting water body information by image analysis at first, then the dark objects is extracted by a object-oriented operation from the high resolution satellite image. Near-infrared spectral analysis is developed to remove the building shadows from the dark objects extracted. Two NIR indexes are combined to remove the shadows. The experiments show that the main water body, such as artificial lake and rivers can be extracted effectively from IKONOS imagery with the method presented in this paper.

To study the probability of target acquirement of infrared imaging seeker under three typical types of search law of parallel search law, cone search law and one-dimension visual effect search law, the model of target doing random weaving maneuver is built and experiment based on Monte Carlo simulation is designed to try to simulate much possible situation of missile searching target. In the experiment such factors are considered as initial distance between missile and target, measure error of target's velocity and time interval of missile getting target information. Simulation results show that the probability of target acquirement under cone search law are the most, probability under one-dimension visual effect search law is the least and probability under parallel search law are between them, which is very helpful for choice of search law and overall design of missile.

Many methods for lossy and lossless compression of multispectral imaging data has been developed. 3-dimensional compression of multispectral images has been studied by many researchers. Although, the 3-D compression method provides relatively good performances, a major problem is that the method requires a large amount of memory and processing time. A salient property of hyperspectral images is that strong spectral correlation exists throughout almost all bands. This could be because, in these bands, the signal associated with these frequencies is greatly attenuated by the atmosphere or the materials being imaged. In this paper, we take into account these property of multispectal data and propose a new compression algorithm based on a 2-dimensional wavelet transform. In the proposed method, we divide the spectral bands of multispectral images into a number of groups in which each group contains two adjacent bands. The first band of each group is SPIHT coded. Its decoded version is subtracted from the second band, and then SPIHT is applied to the residual image. The data used in this paper was acquired by AVIRIS. There were 224 contiguous spectral bands using wavelengths between 400 and 2500nm. The data set contains 512 scan lines with 614 pixels in each scan line. We selected a sub-region with the size of 512×512 pixels. As can be seen in the results, the proposed algorithm provides better performance than the SPIHT algorithm.

Design of a CMOS readout circuit for 160x120 format microcantilever infrared FPAs with snapshot integration is presented in this paper. The pixel pitch is 50μm and capacitive trans-impedance amplifier is used in pixel stage for low noise and high linearity. A 800fF storage capacitor is implemented in each pixel for snapshot imaging. The pixel OTAs are powered off during pixel signals readout phase and master-slave buffer method is employed in column readout stage and output buffer stage for low power. The 160x120 ROIC has been designed and simulated for 50Hz frame frequency with one output port. The pixel rate is 1MHz, charge handling capacity is 1.5x10⁵ electrons, pixel linearity is as high as 99.9% and the power consumption is less than 20mw. A 16x16 experimental chip has been designed, post-simulated and manufactured with a 0.35μm CMOS DPTM technology and is being tested.

Conformal optical domes are characterized as having external more elongated optical surfaces that are optimized to minimize drag, increased missile velocity and extended operational range. The outer surface of the conformal domes typically deviate greatly from spherical surface descriptions, so the inherent asymmetry of conformal surfaces leads to variations in the aberration content presented to the optical sensor as it is gimbaled across the field of regard, which degrades the sensor's ability to properly image targets of interest and then undermine the overall system performance. Consequently, the aerodynamic advantages of conformal domes cannot be realized in practical systems unless the dynamic aberration correction techniques are developed to restore adequate optical imaging capabilities. Up to now, many optical correction solutions have been researched in conformal optical design, including static aberrations corrections and dynamic aberrations corrections. There are three parts in this paper. Firstly, the combination of static and dynamic aberration correction is introduced. A system for correcting optical aberration created by a conformal dome has an outer surface and an inner surface. The optimization of the inner surface is regard as the static aberration correction; moreover, a deformable mirror is placed at the position of the secondary mirror in the two-mirror all reflective imaging system, which is the dynamic aberration correction. Secondly, the using of appropriate surface types is very important in conformal dome design. Better performing optical systems can result from surface types with adequate degrees of freedom to describe the proper corrector shape. Two surface types and the methods of using them are described, including Zernike polynomial surfaces used in correct elements and user-defined surfaces used in deformable mirror (DM). Finally, the Adaptive optics (AO) correction is presented. In order to correct the dynamical residual aberration in conformal optical design, the SPGD optimization algorithm is operated at each zoom position to calculate the optimized surface shape of the MEMS DM. The communication between MATLAB and Code V established via ActiveX technique is applied in simulation analysis.

The relationship between the dark conductivity (σ_d) and temperature (T) of amorphous HgCdTe films has been investigated at 80-300 K. The measurement of σ_d as a function of T indicates the presence of four distinct regions: (I) For 250K≤T<300 K(3.3<1000/T≤4.0), σ_d is strongly increase with T increasing, the transport mechanism is dominated by extended state conduction, (II) for 180K≤T<250 K(4<1000/T≤5.6), σ_d is linearly increase with T increasing, hopping conduction between localized band tail state dominates the transport mechanism, (III) for 120K≤T<180K (5.6<1000/T≤8.3), σ_d is very small and weakly increase with T increasing, constant-range hopping conduction in localized states near the Fermi energy significantly contributes to the transport properties, and (IV) 80K≤T<120K (8.3<1000/T≤12.5), the dark conductivity of amorphous HgCdTe films is very small and weakly decreases with temperature increasing, it would be possible that the conductivity type of amorphous HgCdTe films converted about 120K, i.e. from the n type converted to p type. The temperature behavior of σ_d of amorphous HgCdTe was described in terms of the Mott-Davis model.

The initial images and the corresponding evaluation of a MWIR polarization imaging system are discussed in this paper. This MWIR polarization imaging system consists of an objective, two folded mirrors, a polarimetric analyzer, a relay lens, a MCT 320×256 FPA with 30μm pitch and 3.7~4.8μm spectral region. The effective focal length of the re-imaging objective is 185mm, F-number is 4.0 and the polarimetric analyzer is located in the parallel light. When the analyzer is rotated to four different degrees, that of 0⁰, 45⁰, 90⁰ and 135⁰, a set of four original infrared intensity images is acquired, then the Stokes vector's elements of I, Q, U and the degree of linear polarization P of the incident radiation from remote scene can be solved. After that, several methods are taken to process the polarization information mentioned above, such as the I-P fusion, the IQU fusion, the IQU pseudocolor fusion and the IQU pseudocolor fusion by color adjusted. Respectively, the results of fused images are presented. The quantitative evaluations of the MWIR fused images shows that the mean of gray scales has been improved 35%, the standard difference of gray scales has been improved 61% and the gradient of fused images has been improved up to 255%. The results of this paper indicate that the MWIR fused polarization images are much clearer than that of the intensity images in profiles, edges and details of an object, and it can obviously increase the contrast between object interested and the background. The different types of polarimetric images can be displayed by means of image of fused images of different Stokes components gray scales or images of pseudocolor fusion. These results offer multiple choices to the displaying of polarimetric images. The different methods of polarimetric fused image can product different results. The results show polarimetric images contain new and useful information that is not obtainable from the intensity images.

To provide a better material than MCT for photoelectronic devices, amorphous Hg_1-xCd_xTe (a-MCT) as a new material is studied. Cr/Au alloy was deposited as both upper and bottom electrodes. a-MCT (x=0.2) films were grown on bottom electrodes, being sandwich device structure. The relation between photoconductivity and temperature was studied for the prototype devices under dark background and illuminated condition, respectively. The SR20 blackbody is used as infrared radiation source. The photoconductivity is obtained by DC and AC measurements within temperature range from 77K to 300K. There are different photoconductivity characteristic in three independent temperature ranges, namely high temperature regimeI(240-300K), middle temperature regimeII (140-240K), and low temperature regimeIII (77-140K). It was shown that, T=240K is the turning point from σ_ph-T curves and is also maximal optical response temperature. In different regimes, the behavior of photoconductivity is due to carriers mobility and non-equilibrium carriers density.

Coal mine fires has become a very severe geologic disaster that affects the sustainable development of China's national economy. They result in a reduction of the coal reserve, attribute to atmospheric pollution through the emission of greenhouse related gases, cause land subsidence and negatively impact human health in nearby areas. Fire source localization is an important direction in the research area of fire detection at present. For application researches of fire source localization in fire nonage, a method of fire source localization and its algorithm are presented in the paper. The method is applied to estimate the characterization of infrared image for fire source localization in condition of radiation of fire source having a character of approximate spherical wave, and its convenience of fine orientation distinguishing ability is also presented. The coherence of detection precision for fire source localization applied with the method is similarity while detected in the closed or semi-closed space. Fine feasible and compatible of this detection method is represented in the paper, and especially suited for fire source localization in the rectangle restricted space.

Hg_1-xCd_xTe (MCT) Photovoltaic Detector is a very important detector for the second-Generation and third-Generation infrared Focal Plane Array (FPA) detectors. Zero-bias resistance-area products (R₀A) is an important factor of detector's performance whose value is determined by the dark current of photovoltaic detector. In this paper, with Synopsys device simulation software, both current-voltage characteristic and R₀A products of n-on-p MCT Photovoltaic Detector with x = 0.223 had been simulated and analyzed with varying implantation dose and working temperature in the voltage range of -0.3V~0V. The stimulated results indicated that dark current and R₀A products depended distinctly upon the doping concentration and working temperature of photovoltaic detectors, and the optimal doping concentration and appropriate working temperature were obtained for n-on-p MCT Photovoltaic Detector.

A novel automatic target recognition algorithm based on statistical dispersion of infrared multispectral images(SDOIMI) is proposed. Firstly, infrared multispectral characteristic matrix of the scenario is constructed based on infrared multispectral characteristic information (such as radiation intensity and spectral distribution etc.) of targets, background and decoys. Then the infrared multispectral characteristic matrix of targets is reconstructed after segmenting image by maximum distance method and fusing spatial and spectral information. Finally, an statistical dispersion of infrared multispectral images(SDOIMI) recognition criteria is formulated in terms of spectral radiation difference of interesting targets. In simulation, nine sub-bands multispectral images of real ship target and shipborne aerosol infrared decoy modulated by laser simulating ship geometry appearance are obtained via using spectral radiation curves. Digital simulation experiment result verifies that the algorithm is effective and feasible.

Infrared imaging fuze is invulnerable to the electromagnetic interference, and it has the ability to recognize the local image of the target. At present, the infrared imaging fuze technology has become one of the key technologies which perform the target detection and the ignition of the warhead in the complex tactical environment. According to the scanning mechanism of the infrared imaging fuze, based on the analysis of features of the infrared image of tank target, this paper presents a feature extraction method based on knowledge to recognize infrared gray image. The geometric features and gray level features are extracted. The geometric features include the corner features and angular features. The corners of the image are extracted through the SUSAN corner detection principle,the angular feature is extracted by Freeman chain code. The hot-zone gray feature is extracted by the template matching and image binarization principle. In order to realize real-time recognition, this paper uses FPGA technology to achieve recognition circuit. The experiments show that the recognition method has a certain anti-interference ability.

Lock-in thermography which is an active thermography technique for NDT is based on propagation and reflection of thermal waves which are launched from the surface into the inspected component by absorption of modulated radiation. Phase angle images obtained by superposition of the initial thermal wave and its internal reflection display hidden thermal structures down to a certain depth below surface. Defects are found by comparing the observed features with expected features provided by an intact reference sample. This technique has been widely applied to detect the defection of many materials and structure in aerospace and automotive industry. In this study, the law of sine modulated lamp was used for active heat source into the CFRP plate sample. The theory of thermal wave transmission and reflection were studied deeply by finite difference method and thermal-electronic equaling model. The thermal wave image sequences were collected with infrared camera, and the program of IR Lock-in thermography was developed by Visual C++ development platform. So that the phase image was extracted between the reflection thermal wave and reference ones on the surface of sample by means of correlation algorithms or Fourier transform. The experimental results show that the simulation is closed to the experimental ones. The defect character is detected clearly, and the relation between phase and defect depth is obtained by lock-in thermography, this relation can be used to measure the defect depth. Lock-in thermography is an effective tool to detect the Debonding defect of CFRP materials.

A novel image fusion algorithm based on regional Kullback-Leibler entropy analysis and nonsubsampled contourlet transform is proposed in this paper. The equation of Kullback-Leibler entropy is modified at first, and then the modified Kullback-Leibler entropy of the corresponding area of the two source image is calculated. The result of the Kullback-Leibler entropy is clustered to three classes. According to the result of the clustering, different fusion strategies are selected for low frequency subband coefficients. High frequency coefficients are fused using a "local feature-based" rule. Then the fused coefficients are reconstructed to obtain the fused image. Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm not only improved the visual effect, but also enhanced the contrast and information entropy.

Object tracking in infrared image sequences is a challenging research topic due to the extremely low signal to noise ratio of IR image. In this paper, a new tracking method based on multiple cues fusion particle filter framework is proposed. In order to make full use of the object appearance information, both the spatial distribution and the gray distribution of the object are considered in object modeling. Meanwhile, an affine transform model is used to estimate the motion of the object which is integrated in the tracking framework. Firstly, the motion information is used to represent the state of each particle. Secondly, each object is modeled by intensity template and gray histogram which are independent to each other. The weights of the particles are obtained through the similarity of each feature model. Finally, to overcome the problems relating to the changes in the object appearance, the object model is dynamically updated according to the tracking result using kernel density estimation. It uses the complementarities of the two features to improve the reliability in tracking task. The experimental results show that the fusion of multiple cues makes the tracking performance effective in infrared images.

Image matching is one of the most important techniques in intelligent systems and is widely applied in many fields. Firstly, based on integrated feature congruency, interesting target detection algorithm in complex natural backgrounds images is studied in this paper. By detecting the abrupt changes, we can detect interesting target areas. In this paper, the local image information is obtained by logGabor filter banks, and is represented by a collection of separate features. The integrated features consist of some separable significant features. The integrated feature congruency model is presented based on the integrated feature. We gain improved integrated feature congruency model by compensating noise. Then, we get a new kind of phase-based image matching method (PIM) by combining this model and Rotation Invariant Phase Only Correlation (RIPOC) algorithm. Experimental results show that the PIM algorithm is effective in detecting interesting targets and locating the matching targets exactly. This algorithm is invariant to image illumination, contrast, rotation and scaling. And this model is robust, general and accords with the human vision system (HVS) characteristics.

Amorphous HgCdTe (α-HgCdTe or α-MCT)films on glass substrate were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering technology, amorphous structure of MCT films were studied by XRD and AFM technology, and the "growth window" of α-MCT was obtained. FTIR technology was used to study the optics properties of amorphous MCT films, absorption coefficient of amorphous MCT films (~8×10⁴cm^-1) was obtained and we also observed three absorption regions near the optical gap of amorphous MCT, the optical gap of our a-MCT film is about 0.83eV. The transition of amorphous HgCdTe into crystal HgCdTe happened when the annealing temperature was higher than 130°C.

In order to investigate the low frequency noise characteristics of extended wavelength (1.0-2.4 μm) InGaAs infrared detector, we fabricated a number of In_0.78Ga_0.22As mesa photodiodes with various areas and tested the low frequency noise of these detectors. The results indicate that the noise spectra in low frequency region are proportional to f - ^γ where γ is around 0.9 for all of the diodes. The investigation on relationship between low frequency noise and bias voltage shows that the dependence of low frequency noise on reverse bias is based on the dependence of dark current. Then the dependence of low frequency noise on dark current in these reverse-biased diodes was examined, the noise and dark current of several diodes were measured at same voltage. The results of the noise power spectral density at f = 1 Hz indicate that noise varies proportionally with the dark current. The relationship between mesa geometry and noise magnitude was also investigated. Low frequency noise of diodes with different mesa areas was compared and the noise exhibits a linear dependence on the mesa areas.

For multispectral imagery, spatial registration between bands is a very important part of the overall quality of the multispectral imagery product. Due to the significant differences in scene reflectance at different wavelengths, mostly multispectral imagery registration methods are unreliable. In this paper, a robust multispectral imagery registration method is presented. As we know, the spectral information (endmembers) of some pixels will been confused when multispectral imagery is mis-registered. The change of confused endmembers can be estimated through observing minor eigenvalues. Based on this property, a minor and noise component criterion is defined. The best alignment is reached when their minor and noise component is at its minimum. Experiments were conducted using multispectral imagery from the ETM Satellite. And corresponding registration performance curve is given. Multispectral imagery is pre-registered with the method of normalized mutual information. Computer simulations show that the normalized mutual information method may have a deviation about 10 pixels between a pair of images. The method we presented can have a deviation less than 1/4 pixel. Registering curve show that this method is efficient and robust, it can be used for precise multispectral imagery registration.

Turbulence-degraded image restoration is an important part in detection system which based on image. Most of current researches on turbulence-degraded image were focus on getting perfect image and not very care about processing speed. They are not acceptable when they apply on a real-time detection system. In order to restore degraded image clearly and rapidly, in this paper we introduce an efficiency restoration method for turbulence-degraded image base on improved SeDDaRA (self-deconvolving data reconstruction algorithm) method. SeDDaRA transform the image data form space field to spectrum field and smooth image's spectrum data and use a power law relation applied to the smoothed spectrum data to extract a filter function. This filter function can be used to restore and enhance higher-frequency content and get the system's Point Spread Function (PSF). The PSF can be used for deconvolution filter such as Winner and nonnegative least squares to restore the image. There are three major contributions in this paper. Firstly, we add a pre-denoise process to remove the noise which introduced by system such as period noise and Gauss noise. This step can significant improve the restore image's quality. Secondly we use an optimum method to extract the filter function which responded to PSF. The method, based on spectrum's power law characteristic, only need compute 8-direction date of the whole data to get the parameter. Compared with normal SeDDaRA method which need compute all data in spectrum field the new method can significant reduce the compute complication. Thirdly we utilize image's inherent characteristic and introduce a novel method to estimation deconvolution filter's SNR. The accurate SNR can efficiently improve the restoration quality. Compared with other restoration method, our method is noniterative and requires only that the point-spread function be space invariant and the transfer function be real. These mean that our method can work efficiently and requires little knowledge of the original data or the degradation. Experiments on real turbulence-degraded image indicate that the proposed method is very fast and can get quality restore image, which demonstrates the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.

The conducting mesh are used in many infrared-imaging windows, it can provides anti-frost, anti-fog, or electromagnetic wave attenuation functions. In this paper, the influence of conducting mesh for infrared optical system discussed base on Fourier optics principle. The performance evaluation for image including optical system transmission, modulation transfer function and point spread function. Through the mesh transmission function of Fourier transform calculate and analysis, then show the light intensity distribution behind mesh. Given and calculate per rectangular pupil hole function of the mesh, to discuss value changes of Modulation Transfer Function with mesh. So the conducting mesh parameter design and optimize could according to these analysis results. In same time, this paper put forward an example of the mesh design parameters.

According the pre-research, the distribution of small and dim targets' edges make obvious difference to that of clouds that are the main interferences under cloud clutter. In this essay, the characteristics of multi-scale edges are used to locate the correlation coefficient, the small targets and noise are the category of Impulse-edge and background is the category of step-edge, and then the background is reconstructed the by the alternative projection algorithm directly. Finally, using the threshold to the result that is from the subtraction between reconstructed image and original image, the targets can be acquired. The experiments show that the method can get a lower false alarm rate in a low signal to noise ratio.

Nonuniformity impacting factors on an IRFPA with direct injection (DI) readout circuit and InSb PV detector are analyzed in this paper. The nonuniformity of threshold voltage results in deviation of detector bias and current. Then the detector nonuniformity and injection efficiency nonuniformity occur. Another expression for injection efficiency is deduced and its relation with detector bias is obtained. Relation between FPA nonuniformity and detector I-V characteristics is analyzed. The bias range from -0.2V to -0.1V is an ideal operating region for detector array. Small deviation of detector current, insensitive to nonuniformity of threshold voltage, uniform response of detector array, high detector impedance and high injection efficiency are all satisfied in this region. The best gate voltage range of injection MOSFET is from 3.6V to 3.7V. FPA has minimum nonuniformity in this region, which is corresponding to detector bias from -0.2V to -0.1V. Results shown in this paper optimize the performance of FPA.

ROI(Region of Interest) extraction plays an important role in the field of infrared image signal processing. How to make the compressed image preserve certain auto target recognition performance is an important problem. In order to reduce storage space and lower transmission time, this paper proposed a new algorithm to extract ROI of sequence image. Different from traditional region of interest extraction algorithms, the algorithm extracts region of interest based on a dynamic background modeling approach. Aiming at the slow learning rate of traditional mixture Gaussian model(GMM) this paper proposed a moving object detection algorithm . First, the mixed Gaussian model was constructed , and a new way was adopted to update background which utilized different equations at different phases. With the development of adaptive background update and the adaptive learning rate which always has been improved on the application matures. The validity of the proposed approach is demonstrated on the infrared image ROI extraction. Experimental results show that the approach is efficient both in computational cost and segmentation quality. On the other hand the improved algorithm solves the hole and hollow when the moving object is short of sufficient surface texture by symmetrical differencing algorithm.

A time-delay recurrent neural network (TDRNN) is proposed for exo-atmospheric infrared target recognition. The TDRNN employs adaptive time delays and recurrences where the adaptive time delays make the network choose the optimal values of time delays for the temporal location of important information in the input sequence and the recurrences enable the network to have dynamic recognition function. A TDRNN is trained and tested using simulated data. The target recognition experiment suggests that TDRNN have a better recognition ability.

Different phase structural CdTe films deposited onto 7101 glass substrates by magnetron sputtering were studied as a function of deposition methods at room temperature of 25±1. It was observed that when the deposition power intensity was kept at 0.884w/cm², and deposition methods were selected among normal method, discrete method and continuous substrate rotation method. Phase structural properties of these films were showed a mix structure of both zinc-blende cubic and wurtzite hexagonal phase, a single structure of cubic phase with the strong (111) preferential orientation, or amorphous CdTe thin films, respectively. Deposition methods played a critical role in determining phase structure of CdTe films.

Background subtraction is a method typically used to extract foreground objects in image sequences taken from static cameras by comparing each new frame to a background model, and it plays an important role in many vision application systems. In this paper, we introduce a non-parametric background subtraction method. Standard kernel density estimation method is very time consumptive, so it is modified by substituting the Gaussian kernel function with Epanechnikov kernel function and some optimizing techniques are adopted to improve its performance. As fluctuation is the intrinsic character of infrared image, we develop a bi-threshold updating method and a gradient based post-process method to reduce false positive error. Experiments show our method can extract intruding objects effectively and it outperforms threshold based method, especially when the intruder is not salient.

In the research of detecting extinction ratio of polarimeter, some significant characters are discovered. One polaroid has perfect extinction ratio in the visible, but its extinction ratio becomes weak in near infrared (NIR) region, and the transmittance of a pair of vertical polaroid becomes strong in NIR region. This phenomenon has been found in several other polaroids as well. The transmittance increases greatly in NIR even if the crystal Glan-Taylor prism polarimeter with good polarization is used. The extinction ratio of the polaroid changes from 3:100 in visible to 98:100 in NIR. More experiments have shown that the weakening of extinction ratio and the enhancement of transmittance of a pair of vertical polaroid in NIR are closely associated with the intensity of incident light. When the light intensity increases, the effect becomes clearer. The transmittance exceeds the theoretical results from classical physical optics, reaching 98%. Our results provide two aspects of applications. First, because the extinction ratio of the polaroid is related to the wavelength of incident light, the polaroid can be used in definite spectral range. Second, a pair of vertical polaroid can perfectly filter the visible light, while making NIR light transmit. This research result can provide some conveniences at IR spectrum, IR photography, IR imaging and IR detection.

This paper presents a new non-uniformity correction algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays. After some background on the research of non-uniformity correction, we highlight the adaptive scene-based techniques and algorithm proposed which attempt to realize the correction. In our algorithm, the compensation coefficients are adaptively adjusted with the artificial neural networks. After this algorithm was derived, we also analyzed the performance of algorithm under the real conditions. The result shows that our algorithm can effectly reduce the undesired fixed-pattern noise and compensated the time-vary coefficients.

The classification of hyperspectral image data has drawn much attention in recent years. Consequently, it contains not only spectral information of objects, but also spatial arrangement of objects. The most established Hyperspectral classifiers are based on the observed spectral signal, and ignore the spatial relations among observations. Information captured in neighboring locations may provide useful supplementary knowledge for analysis. To combine the spectral and spatial information in the classification process, in this paper, a Multidimensional Local Spatial Autocorrelation (MLSA) is proposed for hyperspectral image data. Based on this measure, a collaborative classification method is proposed, which integrates the spectral and spatial autocorrelation during the decision-making process. The trials of our experiment are conducted on two scenes, one from HYDICE 210-band imagery collected over an area that contains a diverse range of terrain features and the other is toy car hyperspectral image captured at Instrumentation and Sensing Laboratory (ISL) at Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. Quantitative measures of local consistency (smoothness) and global labeling, along with class maps, demonstrate the benefits of applying this method for unsupervised and supervised classification.

The evolution of technology made it possible to place elements of the space surveillance network in space, include electro-optical systems, which will effectively make up the limitation of ground-based space surveillance system in existence. The orbiting optical camera will play more and more important roles in the activities of surveillance and measurement of space object. There are two operation modes in the track & measurement of interested space object using orbiting optical camera, which are autonomous tracking mode and program tracking mode. If using program tracking mode, it is necessary to analyze the precision of the tracking program when designing the program tracking algorithm, in order to keep the object in the field of view during the tracking process. The productions of this paper include putting forward the design flow of orientation tracking algorithm and calculating method of orientation tracking angle for the orbiting optical camera, analyzing the dominant random errors influencing the precision of tracking program, and deducing the error transfer function through the calculating formula of program tracking angle. The conclusion is obtained based on analyzing the calculating result of a simulating instance using the error transfer model deduced, which is the relative distance, attitude control error of the measure satellite and orbit prediction error of the space object tracked are the dominant factors influencing the precision of tracking program.

This study describes variable-area diode data analysis of surface and bulk effects of HgCdTe infrared photodiodes passivated with dual-layer CdTe/ZnS films. We attempt to present a general analytical relation between the zero-bias resistance-area product and the perimeter-to-area ratio of the diodes by variable-area diode array test structures. We have taken contributions into consideration from surface leakage between HgCdTe and passivant due to band bending, surface generation currents in the depletion region close to the HgCdTe-passivant interface, and the bulk currents. The model we use is based on the one put forward by Vishnu Gopal. The variable-area diode data analysis can be of great practical help in identifying the various possible mechanism contributing to the surface leakage currents. Through data analysis and curve fitting, we can also get some other useful parameters (like junction depth), which can be the reference to other experiment results. The experimental samples we used range from 20μm to 200μm in size and include both square and circular diode geometries. The conventional boron implantation was used to form the p-n junction and Au was used for the metal pads. The insulating layers of CdTe and ZnS were both electron-beam evaporated at a rate of 1.3 Å/sec. The fabricated diode test patterns were wire-bonded and packaged into a dewar system. I-V measurements were performed using a Keithley 4200 parameter analyzer. The data analysis and curve fitting are all dealt with by MATLAB. Through the results we can find that the surface leakage is nearly the same to the bulk current in diameter between 50~150μm, which indicate that surface leakage is still a dominating dark current in small dimension diode. The results also showed that diodes from 50 to 150μm in size have better performance than the larger or smaller ones and this can be explained by the limit of material imperfection and the limit of processing techniques.

Space-based infrared system is an importance component of defense system. There are several difficult in detecting the midcourse target. Firstly the radiation of target is quit low. Secondly, the radiation of star field and upper atmosphere interact on the infrared image. A new algorithm for Air-to-space multi-band IR imagery is presented. The principal component analysis (PCA) is adapted to estimate the background endmembers. A filter weight vector is obtained based on least square criterion. Some computer simulations on two-dimensional infrared image are presented. The target is detectable at the signal-to-clutter ratio of -3dB in real time. Computer simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is smart and efficient.

Different from normal IR image, the infrared linear revolving-scanning image could not be got directly. What we got is only one a line of grey data. To obtain the image, the parameters, the rotate velocity of the linear infrared detector and the rotate radius, are required. Therefore, the principle of the image reconstruction is introduced at first, through which, the relation between the grey data sampled and the data's spatial location is constructed. To solve these problems, two image data mapping ways are introduced and analyzed, which are forward mapping and reverse mapping. Be cause of the particularity of linear rotate-scanning infrared image, the forward mapping method is selected. This method mapping the scanning image datum to the reconstructed image plane, and then triangulate the plane with these mapping points, finally the grid points' gray of the reconstructed image are interpolated by the triangle which includes it. During this process, three triangulation methods are introduced and compared. The experiment shows that the method used can acquire the reconstructed image from the linear rotate-scanning datum with great precision.

The State Development and Planning Commission has approved nuclear power projects with the total capacity of 23,000 MW. The plants will be built in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shandong, Liaoning and Fujian Province before 2020. However, along with the nuclear power policy of accelerated development in our country, the quantity of nuclear plants and machine sets increases quickly. As a result the environment influence of thermal discharge will be a problem that can't be slid over. So evaluation of the environment influence and engineering simulation must be performed before station design and construction. Further more real-time monitoring of water temperature need to be arranged after fulfillment, reflecting variety of water temperature in time and provided to related managing department. Which will help to ensure the operation of nuclear plant would not result in excess environment breakage. At the end of 2007, an airborne thermal discharge monitoring experiment has been carried out by making use of MAMS, a marine multi-spectral scanner equipped on the China Marine Surveillance Force airplane. And experimental subject was sea area near Qin Shan nuclear plant. This paper introduces the related specification and function of MAMS instrument, and decrypts design and process of the airborne remote sensing experiment. Experiment showed that applying MAMS to monitoring thermal discharge is viable. The remote sensing on a base of thermal infrared monitoring technique told us that thermal discharge of Qin Shan nuclear plant was controlled in a small scope, never breaching national water quality standard.

A novel estimating method for highly-maneuvering target tracking using the Interacting Multiple-Model (IMM) algorithm with Kalman Filter (KF) based on "current" statistical model is presented in this paper. The IMM algorithm remedies the shortcoming of narrow coverage and poor generality of utilizing the single dynamic model to realize the precision tracking. Since the "current" statistical model of the proposed method can estimate the acceleration from all available online information, adaptability of IMM algorithm can be enhanced. For evaluating the performance of the novel algorithm, two highly-maneuvering motions scenarios are included. Results of the simulation validated the superiority of the IMM algorithm .The Root Mean-Square Error (RMSE) for position and acceleration estimating by using the proposed method is lower than the traditional IMM method. And the performance is evidently better than the traditional KF algorithm based on single dynamic model.

ABSTRACT The optical systems with large collecting aperture and high resolution are the future development directions of optical systems on orbit. Once on orbit, it needs to correct the misalignment errors in optical system introduced by the effect of various factors. For the purpose of decreasing the complex degree of alignment on orbit and increasing the reliability, the nonlinear function mathematical model between primary mirror misalignments and Zernike coefficients was established. Then a certain simulated off-axis three-mirror system was corrected, the result indicated that the wavefront RMS reduced to 0.02λ. It satisfied the demands of alignment on orbit.

A readout integrated circuit (ROIC) for uncooled microcantilever infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPAs) based on capacitive readout is proposed. The ROIC is optimized according to noise modeling and analysis to reduce noise. An experimental chip of 16×16 FPAs readout circuit has been designed and fabricated using 0.35um CMOS technology. The measurement results showed that the power dissipation is 16.5mW from a 5V supply voltage at 50Hz frame rate, the linearity is 99.2% at the typical mode; the uniformity is larger than 97% and the equivalent noise charge (ENC) is below 150e. It is believed that the ROIC has a great potential in the applications of large-scale micro-cantilever-based uncooled IRFPAs.

In the procedure of multi-source image registration, the invariance between image intensity is not existed. So, nearly all the methods based on the grey level face many problems. Even on visible satellite images, the problem also exists when the images were taken in different season or at different time. Point Pattern Relaxation matching as a method to match features is a promising way, because only the localization of feature point is used. As known, in a plane, any point's coordinate can linear described with other three non-collinear point' coordinate, and the linear description is invariant to affine transformation. This paper brings forward a new method to solve the problem of registration between two point patterns with affine transformation. Badly effect brought by "disturbed points" is removed through changing the way to compute the support measure. The correctness and validity of the algorithm are verified through simulated patterns and real images.

Up to now, there are a large number of image restoration algorithms developed and implemented on power-efficient hardware platforms. In this paper a fast restoration approach based on edge-preserving is proposed and ported on a multi- DSP platform. Firstly, classical Wiener filter is optimized and the blurred image is decomposed into two independent parts in frequency domain: a shift-invariant part and a shift-variant part. Then the result is obtained by combining the two parts. Secondly, parallel processing is adopted for the large volumes of data and the complex algorithms commonly encountered. The algorithm mentioned above is realized on a parallel system with 4 DSPs because one DSP can not afford such large amounts of data. In order to make full use of processors and memory, the timing and throughput is designed carefully to guarantee the data processed in a pipeline manner. In a word, experiments show the algorithm has higher performance than other methods with the same computational complexity and can achieve real-time processing.

Bi-material cantilever is an important basic structure in MEMS device. Most of the materials with thermal property fit for bi-material are not adhering together steadily. An adhesive layer in between is needed. In this paper, based on the thermal stress and combined deformation in Mechanics of Materials, a model related to the physics properties, structure dimension, and the tilt angle caused by thermal stress is set up. A research of how to select the materials and how to determinate the thickness and other size of a bi-material cantilever is carry out by this model, further more, an optic read out IR image chip pixel is designed that shows this model is simple and practical.

In this paper, a kind of knowledge-based automatic target recognition (ATR) technology of radome from infrared image is studied. The circular imaging of radome is used as the characteristic distinguished from background to realize target recognition. For the characteristic of low contrast of infrared image, brightness transformation is used to preliminarily enhance the contrast of the original image. In the light of the fact that target background outline statistically takes on vertical and horizontal directivity, a kind of revised Sobel operator with direction of 45°and 135°is adopted to detect edge feature so that background noise is effectively suppressed. To reduce the error ratio of target recognition from single frame image, the method to inspect the relativity of target recognition results of successive frames is adopted. The performance of the algorithm is tested using actually taken infrared radome images, and the right recognition ratio is around 90%, which turns out that this technology is feasible.

Based on points structure information, this paper presents a new method called "hedgehog point" matching, a fast algorithm for point pattern matching is proposed to effectively solve the problems of optimal matches between two point pattern under geometrical transformation and correctly identify the missing or spurious points of patterns. Theorems and algorithms are developed to determine the matching pairs support of each point pair and its transformation parameters (scaling S and rotation θ) on a two-parameter space (S, θ). Experiments are conducted both on real and synthetic data. The experimental results show that the proposed matching algorithm can handle translation, rotation, and scaling differences under noisy or distorted condition.

Systematic studies on the infrared stealth criterion of military targets are of great importance. At first, based on the radiation energy difference received by single target and background pixel, the expression of output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of detector was derived. Then, the effect of radiation contrast, integration time, distance between the target and detector and relative lateral velocity of targets on the output SNR of detector was analyzed. At last, the infrared stealth criterions of target in different wavebands were raised. The analysis and calculation results showed that for the infrared detector whose integration time was adjustable, the output SNR could be enhanced by extending the integration time. The SNR could be effectively reduced by controlling the radiation contrast of target and background so that infrared stealth would be realized. Target infrared stealth can be obtained by controlling the threshold contrasts C_th respectively less than 0.043 and 0.029 in 3 ~ 5μm and 8 ~ 14μm wavebands.

We report here the first results of a performance evaluation program of two MCT arrays developed under ESA (European Space Agency) contracts by SOFRADIR. The program will first somehow repeat the electro-optical tests performed by the manufacturer and then focus on dark current and quantum efficiency. The first detector has a cut-off at 2.5 um and a format of 1000 x 256 (so called "SHOWMA") with 30 um pitch. A customized dewar has been manufactured in order to allow in particular a proper dark current measurements over a wide range of temperature. The second detector has a cut-off at 2.2 um with a format of 500 x256 (so called "BEPI") and a 30 um pitch. The particularity of the second detector is to have the CdZnTe substrate removed, leading to a sensitivity down to 0.4 um, as was requested for the targeted application (hyperspectral imager on board Bepi Colombo). It was delivered in a sealed dedicated miniaturized dewar with cooler. A complete electro-optical test bench has been developed and its commissioning will also be detailed. The test bench allows in particular quantum efficiency measurements over the full wavelength range 0.3 to 2.5 um.

We report on the design, testing and characterization of a control and acquisition system developed for SWIR detectors from SOFRADIR. These detectors are MCT arrays developed for SWIR (Short Wavelength Infra Red) and hyperspectral applications;. The ROIC (Readout integrated circuitry) of each FPA (Focal Plane Array) delivers multiple analog outputs buffered and converted in the digital domain by dedicated board designed by SOFRADIR. These boards perform a time multiplexing of the digitized signals, leading to high data throughputs. Each FPA has its own dedicated Stirling micro-cooler. The control and acquisition system developed by our team is able to handle the high data throughput (up to 1.6 Gbit/s) thanks to a high speed acquisition board from National Instruments embedded in a PXI system. A standard DAQ card is used to acquire the house-keepings, control the different power supplies and clock generators while an SPI adapter enables the configuration of the FPA. The overall system is managed under the Labview environment with a flexible and comprehensive interface to the user with extensive logging of all operational parameters. The purpose of this paper is to describe the architecture of the overall system and to detail its performances.

Optical characteristic of an infrared focal plane array (FPA) based on thermo-optic effect is analyzed using film optics method. Then, an optimizing film assembly of thermo-optic infrared focal plane array (TOFPA) described as air|<HL>²30.1H<LH>²16L|substrate is obtained with its temperature sensitivity 6.23% K^-1. Furthermore, the influence of substrate material, device package and absorption is discussed. The results show that the temperature sensitivity of the film assembly of TOFPA is modulated by 16.4%, 8.99%, -11.3 %, and -0.6% with the influence of glass substrate, silicon substrate, glass package and optical absorption of film material, respectively.

Multispectral imaging detecting technology use target radiation character in spectral spatial distribution and relation between spectral and image to detect target and remote sensing measure. Its speciality is multi channel, narrow bandwidth, large amount of information, high accuracy. The ability of detecting target in environment of clutter, camouflage, concealment and beguilement is improved. At present, spectral imaging technology in the range of multispectral and hyperspectral develop greatly. The multispectral imaging equipment of unmanned aerial vehicle can be used in mine detection, information, surveillance and reconnaissance. Spectral imaging spectrometer operating in MWIR and LWIR has already been applied in the field of remote sensing and military in the advanced country. The paper presents the technology of multispectral imaging. It can enhance the reflectance, scatter and radiation character of the artificial targets among nature background. The targets among complex background and camouflage/stealth targets can be effectively identified. The experiment results and the data of spectral imaging is obtained.

A kind of infrared Liquid Crystal Light Valve (IRLCLV) based on polymer/liquid crystal is introduced to improve IRLCLV's response. The structure, technical process and conversion characteristics in visible-infrared image system were studied. The IRLCLV shows fast response and weak dependency with thickness. Also the device has simple fabricating process and high reliability. In visible-infrared image system, 100Hz frame rate and 10lp/mm spatial resolution were measured. It will provide wide dynamic range and high frame rate IR scenes for optic-electro simulation and testing systems.

The high speed turbulence flow is a medium provided with high speed variety and heterogeneous, it has characteristics of time correlation and space correlation. The detection performance of optical imaging detecting system on a flight viechle is influenced by the high speed turbulence flow, when the light wave of a target pass through it. The transmission theory of light wave passing through the turbulent flow field was presented in the paper, and the influence principle about it on the imaging detection system was also analyzed. The simulation result based on the theory also presented. Finally, a comparison the calculating result with the result by wind tunnel experimentation has been discussed.

The infrared thermal imaging systems are widely used for distinguishing target radiation temperature difference and they can also be used to measure the absolute temperature of the target. The infrared thermal imaging systems with temperature calibration made in laboratory cannot be applied for field temperature measurement because that they cannot simulate and compensate the complicated atmosphere absorption. We must correct the atmosphere transmission coefficient in order to obtain the accurate temperature measurement of the target. In this paper, we present a method for correction of the atmosphere transmission coefficient. Firstly, we use a standard expanded area blackbody to determine the second atmosphere transmission coefficient of the infrared thermal imaging system. Next, we correct the infrared thermal imaging by using a target with known emissivity. Finally, we can use the infrared thermal imaging system to measure the radiation temperature of the unknown radiation object.

Based on the established vector radiative transfer model, we simulated several types of aerosols to analyze the sensitivity of scattering parameters to aerosols' properties and Lambert surface. All simulations are done at a single near-infrared wavelength of 0.865 μm, and aerosols are assumed to be spherical. According to the simulations, we concluded that scattering stokes parameter Q at the back scattering angles region (135°-180°) is very sensitive to real refractive index ( n_r ) and can be used to retrieval it. The polarization parameters Q and U are sensitive to imaginary refractive index but the size distribution has great impact on its' sensitivity; for large aerosol particles, they are more sensitive than I and for small particles they have comparable sensitivity with I. The parameter Q is very sensitive to the optic depth as well as parameter I, when the cosine value of the solar zenith angle cosθ₀ ≤0.6, Q is much more sensitive than I at back scattering angles region (155°-180°), and the parameterQ can be use to retrieve total optic depth rather than the optic depth of small particles.

In this paper, new results on detecting the low light leakage of piston ring with charge coupled device (CCD) and image processing method proposed. For that the high-resolution images of low light leakage collected by CCD optical imaging collection system, then processed and analyzed for computing the relevant parameters of light leakage. The paper also gives an improved algorithm of image denoising based on a new wavelet threshold function, which effectively reduce the interference of image noise so that the visual characters improved obviously. This paper provides a reliable measurement approach for determining whether the light leakage of piston ring is qualified or not. What's more, the most important practical signification of the work is that it achieves the non-contact online and high-precision weak light detection.

A practical equivalent circuit model of the low dimensional photoelectric sensor with quantum dots-quantum well (QDs-QW) hybrid hetero-structure is introduced in this article. This model acts as a signal source for ROIC (readout integrate circuit) simulation. An optimal readout integrated circuit employing capacitor feedback transimpedance amplifier (CTIA) structure is designed for the QDs-QW hybrid hetero-structure photoelectric sensor. Based on the photoelectron storage characteristic of the photoelectric sensor, a dumping structure for CTIA readout integrated circuit is studied. This dumping structure is proposed to release the redundant charge stored by the device for improving the performance of the photoelectric sensor readout.

In this paper, the zoom theory of IR dual field-of-view zoom optical lens (FOVs) is introduced. The process of how to solve the focal length and spaces of every group element by using performance parameters of infrared dual FOV optical system is described and the solving method for initial structure of single lens and double separate lens used as group is presented in detail. Particularly, great emphasis is give to discuss how to solve the initial structure for every group with PW method. Finally, the design results for 8μm~12μm dual field-of-view zoom infrared systems using the method mentioned above is presented and evaluated for each field by diffraction modulation transfer function(MTF), which shows that the design makes a good system with high image quality.