This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 6912, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and the Conference Committee listing.

In this paper, we demonstrate a silicon etching application of a holographically formed polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) photomask. H-PDLC is a periodically nanostructured material consisting of stratified layers of polymer and liquid crystal. Due to the natural random alignment of the liquid crystal axes with respect to the polymer layers, an index of refraction mismatch exists and a reflection occurs. Application of bias across the film aligns the liquid crystals and eliminates the index mismatch causing the film to become transparent. H-PDLC films have been shown to sufficiently attenuate the UV exposure dose in the photolithographic process when in the unbiased state, and can be electrically controlled to modulate the amount of UV transmission when electric field is applied. We show etch depth profiles of patterns masked on a silicon substrate using the H-PDLC photomask device compared with etch profiles of similar structures patterned with more conventional ink jet printed photomasks and chrome on quartz glass photomasks. We investigate reactive ion etching technique and potassium hydroxide wet etch technique.

Holographic properties of dichromated gelatin (DCG) colored with triphenyl dyes (TDCG), were studied. We described experimental techniques for its register of these holograms. This emulsion has excellent resolution and behavior. That increase the photo sensibility respect to conventional DCG and is easy to use.

Experimental techniques are described to register holograms in DC-PVA doped with organic colorants. This material has excellent resolution and behavior to increase the photo sensibility. We report some preliminary results.

Polymer films mixed with metals salts are a novel organic material with applications in technology process for optical information storages. In this work we show quantitatively some optical and electrical characteristics of a composite organic conductive as holographic material. We show a material with the optical properties that depend of physics and chemical changes, which we register, the process and manipulate adequately parameters to obtain better results in the diffraction efficiency.

Experimental results to the saturation and diffraction efficiency from holographic gratings are presented in this investigation. The experiments were carried out during real time holographic gratings formation. Dichromated poly(vinyl alcohol) was doped with nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate and it is used like optical material. The influence of the hologram parameters to get the maximum diffraction efficiency is studied at room conditions. This study contributes to get more information about the behavior of this material for holographic gratings recording.

Photopolymers are light sensitive materials with adequate characteristics for application as holographic recording media in new devices as optical elements and holographic memories. A specific set of parameters are required from the photopolymers: good energetic sensitivity to save energy during the recording process, an adequate spectral sensitivity, a higher resolution to let the necessary fidelity in the stored information reproduction, a better environmental compatibility including low toxicity, easy making management and good recycling properties. We present the main research lines in this area and the last results obtained with the new photopolymeric materials that we are developing.

At the SPIE Photonics West Conference held in San Jose in January 2006 I presented the first part of this paper outlining a concept for three-dimensional mind maps. With the help of a detailed questionnaire completed by members of the audience, we sort to gain detailed insight as to the future of holography, after all if you want to ask a question ask the experts who's answers are based upon rational judgment rather than merely guessing. This paper is the result of that questionnaire and has been distilled with graphics for simplification. The paper also contains an appendix of twenty-two applications noted in the questionnaire by those expert holographers kind enough to participate in that Delphi.

Color holography is the most accurate imaging technology known to science. It is possible to produce holographic images that are almost identical to the original scene. Color holograms and holographic optical elements (HOEs) are becoming increasingly attractive. Since the 1990s the developments in other technology areas have created many potential new applications for color holograms and HOEs but again these new market areas are unexploited due to the lack of a suitable color holographic recording material. This restricts the commercial and technical development and exploitation of holographic-based industries, applications, techniques and processes. There is not a sufficient, commercial recording material for color holograms and HOEs. Most of the materials that are in use at present have relative poor performance and many manufacture methods of the materials are limited to laboratory scale. This paper presents fabrication details of ultra-fine grain (5 -10 nm), high sensitivity (less than 2.0 mJcm^-2), low light-scattering, panchromatic silver halide emulsions. Such materials can be used for high-quality 3-D imaging recording techniques, including color holograms and HOEs. A comprehensive approach regarding all aspects of the emulsion preparation, from the precipitation of the silver halide crystals to sensitization and coating is provided. There are also recommendations regarding the processing of the material in order to achieve optimum performance.

Multiplexed gratings can be used in an imaging system to project depth sections of a tested object onto different surface locations of a camera. This technique is based on volume holographic Bragg filters used in conjunction with conventional optical imaging components to form a volume holographic imaging system (VHIS). Due to the high angular selectivity and high wavelength selectivity of the system, the VHIS can be used to provide spectral-spatial information of the object that is being observed, and eliminate the need for mechanical scanning. Multiple sections of the object can be viewed by using angle multiplexed holographic elements formed in a volume holographic material. To achieve the highly selective characteristic of a holographic filter, 2mm thick samples of phenanthrenequinone-doped methyl methacrylate (PQ-PMMA) is used as the holographic recording materials. Rigorous coupled wave models are used to theoretically predict the performance of the gratings. Results from both modeling and experiments are presented.

We propose a novel method for high accurate three-dimensional angle measurement based on propagation vector analysis of digital holography. 3D rotations in space can be achieved by use of a CCD camera and a multi-facet object, which reflects an incident wave into different directions. The propagation vectors of the reflected waves from the object can be extracted by analyzing the object spectrum of the recorded hologram. Any small rotation of the object will induce the change of the propagation vectors in space, which can then be used for 3D angle measurement. Experimental results are presented to verify the idea.

Many applications, both in commercial and defense industries, require uniform diffusion at either a broad wavelength range, or at multiple discrete wavelengths. Currently employed technologies have trade-off's between their ability to control the angular distribution and uniformity of the output beams intensity profile, and the ability to suppress 0th order for the devices in a way that can be volume manufactured to tolerate environmental extremes. At Tessera, we have developed a binary lithography technique which nearly eliminates the 0th order over a much broadened wavelength range, while maintaining much greater control over the angular distribution of the beam. In this paper we describe technology and how it has been applied to the design and manufacture of a top-hat diffuser profile for the wavelengths of 3.95μm and 4.6μm. The procedures used for testing, as well as the test results, are provided courtesy of Aculight Corporation.

Volume holographic storage (VHS) is currently the subject of widespread interest as a fast-readout-rate, high-capacity digital data-storage technology. To make need of characteristics of the VHS, the paper present the file system using a virtual storage layer (VSL) which can be compatible with the logic layer of the current used file system and accommodate the requirement of VHS in the physical layer. The VSL which is made of the super block, directory area, the metadata area and dynamic file area can connect directly to the storage media one side and implement compatible to the existing file system by providing the operating interfaces for the above logical file system. We produce the two layer storage structure which effectively reduces the number of disk accessed and improves the speed of file read and write. The allocation mode of 'hybrid of block and zone' and allocation strategy of 'block priority' greatly improve the space utilization rate of storage device and enforce the storage adaptability in VHS.

The novel frequency-multiplexed modulator architecture of the MIT Mark III holo-video display poses a significant challenge in generation of appropriate video signals. Unlike in our previous work, here it is necessary to generate a group of adjacent single-sideband RF signals; as this display is intended to be manufacturable at consumer-electronics prices we face the added requirement of compact and inexpensive electronics that are compatible with standard PC graphics processors. In this paper we review the goals and architecture of Mark III and then describe our experiments and results in the use of a hardware/software implementation of Weaver's single-sideband modulation method to upconvert six 200MHz baseband analog video signals to a set of RF signals covering a nearly contiguous 1GHz range. We show that our method allows efficient generation of non-overlapping signals without aggressive filtering.

We propose a new technique to increase the horizontal viewing angle of a hologram. The narrow viewing angle is one of the main problems of the conventional holography. The proposed technique enables to increase the viewing angle without decreasing the pixel pitch of a SLM. Multiple point light sources arranged on a slant line illuminate a SLM through a condenser lens. A 4f imaging system is used to image the SLM onto the screen. On the Fourier plane of the 4f imaging system, multiple Fourier-transformed images appear on a slant line. A horizontal slit is used to extract a horizontal rectangular area on the Fourier plane. With this method, the width of the Fourier-transformed image becomes K times longer and the height becomes 1/K times shorter, when the number of light sources is K and the light sources and the slit are prepared appropriately. Thus the horizontal resolution on the screen becomes K times larger, and the vertical resolution becomes 1/K times smaller. Consequently, the horizontal viewing angle of a hologram displayed on the screen increases ~K times. We experimentally verified the proposed method. The LCOS with the pixel pitch of 9.5 μm and the resolution of 4,096×2,160 was used as a SLM. The light emitted from a laser diode having the wavelength of 0.635 μm was enlarged to illuminate four micro lenses to generate four point light sources (K = 4). We found that the horizontal viewing angle was enlarged to ~15°. The three-dimensional images could be observed by both eyes.

The Luminous Presence project examines the use of standard film language in the framing, angle and of points of view of holographic subjects though eight digital holographic stereograms; seven 25 x 25 cm, Hail, Water, Rain, Snow, Sun, Text, Imprint and 1.5 x 1 m, Luminous Presencesⁱ. However, before embarking on a discussion of how filmic language can be used in digital holograms it is first important to explain why this line of investigation could be fruitful. Undoubtedly several of the compositional practices which sprung up and evolved throughout the development of the diverse forms of the holographic medium have contributed to a unique hologram pictorial language, however it is well known that the reading of visual imagery of any type relies a great deal on the viewer's knowledge of and experience of other images .The lens-recorded imagery of film is a far more familiar language than that of holograms and the correlation between certain filmic pictorial conventions and emotional responses are well documented and understood.ⁱⁱ . In short the language of film contains a highly nuanced vocabulary of shot types and lens types (which may be criticised as being formulaic) yet are effective in lending emotion to figures.

Quality deterioration of reconstructed 3-D images in the electro-holography is discussed. Effects of the bit-depth limitation in quantization, of the phase shift of light caused by the amplitude modulation, and of the amplitude limitation are studied by the numerical simulation. Comparison of optically reconstructed images with numerically reconstructed images shows that the nonlinear characteristics of a LCD panel and the phase shift of light due to the amplitude modulation have significant influences upon the quality of reconstructed images. Especially, the contrast of optically reconstructed images becomes remarkably low. New methods are described for improving the quality of reconstructed images in the experiment. The nonlinear characteristics of the LCD panel and the phase shift of the modulated light can be made correction by data processing in the electro-holography.

Holography is one of the most promising candidates to realize a fully realistic 3D video communication system. We propose a hologram generation method by using depth maps of real scenes. In this study, we employed a static laser scanner and captured a depth map of real objects at 0.4mm resolution. Then, a Fresnel hologram was calculated off-line on a computer. We used two types of SLMs. One is 12micron transparent LCD, and the other is 10.4micron pixel reflective LCD panel. By irradiating He-Ne laser to the hologram, we observed 3D real object images are reconstructed in the space with approx. 5cm of depth range.

We demonstrate a high quality 3D image reproduced by a full-color, full-parallax holographic stereogram (HS) with high-density light-ray recording. The full-parallax HS is produced by a holographic 3D printer, which is an electronic controlled optical system for automatic recording. The HS consists of a 2D array structure of volume type elementary holograms, and full-parallax 3D image can be observed under white-light illumination. But the quality of the reconstructed image from the HS affected by the array structure which obstructs the reconstructed image. Then, in order to suppress the array structure, the size of elementary holograms is reduced to 50 × 50 micrometers as an invisible size. If the size of elementary holograms is reduced, however, the number of reproducible light-rays is decreased due to the diffraction limit. Thus we evaluate the light-ray density reconstructed by the full-parallax HS with the measurement of the angular resolution of diffracted light, and demonstrate the visual image quality of reconstructed 3D image when high-density light-rays are recorded. In the experiments, we prepared samples of HSs in which sizes of elementary holograms are from 50 to 400 micrometers, and measured the angular resolution of diffracted light. Moreover we synthesized HSs of 3-D artificial images, and visually evaluated their image quality. As a result, decrease in angular resolution was observed as the element size was reduced, though the angular resolution of reproduced light-rays is 1.08 degrees when the element size is 50 × 50 micrometers. But the image quality of 50 micrometers pitch HS was confirmed to be high enough to suppress the array structure when the depth of the reconstructed image is not very deep.

A liquid crystal panel is often used for holographic television. However, its pixel size and pixel number are not enough for practical holographic 3D display. Therefore, multi-panel configuration is often used to increase the viewing angle and displayed image size. However, many spatial light modulators should be used in them. In this paper, we propose a novel method to increase the viewing angle of a holographic display system. The proposed method, which is implemented by a mirror module, is to reconfigure the beam shape reflected by a spatial light modulator. In this paper, the equipment is applied to a holographic display system, which has only a single spatial light modulator and can display a hologram in wider viewing angle than that of the conventional method. By the proposed method, the resolution of the reconfigured spatial light modulator has double resolution in horizontal direction. Inversely, the vertical resolution is decreased because the human get more 3D information in horizontal direction. We have experimented using a Liquid Crystal on Silicon, whose resolution is 4,096 x 2,160 pixels. And the reconfigured resolution by the mirror module is 8,192 x 1,080 pixels. From the experimental results, the horizontal viewing angle is almost two times wider than that of the conventional method without the mirror module. We have achieved that the hologram can be observed binocularly.

This paper illustrates one of the various capabilities of static diffractive optical elements (DOE) beneficial to realtime holographic displays. Custom kinoform-type DOE can be used as elements for illumination of the spatial light modulator, i.e. the display where the video hologram is encoded. For an RGB application of diffractive optical elements, particular issues concerning the inherent wavelength-dependence have to be addressed. Multiorder DOE offer a way to compensate for chromatic as well as monochromatic aberrations. We will discuss concepts and performance of multi-order DOE, show their application in holographic displays, describe issues of fabrication and replication, and give experimental results of the multi-order DOE performance.

Single-sideband holography with half-zone-plate processing is a well-known method of displaying computer generated holograms (CGHs) using electronic devices such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) that do not have narrow pixel intervals. Half-zone plate only permits primary images to pass through a single-sideband spatial filter and cuts off conjugate and carrier images; however, there is a problematic restriction on this method in that objects being shot must be either in front of or behind the hologram. This paper describes a new approach to simultaneously placing them on both sides of the hologram, which means we can eliminate this restriction. The underlying idea is when half-zone plate permits the primary images in front of the hologram to pass through a single-sideband spatial filter, the conjugate images cannot pass through it. When we prepare a half-zone plate on the opposite side, the primary images on both sides of the hologram can pass through but the conjugate images cannot. This approach not only doubles the area of objects but also reduces computational time because objects can be placed close to the hologram. We implemented this approach, tested it, and confirmed its effectiveness.

An optical system, which can generate digital holograms of Rainbow type and Lippmann type, is proposed. In this system, a micro-imaging system is applied for reducing the digital image patterns to achieve about 0.45 micron optical resolution for rainbow hologram recording, and resulting about 90 degree viewing angle for the Lippmann hologram. The system is designed for both of Lippmann and Rainbow hologram recording mode through simply turning keyswitches. A fully functioning software is applied to calculate digital fringe patterns and control the entire equipment. Both types of holograms, Rainbow and Lippmann types, are recoded from calculated optical images so that it could be much easier to combine 2D or/and 3D or more multiplex optical data into one hologram through a simple working plan of art design to achieve a high resolution true color hologram. Applications for the digital Rainbow hologram include CGH, anti-counterfeiting security label, 3D display, etc, and 2D/3D true color holographic stereogram image for the Lippmann type recording mode. With this single process synthesizing system, it is considered as a fully functioning hologram printer. Examples of both of true color rainbow and Lippmann holograms are presented.

Holography is generally accepted as the ultimate approach to display three-dimensional scenes or objects. Principally, the reconstruction of an object from a perfect hologram would appear indistinguishable from viewing the corresponding real-world object. Up to now two main obstacles have prevented large-screen Computer-Generated Holograms (CGH) from achieving a satisfactory laboratory prototype not to mention a marketable one. The reason is a small cell pitch CGH resulting in a huge number of hologram cells and a very high computational load for encoding the CGH. These seemingly inevitable technological hurdles for a long time have not been cleared limiting the use of holography to special applications, such as optical filtering, interference, beam forming, digital holography for capturing the 3-D shape of objects, and others. SeeReal Technologies has developed a new approach for real-time capable CGH using the socalled Tracked Viewing Windows technology to overcome these problems. The paper will show that today's state of the art reconfigurable Spatial Light Modulators (SLM), especially today's feasible LCD panels are suited for reconstructing large 3-D scenes which can be observed from large viewing angles. For this to achieve the original holographic concept of containing information from the entire scene in each part of the CGH has been abandoned. This substantially reduces the hologram resolution and thus the computational load by several orders of magnitude making thus real-time computation possible. A monochrome real-time prototype measuring 20 inches has been built and demonstrated at last year's SID conference and exhibition 2007 and at several other events.

A new technology of one-shot digital holography is developed in order to record the complex-amplitude hologram for color three-dimensional images instantaneously. Off-axis RGB digital holograms are recorded with a color CCD at once, and three or four in-line holograms with different phases are obtained by spatially sampling the recorded holograms and by interpolating the sampled hologram data. RGB complex-amplitude holograms can be extracted for the reconstruction of color 3-D images from the RGB in-line holograms without any numerical calculation of digital filtering. Numerical reconstruction of images shows that fine color images with high resolution are reconstructed from the RGB complex-amplitude in-line hologram as a result of elimination of the direct beam, noises and the conjugate beam.

We report the development of a simple commercial digital holographic microscope. The hologram is recorded using a CCD sensor and numerically reconstructed to provide quantitative analysis of the object. The laser source is coupled via fibre optics and the opto-mechanical setup is flexible and customizable for either the reflection or transmission mode. The user-friendly software allows live reconstruction, simultaneously providing both the amplitude and phase images. System performance is improved with phase unwrapping and interferometric comparison. Additional features include various image enhancements, cross-sectional and line profiling, measurement and data analysis tools for quantitative 3D imaging and surface topography measurement. The performance of the product is tested on different micro devices, glass and silicon surfaces.

The photopolymers are very attractive materials for applications and as holographic storage, for theirs high modulation and photosensitivity. We report the evolution of diffraction efficiency parameter from volume holographic gratings recorder in PVA doped with CuCl₂ (2H₂O), which is the result of the physic-chemical changes between the light and the material. The resultant variation of the grating diffraction efficiency parameter is examined.

The sugar matrix is used to record of phase holograms; it was modified with the purpose of obtaining a hydrophobic material to improve the stability of the registered image and to stimulate the photosensitivity of the sugar. The new material is formed by a sugar, pectin and vanillin dissolution. The diffraction efficiency parameter increases in comparison with only the sugar matrix, obtaining already of 10%.

Characterization of the organic conductive materials is studied by voltage application during holographic gratings formation and when the exposure time of 900 seconds was reached. The behavior of the material is analyzed by diffracted intensity and exposure energy. Diffraction efficiency parameter of holographic gratings were studied in an organic conductive material like dichromated poly(vinyl alcohol) films doped with nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate. The study includes a comparative analysis between the experimental results obtained.

We present a comparative analysis between the diffraction gratings efficiencies recorded on films corn honey and corn honey whit ereoglaucine dye (Blue^® No. 1). For recording the diffraction gratings in the films using the technique of lithography pattern obtained by computer and exposure of the samples to ultraviolet radiation. Although the main reason of the addition of dye to the honey was the one of increasing its diffraction efficiency, the experimental results demonstrated that the gratings recorded in honey had bigger diffraction efficiency than those recorded in honey with dye.

Alternative holographic material for replication by thermo-polymerization is the thermoplastic nail varnish. We reported the experimental result with spectroscopy and thin layer chromatographic analysis about chemical constitution of the material. Moreover, we show that the thermoplastic nails varnish can be considered as a phase material. Adequate replication of some structure into of film can be recorded as modulation of refraction index. The major improvements from this material are: good diffraction efficiency, reduced cost, easily to apply on any substrate and the hologram is making with out develop process.

Two components of the egg as the albumen and their proteins are used for holographic recorded applying lithography technique. This matrix was composed by albumen-glucose and by protein-glucose. The results obtained for the parameter diffraction efficiency with our matrix albumen-glucose was it from 44.1% and for the matrix protein-glucose were two maximums of diffraction efficiency, reached about the mixture ovoalbumin-glucose (6.2*10^-1%) and avidin-glucose (4.7*10^-1%).

Holographic data pages were multiplexed in a PVA/acrylamide photopolymer layer. This material is formed of acrylamide photopolymers which are considered interesting materials for recording holographic memories. A liquid crystal device was used to modify the object beam and store the data pages in the material. Objects with different pixel size have been used to simulate the data pages. A peristrophic multiplexing method is used to store a large number of data pages in the same spot in the material. The Bit Error Rate (BER) was calculated fitting the histograms of the images to determine the quality of the images.

A fully optical encryption system based on the single-phase encryption method is presented. A two-dimensional array of real-valued data is phase encoded and scrambled with a random phase key for encryption. The encrypted data is stored holographically in a DuPont photopolymer, and is reconstructed by conjugate readout. The original data can be retrieved using a same phase key for decryption and an interferometer for phase-to-intensity conversion. The influence of a limited bandwidth on the bit-error-rate in the decrypted data is evaluated. With binary data, error-free decryption can be possible even when a large fraction of encrypted data is lost.

Recently, we have proposed the application of interferometric techniques, both in transmission and in reflection, to characterize in real-time the modulation performance of the photopolymers. In this work we use this approach to characterize the optical modulation properties of a polyvinyl alcohol/acrylamide (PVA/AA) photopolymer. A double beam interferometer is constructed, both in transmission and in reflection, in combination with the setup to expose the recording material. Some benefits are provided by this approach: direct calculation of the properties of the material is possible, index and surface modulation can be decoupled, and additional information can be obtained since the results are not influenced by diffusion processes. With this scheme we mainly characterize the properties at very low spatial frequencies, which can be useful to analyze the applicability of holographic recording materials in another range of applications, such as recording of diffractive optical elements (DOEs). Comparison with the conventional holographic characterization shows significant differences.

Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. (DNP, Tokyo, Japan) has succeeded in recording Lippmann holograms with an image of Computer-Generated Holograms (CGHs). As Lippmann holograms are usually made by real three-dimensional object, design variation of the objects are restricted by the possibility of manufacturing the object. On the other hand, as CGHs are made by computer graphics (CG), many different kinds of virtual images can be built into holographic images. Also, it has very fine resolution because it is made by the Electron-Beam lithography system. By incorporating the image expression of the CGH into Lippmann hologram, we have developed a new hologram combining both CGHs and the Lippmann holograms.

The diffraction efficiency behavior of the holographic gratings recorded in photopolymers is due to several parameters such as the monomer concentration, the dye quantity, etc. It has been reported that the absorption in photopolymers depends of the beam intensity employed to record the holographic gratings, polymerization velocity, humidity, temperature, etc. In this work we present a theoretical model of the diffraction efficiency behavior of holographic gratings recorded in Norland Optical Adhesive No. 65 mixed with crystal violet dye as function of the temperature and the power of the recorder beam. The model is compared with some experimental results.

We are researching a holographic display by liquid crystal display(LCD) panels aiming at auto stereoscopic display in the future. When LCD is used as a display device, viewing area and visual field of the hologram are limited from the display area and resolution. To solve this problem, we have proposed a method to expand visual field of the hologram by simultaneous reconstruction. In this method, we calculate hologram with changing the reference light incidence angle on the hologram plane. An image with large visual field is reconstructed with the hologram reproduced by focused spherical wave. Moreover, we constructed the reconstruction optical system by 4K2KLCD whose size is 3.96×1.98cm and converging lens. And the reconstruction experiment of holograms by focused spherical wave showed that the proposed method was effective.

We propose a digital holographic interference analysis method based on 2-step phase-shifting technique for measuring optical surface. The technique using 2-step phase-shifting digital interferometry is more efficient than multi-step phase-shifting techniques because 2-step method has an advantage of the reduced number of interferograms. In this measurement system, 2-step phase-shifting digital interferograms are acquired by moving the reference flat mirror surface which is attached to PZT with phase step of 0 or π/2 in the reference beam path and are recorded on CCD device. The optical interferometry is designed on the basis of polarization characteristics of polarizing beam splitter. Therefore the noise from outside turbulence can be decreased. The proposed 2-step algorithm uses the relative phase difference of the neighbor pixels. Experiment has been carried out on the optical mirror. The measurement of the optical mirror surface topography shows that the result using 2-step algorithm is similar to that of other multi-step algorithms. Thus, the proposed method is expected to be used in nondestructive testing of optical components.

In this paper, we have investigated the computer-generated cylindrical rainbow hologram. Since general flat format hologram has the limited viewable area, we usually can not see the other side of the reconstructed object. There are some holograms to solve this problem. A cylindrical type hologram is well known as the 360 degrees viewable hologram. As the cylindrical holograms, there are two methods such as a multiplex hologram and a laser reconstruction 360 degrees hologram. Since the multiplex hologram consists of the many two-dimensional pictures, the reconstructed image is not the true three-dimension. In constant, a laser reconstruction 360 degrees hologram has the true three-dimensional effect. However, since the spatial resolution of the output device is not enough and the huge calculation amount, there are few reports on computer-generated cylindrical hologram. In our previous study, the computer-generated cylindrical hologram was realized as the Fresnel hologram. The calculation amount was too huge and took about 44 hours in the total calculation time, though we had used the several PCs. We propose the rainbow type computer-generated cylindrical hologram. To decrease the calculation amount, the rainbow hologram sacrifices the vertical parallax. Also, this hologram can reconstruct the image with white light. Comparison with the previous study of the Fresnel hologram, the calculation speed becomes 165 times faster. After the calculation, we print this hologram with the fringe printer, and evaluate reconstructed images.

Recently, many type of 3-D displays are now being developed. We want to see 3-D moving image with comfortably and more expanded depth, Holography is different from the other 3-D display because natural stereoscopic image can be obtained. We have once developed a electro-holographic display using virtual image. But the viewing area is so small because the pixcel size of LCD is not so small. This time we developed the projection type electro-holographic display system. In the case of projection type holography [1], it needs to use the 3-D screen in order to project the reconstructed image clearly and viewing angle becomes wide. We developed the electro-holographic display system using mist 3-D screen. However, a reconstructed image with mist 3-D screen was flickered by gravity and flow of air. Then we considered to reduce the flicker of the image and we found that flicker could be reduced using flow controlled nozzle. Hence, at first we considered the most suitable shape of 3-D screen and then we constructed the array of flow controlled mist 3D screen. By the results of experiment we could get considerably high contrast 3-D moving image and get the viewing area more than 30°by this flow controlled nozzle attached new type mist 3-D screen and make clear the efficiency of this method.

The traditional method to generate CGH patterns takes up many times thus it is difficult to implement the actual use. To improve the computation speed, the pre-computed look-up table containing all possible elemental fringes is proposed. But to generate CGH for many frames of video images, LUT method also takes up many times, because elemental fringe patterns for entire points of each frame are summated. In the ordinary video images, when a frame is converted to next frame, the case that the whole picture be changed is rare. That is, video images have much redundancy between adjacent frames. In this paper, an efficient generation method of hologram pattern for video images using general property of video images and principle of LUT method is proposed.

In this paper, we approach the holographic reconstruction method from the images that pick-upped by Integral Imaging (II) technique with some image processing. An elemental image array of 3D object is captured by II technique and transformed to a sub-image array. Then each elemental hologram pattern is generated using each sub-image by computational method and arranged like a form of sub-image array. And then, the arranged hologram pattern is reconstructed using the reference wave which is using the hologram generation process. In the simulation, the characters of '3D' with different depth are used as 3D objects and pick-uped and processed using II technique. Then processed image is successfully reconstructed using hologram technique.

The record of diffraction gratings in the material composed by Norland 65 (polymer) mixed with crystal violet; describe changes in its diffraction efficiency that it shows the material when is exposed to times of exposition extended, since 1 min to 3 hours, due to phase modulation change. They recorded the diffraction gratings in real time to an angle of interference of 5°, utilizing He-Ne laser with 598 nm (yellow color), with efficiencies of diffraction η (%) between 0.71 and 2.10 % only in the order 1.

In this work it is demonstrated that they can search holograms of type Fourier in real time, utilizing photosensitive material of the polymeric Norland Optical Adhesive 65^® ( NOA 65^® ) which, it is mixed with the violet crystal dye (CV); For the record of holograms we use He-Ne laser, of 5 mW of power, in λ= 598 nm spectral line, in the reconstruction we obtains of diffraction efficiency of the 0,216 % in the order one, which almost does not present noise. These holograms are of phase with modulation for index refraction.