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- Front Matter: Volume 6432
- Novel Techniques
- Endoscopic OCT
- Endoscopic Microscopy I
- Endoscopic Microscopy II
Front Matter: Volume 6432
Front Matter: Volume 6432
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This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE
Proceedings Volume 6432, including the Title Page, Copyright
information, Table of Contents, and the Conference Committee listing.
Novel Techniques
Novel concept of GRIN optical systems for high resolution microendoscopy: Part 1. Physical aspects
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Confocal and multi-photon imaging systems are currently miniaturized to fit them to endoscopic size requirements of
probe diameters often less than 2.8 mm. High resolution in lateral dimensions of less than 1 micron and in axial
dimensions of less than 10 microns is desired to resolve sub-cellular details of in-vivo tissue. GRIN rod lens systems
have been widely used as high numerical aperture objectives in these applications because of their small size, good
image quality and favourable geometry with plane optical surfaces, which allows easy assembly. Image generation has
been enabled by combination with coherent imaging fiber bundles, GRIN relay lenses and scanning single fibers or
photonic band gap fibers. With previous GRIN systems of maximum NA of 0.50, a resolution limit laterally of approx.
1.0 micron and axially of 5.5 to 10 microns was obtained in the case of two-photon excitation. Here, we introduce a
novel concept of a GRIN lens objective system with significantly higher NA yielding resolution improved by a factor of
two (lateral) and four (axial). The image quality of initial 1.0 mm GRIN components will be characterized by the signal
analysis of 0.2 micron fluorescent beads in the multi-photon scheme and by conventional image tests using test grids
with transmitting illumination. Potentials for further miniaturization and for changing the direction of view will be
discussed.
Design of a multispectral channel for in vivo confocal microscopy
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We present a modified multi-spectral configuration of a slit-scanning confocal microendoscope that provides higher
spectral resolution in a fully automated interface. Tissue fluorescence signal is directed through a dispersive element that
spreads the spectral information across the CCD camera mapping spectral information perpendicular to the confocal slit.
The dispersive element may be chosen to meet the specific requirements defined by the user. Our current system uses a
BK7 prism with a 45o wedge angle and a 20mm diameter clear aperture. The prism is shifted from the optical axis
allowing automated switching from grayscale (beam on-axis) to multi-spectral (beam off-axis) imaging by tilting a
computer controlled mirror. The system records over a spectral range of 450nm to 750nm. The minimum resolvable
wavelength difference varies from 2.1nm to 8.3nm over the spectral range. The lateral and axial resolution of the system
is approximately 3&mgr;m by 30&mgr;m, respectively, and is the same for both grayscale and multi-spectral imaging modes.
Multi-spectral imaging results from ex-vivo tissues are presented.
Endoscopic OCT
Serial endoscopy in azoxymethane treated mice using ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography
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Purpose: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a minimally invasive, depth-resolved imaging tool that can be
commissioned for small diameter endoscopic applications for imaging mouse models of colorectal cancer. In this study,
we utilized ultrahigh resolution OCT (UHR OCT) to serially image the lower colon of azoxymethane (AOM) treated A/J
mouse models of CRC, monitor the progression of neoplastic transformations, and determine if OCT is capable of
identifying early disease.
Experimental Design: Thirteen AOM treated A/J and two control A/J mice were surveyed at four timepoints (8, 14, 22,
and 26 weeks post AOM treatment) using a prototype 2.0 mm diameter UHR OCT endoscope-based system that
achieved resolutions of 3.2 um axial and 4.4 um lateral. Histological samples were obtained at the final imaging
timepoint serving as the gold standard.
Results: Gross and histological assessment of the excised colonic tissue revealed at least one tumor in all 13 AOM
treated mice, with most mice developing multiple tumors. In the corresponding OCT images, a progression from healthy
thin mucosa to adenoma appearing as large, structurally disorganized masses was visualized over the imaging time
points correlating to the locations of the grossly visualized tumors.
Conclusions: This study indicates that UHR OCT enables accurate identification of disease and non-destructive
visualization of CRC progression in the lower colon of mice.
Optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in Barret's esophagus
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Statistical analysis of endoscopic optical coherence tomography (EOCT) surveillance of 78 patients with Barrett's
esophagus (BE) is presented in this study. The sensitivity of OCT device in retrospective open detection of early
malignancy (including high grade dysplasia and intramucosal adenocarcinoma (IMAC)) was 75%, specificity 82%,
diagnostic accuracy - 80%, positive predictive value- 60%, negative predictive value- 87%. In the open recognition of
IMAC sensitivity was 81% and specificity were 85% each. Results of a blind recognition with the same material were
similar: sensitivity - 77%, specificity 85%, diagnostic accuracy - 82%, positive predictive value- 70%, negative
predictive value- 87%. As the endoscopic detection of early malignancy is problematic, OCT holds great promise in
enhancing the diagnostic capability of clinical GI endoscopy.
A 5mm catheter for constant resolution probing in Fourier domain optical coherence endoscopy
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A 5mm biophotonic catheter was conceived for optical coherence tomography (OCT) with collimation optics, an axicon
lens, and custom design imaging optics, yielding a 360 degree scan aimed at imaging within concave structures such as
lung lobes. In OCT a large depth of focus is necessary to image a thick sample with a constant high transverse
resolution. There are two approaches to achieving constant lateral resolution in OCT: Dynamic focusing or Bessel beam
forming. This paper focuses on imaging with Bessel beams. A Bessel beam can be generated in the sample arm of the
OCT interferometer when axicon optics is employed instead of a conventional focusing lens. We present a design for a
5mm catheter that combines an axicon lens with imaging optics and the coupling of a MEMS mirror attached to a
micromotor that allow 360 degree scanning with a resolution of about 5 microns across a depth of focus of about
1.2mm.
Optical coherent tomography (OCT) bio-imaging using 3D scanning micromirror
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Design and development of a 3D scanning MEMS micromirror integrated miniaturized optical probe has been presented
in this article. The probe is designed to be less than 2 mm in diameter and has dynamic scanning modality for larger field
of view. Scanning is achieved using 3D micromirror device, which has 16º out of plane and 360º beam rotation
capability. Initial target of 45º out of plane deflection is yet to be achieved. The probe being developed currently would
have scanning capability in one quarter of 360º full rotation. The field of view would still be very large and multiple
optical biopsies would be possible for planned cancer model diagnostics. The feasibility of using scanning mirror into an
optical probe was demonstrated using scanning repeatability and OCT imaging tests. Geometrical optics and package
design using silicon optical bench have been established. Miniaturized 3D scanning micromirror have been designed and
developed with 16º out of plane deflection demonstrated. Probe package integration and optical testing are carried out.
Endoscopic Microscopy I
To see the unseeable: confocal miniprobes for routine microscopic imaging during endoscopy
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Confocal fluorescence high resolution imaging during standard endoscopic procedures has been presented as a very
promising tool to enhance patient care and physician practice by providing supplementary diagnostic information in
real-time. The purpose of this paper is to show not only potential, but convincing results of endoscopic microscopy using
a catheter-based approach.
Mauna Kea Technologies' core technology, Cellvizio, delivers dynamic imaging at 12 frames/second using confocal
miniprobes inserted through the operating channel of regular endoscopes. Cellvizio is composed of 3 parts including
(a) a Laser Scanning Unit, (b) Confocal MiniprobeTM with the following characteristics: 5-15 &mgr;m axial resolution, 2-5
&mgr;m lateral resolution, 15-100 &mgr;m depth of penetration, field of view of 600x500 &mgr;m and (c) a software package with onthe-
fly processing capabilities.
With several tens of patients examined during routine GI endoscopy procedures, the most relevant clinical parameters
could be assessed in a doubled-blinded fashion between the endoscopist and a pathologist and results showing very high
accuracy in the differentiation of neoplasia from normal and hyperplastic tissue were obtained.
In the field of pulmonology, the micro-autofluorescence properties of tissues could be assessed and structures never before
accessed in vivo were observed. Cellvizio® may be useful to study bronchial remodeling in asthma and chronic obstructive
pulmonary diseases. Using appropriate topical fluorescent dye, the Confocal Miniprobes may also make it possible
to perform optical biopsy of precancerous and superficial bronchial cancers.
Cellvizio® is as a new tool towards "targeted biopsies", leading to earlier, more reliable and cost effective diagnostic
procedures. Other applications, specifically in molecular imaging are also made possible by the miniaturization of the
probe (combination with biopsy needle for solid organs use or lymph node detection) and by the compatibility of the
system with other imaging modalities (auto-fluorescence and narrow-band imaging endoscopy, MRI, PET, etc).
Fluorescence confocal endomicroscopy in biological imaging
Peter M. Delaney,
Steven Thomas,
John Allen,
et al.
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In vivo fluorescence microscopic imaging of biological systems in human disease states and animal models is possible
with high optical resolution and mega pixel point-scanning performance using optimised off-the-shelf turn-key devices.
There are however various trade-offs between tissue access and instrument performance when miniaturising in vivo
microscopy systems.
A miniature confocal scanning technology that was developed for clinical human endoscopy has been configured into a
portable device for direct hand-held interrogation of living tissue in whole animal models (Optiscan FIVE-1 system).
Scanning probes of 6.3mm diameter with a distal tip diameter of 5.0mm were constructed either in a 150mm length for
accessible tissue, or a 300mm probe for laparoscopic interrogation of internal tissues in larger animal models. Both
devices collect fluorescence confocal images (excitation 488 nm; emission >505 or >550 nm) comprised of 1024 x 1204
sampling points/image frame, with lateral resolution 0.7um; axial resolution 7um; FOV 475 x 475um. The operator can
dynamically control imaging depth from the tissue surface to approx 250um in 4um steps via an internally integrated zaxis
actuator. Further miniaturisation is achieved using an imaging contact probe based on scanning the proximal end of
a high-density optical fibre bundle (~30,000 fibres) of <1mm diameter to transfer the confocal imaging plane to tissue in
intact small animal organs, albeit at lower resolution (30,000 sampling points/image). In rodent models, imaging was
performed using various fluorescent staining protocols including fluorescently labelled receptor ligands, labelled
antibodies, FITC-dextrans, vital dyes and labelled cells administered topically or intravenously. Abdominal organs of
large animals were accessed laparoscopically and contrasted using i.v. fluorescein-sodium. Articular cartilage of sheep
and pigs was fluorescently stained with calcein-AM or fluorescein. Surface and sub-surface cellular and sub-cellular
details could be readily visualised in vivo at high resolution. In rodent disease models, in vivo endomicroscopy with
appropriate fluorescent agents allowed examination of thrombosis formation, tumour microvasculature and liver
metastases, diagnosis and staging of ulcerative colitis, liver necrosis and glomerulonephritis. Miniaturised confocal
endomicroscopy allows rapid in vivo molecular and subsurface microscopy of normal and pathologic tissue at high
resolution in small and large whole animal models. Fluorescein endomicroscopy has recently been introduced into the
medical device market as a clinical imaging tool in GI endoscopy and is undergoing clinical evaluation in laparoscopic
surgery. This medical usage is encouraging in-situ endomicroscopy as an important pre-clinical research tool to observe
microscopic and molecular system biologic events in vivo in animal models for various human diseases.
Endoscopic Microscopy II
Confocal microendoscope for use in a clinical setting
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A mobile confocal microendoscope for use in a clinical setting has been developed. This system
employs an endoscope consisting of a custom designed objective lens with a fiber optic imaging bundle to
collect in-vivo images of patients. Some highlights and features of this mobile system include frame rates
of up to 30 frames per second, an automated focus mechanism, automated dye delivery, clinician control,
and the ability to be used in an area where there is a single 110V outlet. All optics are self-contained and
the entire enclosure and catheter can be moved between surgical suites, sterilized and brought online in
under 15 minutes. At this time, all data have been collected with a 488 nm laser, but the system is able to
have a second laser line added to provide additional imaging capability. Preliminary in vivo results of
images from the ovaries using topical fluorescein as a contrast agent are shown. Future plans for the system include use of acridine orange (AO) or SYTO-16 as a nucleic acid stain.
Investigation of computer-aided colonic crypt pattern analysis
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Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Approximately 50% of these deaths could be prevented by earlier detection through screening.
Magnification chromoendoscopy is a technique which utilizes tissue stains applied to the gastrointestinal
mucosa and high-magnification endoscopy to better visualize and characterize lesions. Prior studies have
shown that shapes of colonic crypts change with disease and show characteristic patterns. Current methods
for assessing colonic crypt patterns are somewhat subjective and not standardized. Computerized
algorithms could be used to standardize colonic crypt pattern assessment. We have imaged resected colonic
mucosa in vitro (N = 70) using methylene blue dye and a surgical microscope to approximately simulate in
vivo imaging with magnification chromoendoscopy. We have developed a method of computerized
processing to analyze the crypt patterns in the images. The quantitative image analysis consists of three
steps. First, the crypts within the region of interest of colonic tissue are semi-automatically segmented
using watershed morphological processing. Second, crypt size and shape parameters are extracted from the
segmented crypts. Third, each sample is assigned to a category according to the Kudo criteria. The
computerized classification is validated by comparison with human classification using the Kudo
classification criteria. The computerized colonic crypt pattern analysis algorithm will enable a study of in
vivo magnification chromoendoscopy of colonic crypt pattern correlated with risk of colorectal cancer.
This study will assess the feasibility of screening and surveillance of the colon using magnification
chromoendoscopy.
Novel endoscopic imaging system for early cancer diagnosis
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We have developed the novel video endoscope imaging techniques; Narrow band imaging (NBI), Auto-Fluorescence
Imaging (AFI), Infra-Red Imaging (IRI) and Endo-Cytoscopy System (ECS). The purpose of these imaging techniques is
to emphasize the important tissue features associated with early stage of lesions. We have already launched the new
medical endoscope system including NBI, AFI and IRI (EVIS LUCERA SPECTRUM, OLYMPUS MEDICAL
SYSTEMS Co., Ltd., Fig.1). Moreover ECS, which has enough magnification to observe cell nuclei on a superficial
mucosa under methylene blue dye staining, is the endoscopic instrument with ultra-high optical zoom. In this paper we
demonstrate the concepts and the medical efficacy of each technology.
Fluorescence excitation ratiometry: a new technique for precision endoscopic fluorescence spectroscopy and colorimetry
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The technique of Fluorescence Excitation Ratioometry is presented and the limits of its precision are discussed. Further
applications of the Flicker Fluorimetry technique to polarimetry, colorimetry and fluorescence emission spectroscopy are
described with measurements and calibrations presented.
Scanning OCT endoscope with 2-axis magnetic micromirror
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Micromirrors used to steer optical beams at the tip of an endoscope are an active area of research. MEMS mirrors with
various actuation mechanisms have been reported including rotating micromotors, parallel plate electrostatic drive,
electrothermal and electrostatic comb drive. This paper presents a two-axis magnetically actuated micromirror designed
for an OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) endoscope. Magnetic actuation allows large angular deflections at low
voltage (1-3 V), a significant advantage for patient safety relative to the high voltages used for electrostatic mirrors.
Actuation is accomplished with small coils in proximity to the moving mirror, which contains a small permanent
magnet. The endoscope scan engine is contained in a 2.8 mm ID plastic tube. The MEMS scan mirror was fabricated by
a simple process using an SOI wafer and only 2 photo-steps. The mirror is supported by silicon springs on both axes,
and can scan to +/- 20 degrees mechanical on both axes. Both time domain and spectral domain OCT have been used to
take cross-sectional tissue images. By operating the 2-axis mirror in a raster scan, a sequence of cross-sections is taken
to form a 3-D image. Details of the endoscope design, MEMS fabrication, and sample OCT images are presented.