Results of application of incoherent spatial filtering for structure analysis of lidar returns from clouds are presented. The revolver disk with a set of the spatial filter windows provides multiple-field-of-view of the receiver system. There is an agreement between data recorded and model estimates considering the power contribution of doubly scattered component due to diffraction of the sounding radiation in a droplet cloud.

Southern Ocean plays an important role in the global carbon cycle and strongly influences global changes with the Ross Sea as one of the more productive regions due to strong phytoplankton blooms occurring in spring and summer. ENEA Lidar fluorosensor measured bio-optical properties of Antarctic waters since 1997 up to 2003 simultaneously to SeaWiFS observations. Chlorophyll-a data from lidar and radiometer are integrated to provide primary productivity model of the Ross Sea. Preliminary results on a new satellite algorithm for CDOM concentration retrieval is suggested after calibration with the measurements carried out by the ENEA lidar fluorosensor.

The atmospheric mechanisms of admixtures transfer from remote sources for the tasks of the control of environmental contamination in Central Asia region are discussed. These mechanisms obtained on the basis of analysis of atmospheric dynamics and long-term monitoring of some atmospheric admixtures with use of various methods of measurements: laser location, spectrophotometric and radiometric methods.

The results of investigations of superlong-period and tidal oscillations of the Earth obtained by using the data of a laser deformographic system are presented in this paper. The phenomenon of tight correlation between superlong-period oscillations in the lithosphere and in the atmosphere unknown before has been discovered. Besides, we discovered abnormal phase shifts between experimentally measured lunisolar tides in two orthogonal directions.

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a technique for compositional analysis measurements particularly useful for environmental applications. The potential of this technique for in situ analysis could be greatly improved using innovative experimental setups. A new mobile instrument for soil analysis, developed at the Applied Laser Spectroscopy Laboratory in Pisa, is presented, and some experimental results are given. The possibility of performing soils analysis using miniaturized laser and spectrometer is also described; the LIBS spectra obtained with these innovative systems are compared.

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) performed in double pulse (DP) configuration is a promising development of the traditional well-known LIBS, which makes use of a single laser pulse for the ablation of the sample. In the DP configuration a pair of pulses, delayed the one with respect to the other by a temporal gap of the order of 1 - 10 μs, is used for the ablation of material from the target surface and consequent formation of a plasma plume; depending on the experimental conditions, large enhancements of the resulting LIBS signal can be obtained. In this paper, the main physical mechanisms underlying double-pulse LIBS measurements are discussed, in order to obtain a deeper insight of the effects resulting in the signal enhancement obtained in DP-LIBS with respect to single pulse LIBS. The effect of laser energy, buffer gas type and density is discussed. A model of DP LIBS is proposed in terms of the Sedov strong explosion theory.

The researches of the basic peculiarities of the regional tendencies of change of atmospheric parametres within Kyrgyzstan in conditions of constantly amplifying antropogeneous impact are carried out. The quantitative estimations of a background temperature in middle- and high-altitude areas of Kyrgyzstan are received. The specific contribution of greenhouse effect and dynamic factors in a gain of a lower layer atmosphere temperature is designed. The estimations show, that greenhouse effect connected with increase in region of the concentration CO₂ on 7% for 10 years can result in increase of a lower layer atmosphere temperature on 0,28 degrees, that makes half from an actual level of increase of temperature. The stayed half, obviously, is caused by the factor connected to dynamic cany of heat from low latitudes.

The opportunity is analyzed and calculations of a time compression of powerful laser ultrashort pulses are carried out at transmission to an atmosphere from positions of nonlinear dynamics. Rather compact laser-plasma experimental setup working by an injection seeding principle, for canying out of the given researches is developed.

The possibility of measuring the hydrogen impurity concentration in dense gas mixtures by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is studied. In this technique, biharmonic laser pumping based on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in compressed hydrogen is used. Because of the interference between the coherent scattering components from buffer gas molecules and molecules of the impurity to be detected, the signal recorded may depend on the hydrogen concentration by a parabolic law, which has a minimum and makes the results uncertain. It is shown that this uncertainty can be removed if the frequency of the biharmonic laser pump, which is produced by the SRS oscillator, somewhat differs from the frequency of molecular oscillations of hydrogen in the test mixture. A sensitivity of 5 ppm is obtained as applied to the hydrogen-air mixture under normal pressure. The description of a set-up for the determination of the coefficient of the hydrogen diffusion in gas mixtures is given. The main assembly units are a diffusion chamber and an automated laser system for the selective hydrogen diagnostics in gas mixtures by the SRS-CARS method. The determination of the diffusion coefficient is based on the approximation of the experimental data describing the hydrogen concentration varying with time at a specified point in the diffusion chamber and the accurate solution of the diffusion equation for the selected one-dimensional geometry of the experiment.

The oxygen quenching of aromatic hydrocarbon excited states was studied with emphasis on the mechanisms of the quenching processes in the vapor phase. The changes in decay rates and intensities of laser-induced fluorescence and delayed fluorescence with the O₂ pressure growth were determined. The relationships between k_q and the photophysical parameters of molecules as well as the changes in the free energy for intermolecular full electron transfer (▵G_et) were analyzed for gas-phase systems under study.

We present the experimental implementation of ophthalmic diagnostic systems with adaptive optics compensation of human eye aberration. The systems feature high speed operation and utilize deformable bimorph mirrors for wavefront correction. The results of aberration measurements and correction are discussed.

New method of Doppler diagnostics based on autodyne effect for diagnostics and control of laser-tissue evaporation by radiation of high-frequency pumped waveguide CO₂ laser is developed. This method is used for creation of feed-back for smart CO₂ laser surgical system of "Lancet" series. The results of medical testing of the smart laser surgical system are presented.

In this work we present a laser trapping system based on an Ar⁺ laser and the calibration method we used for the optical trapping force measurements on polystyrene spheres. The method uses the dielectrophoretic force exerted on a dielectric particle from an inhomogeneous electric field for the calculation of the optical force. We used polystyrene microspheres on a dielectrophoretic chamber with planar electrodes in the optical tweezers setup. For the determination of the dielectrophoretic force the method is based on Green's theorem. A sphere is trapped in the optical tweezers at various laser powers. An electrical field is applied between the electrodes and thus a dielectrophoretic force is exerted on the particle. The electric field is increased very slowly until the cell is pulled out from the trap. At this moment the optical force equals the dielectrophoretic force, which can be theoretically calculated. This algorithm is repeated several times and the optical force is graphically represented as a function of laser power. Forces of some pN were calculated.

High resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become a new diagnostic tool for the evaluation of structural changes of the skin. The instrumental resolution (3 μm lateral and 5 μm axial) was determined by the point spread function of 1nm particles. OCT now offers diagnosis of inflammation processes in deeper skin layers, not detectable by conventional 20MHz ultrasound applications. Therefore, therapy monitoring of patients will become possible.

The goals of this work were investigation of base-cell skin lesions by the method of laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence spectra were obtained from benign base-cell papilloma and malignant base-cell carcinoma, as well as from healthy skin areas near to the lesions that were used posteriori to reveal changes between healthy and lesion skin spectra. Preliminarily lesions were classified by dermatoscopic method (MoleMax II, DERMA Instruments). All suspicious lesions were excised and were investigated histologically. The experimental set-up consists of a nitrogen laser (337 nm, 14 μJ, 10 Hz), lenses, filters, optical fibers, and a microspectrometer (PC2000, "Ocean Optics"). A computer controls this system. Spectrum of healthy skin consists of one main maximum at 470-500 nm spectral region and secondary maxima at in the regions around 400 and 440 nm. In cases of papilloma and base-cell carcinoma an intensity decrease was observed, related to accumulation of pigments in these cutaneous lesions. An relative increase of the fluorescence peak at 440 nm were registered in the case of base-cell carcinoma, related to metabolism activity increase, and appearance of green fluorescence, related to increase of keratin content in benign papilloma lesions were detected. The results, obtained were used to develop multispectral diagnostic algorithm of these base-cell lesions. An sensitivity of 89,4% and 91,0% and specificity of 99,6% and 97,4% for differentiation between normal skin and papilloma and carcinoma respectively were obtained. The capability of the human skin fluorescence spectroscopy for early diagnosis and differentiation of cutaneous lesions is shown.

A new hydroxyapatite coating method was developed for titanium by using two excimer laser beams. The method is an improved pulsed laser deposition method. One laser beam (KrF), the ablation laser, is used for ablation of a HAp target. The other (ArF), the assist laser, is used to irradiate a Ti substrate surface during formation of the HAp coating. The assist laser plays an important role in the formation of a crystalline HAp coating and improves the strength of adhesion to the Ti substrate. The coating quality varied with the timing of the assist laser irradiation. A coating deposited with a long assist laser delay contained a large amorphous component. High-quality coatings were obtained with delay times under 10 μs. Using the present method, we succeeded in fabricating thin (≤1 μm) HAp coatings with high crystallinity and prepared an implant for animal studies.

Normal human leukocytes have been investigated in suspension by methods of the specialized light microscopy. On the basis of the obtained experimental data the histograms of the size distributions of lymphocytes, their nuclei, and granulocytes are constructed.

Treatment of acupuncture points, trigger points, joint inflammations in low level laser therapy as well as various applications of lasers for treatment of soft tissues in dental medicine, require irradiation by a narrow converging laser beam. The aim of this study is to compare light delivery produced by focused or defocused narrow beam irradiation in a multi-layered skin tissue model at increasing depth of the target. The task is solved by 3-D Monte-Carlo simulation for matched and mismatched refractive indices at the tissue/ambient medium interface. The modeled light beams have a circular cross-section at the tissue entrance with uniform or Gaussian intensity distribution. Three are the tissue models used in simulation : i) a bloodless skin layer; ii) a bloodless skin layer with embedded scattering object; iii) a skin layer with small blood vessels of varying size, which are modeled as infinite cylinders parallel to the tissue surface located at different depths. Optical properties (absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, anisotropy factor, g, and index of refraction) of different tissue constituents are chosen from the literature.

Methods of optical biopsy have a series of advantages before other methods of clinical diagnostics. The high accuracy of received results enables registration even small change of concentration of substances, and the opportunity of remote registration makes methods optical biopsy by an optimum means for noninvasive methods of diagnostics in medicine. The method of the fluorescent analysis allows to investigate dynamics of changes of a functional condition of organs and tissue in norm and pathologies, called by the various factors (an inflammation, ischemia, degenerative changes). Bring the results of development of expiremental setup for the laser fluorescent analysis of physiological and functional condition of various organs and tissue of organism. In expiremental setup was used pulse UF nitric laser with length of wave generation = 337 nm. For delivery of radiation to tissue, and, also, collection of a radiation of fluorescence were used various optic fiber scheme. The expiremental setup includes automated tunable monochromator and ADC, receiving a signal from photomultiplier tube. Driving of all blocks and processing of results is realize on IBM-compatible computer with the appropriate software. Was used the synchronous detecting for reducing of a background signal. Myocard at surgical introoperation by an accompanied condition of sharp ischemia was researches on these expiremental setup. Spectrofluorimetric criteria of an estimation of a condition of viscus at peritonitis were development.

The easy and non-destructive fluorescence method for quantification of early changes in biological tissues improves the possibilities of the clinical research. Using endogenous and exogenous fluorophores one can achieve high accuracy in the determination of malignant melanoma lesions with wide clinical applications. The goals of this work were investigation of melanin-pigmented cutaneous lesions by the methods of laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy (LIAFS), using nitrogen laser (337 nm) as excitation source. All lesions investigated were excised and investigated histologically by standard methods and histological results were used for comparison with the spectra detected. In the cases of nevi and melanoma significant decrease of fluorescence intensity toward normal skin fluorescence, which correlated with the type of pigment lesion was observed. The results, obtained in this investigation of the different pigment lesions could be used for better comprehension of the skin optical properties. The fluorescence spectroscopy of the human skin is very prominent for early diagnosis and differentiation of cutaneous diseases.

In this work sorption of tetrazole-containing acrylic copolymers in water solutions of copper chloride were investigated with help of gravimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Sorption properties in dependence of copolymer composition and ion strength of the outer electrolyte were found. Fields of application of the synthesized copolymers were proposed, including cleaning of sewage, photocolorimetry, production of sensor micro sphere gel particles.

A new luminescent europium probe is presented for the determination of phosphate (P) in microtiter plate format. The assay is based on the quenching of the luminescence of the europium-tetracycline 1:1 complex by phosphate using a reagent concentration of 20.8 μmol/L. The probe is excited at 400 nm and displays large Stokes' shift of 210 nm. The emission maximum is located at 616 nm. The system works best at neutral pH 7. The linear range of the calibration plot is from 5•10^-6 mol/L to 7.5•10^-4 mol/L of phosphate, and the limit of detection is 5μmol/L.