High order correlations in speckle fields
Author(s):
J. Ellis;
A. Dogariu
Show Abstract
Polarimetric investigation of fully resolved speckle patterns provides a direct measure of the joint
distribution of Stokes vector elements. In the case of highly diffusive media, Gaussian statistics
are usually invoked to describe the field distribution and subsequently determine the polarization
distribution. However, it has been shown that various types of globally unpolarized field distributions
can arise in practice, and that second order polarization correlations can be used as a means
for discriminating these various ensembles. We examine polarization correlations as they relate
to the thickness and morphological structure of bulk scattering media. We also comment on the
usefulness of the complex degree of mutual polarization as a discriminator in this regime.
Orthogonal and non-orthogonal devices in polarization optics
Author(s):
Tiberiu Tudor
Show Abstract
Unlike the homogeneous basic ("canonical") polarization devices, many inhomogeneous (multilayer) polarization
devices have non-orthogonal eigenvectors. They may be called non-orthogonal devices. Their operators pertain to a
class of operators unusual in physics and somewhat peripheral even in the linear operator theory the non-normal
operators. Moreover, the operators of some multilayer polarization devices are of a very pathological kind: singular and
defective (with the eigenvectors collapsed onto one and the corresponding eigenvalue equal to zero). In this paper we
give a comparative analysis of some of the most widespread orthogonal and non-orthogonal multilayer polarization
devices - to which correspond normal and non-normal operators, respectively - on the basis of the spectral theorem
of linear algebra in a pure operatorial (non-matrix) Dirac-dyadic language.
Intensity correlation of orthogonally crossed speckle waves
Author(s):
Takashi Okamoto
Show Abstract
The statistical properties of three-dimensional laser speckles formed with orthogonally crossed multiple speckle waves are
studied theoretically. The analytical expressions for the first and second order statistics of the crossed speckle fields are
derived, and the theoretical results are verified by means of computer simulations. In the simulations, fractal speckles are
also analyzed to examine the self-similar properties of the resulting field. The correlation properties of clipped speckles
are investigated to explore the possibility of fabricating fractal random media by means of photopolymerization for three-dimensional
patterning of micro structures.
Singular elliptic light fields: genesis of topology and morphology
Author(s):
M. S. Soskin;
V. G. Denisenko;
R. I. Egorov
Show Abstract
Networks of possible topological gratings of complex light fields with polarization singularities were established
and measured first. All allowed morphological forms of optical isotropic points were measured first in optics and discussed.
Strong and weak transformations of topological networks and induced topological reactions under controllable field
perturbations were realized and investigated.
Complex degree of mutual polarization, generalized Malus law, and optics of observable quantities
Author(s):
Peter V. Polyanskii
Show Abstract
Coherent and completely polarized optical radiation, being stationary multiply scattered, becomes globally non-polarized.
Nevertheless, the degree of polarization equals unity at any point of the scattered field, which is characterized by nonuniform
spatial distribution of the polarization azimuth and ellipticity, so that the state of polarization changes from point to point. In
this paper we discuss some approaches to describe such "pseudodepolarized" optical fields and introduce convenient measures
of the distance between the states of polarization in two points of such fields connected with the observable quantities.
Large-scale 3D structure and mechanical properties of rotating light beams
Author(s):
Aleksandr Bekshaev;
Aleksandr Karamoch
Show Abstract
Two types of paraxial light beams which show a sort of rotation around the propagation axis are studied. In beams with
"intrinsic" rotation (e.g., superpositions of Laguerre-Gaussian modes having the same waist and Gaussian envelope
radius) the transverse structure rotates during the free beam propagation because of certain internal reasons. The
transverse structure experiences the self-similar transformation, in which every point of the beam cross section moves as
if it performs a centrifugal fly-off due to inertia. In case of "extrinsic" rotation, a beam is set in rotation due to action of
some rotatory optical system. Such beams can be represented as superpositions of angular harmonics with different
frequencies. This "forced" rotation causes the angular momentum of the rotating beam which is proportional but
directed oppositely to the angular velocity ofthe rotation. This mechanical feature is associated with the complicated 3D
helical structure ofthe forcedly rotating beams.
Spin angular momentum of inhomogeneous and transversely limited light beams
Author(s):
Aleksandr Bekshaev
Show Abstract
The spin angular momentum (AM) of a light beam appears due to presence of circular or elliptic polarization. Its
characterization is coupled with some paradoxical features which are commonly recognized but, to our opinion, are not
satisfactorily explained in the known literature. Namely, for a spatially-homogeneous circularly polarized beam, the spin
AM density is zero at every point of the beam's cross section while the beam itself carries the non-zero AM. We discuss
the physical reasons of this situation. Like the orbital AM, the spin one originates from the transverse energy circulation
but here this circulation takes place within microscopic cells whose sizes theoretically tend to zero. In the middle of the
beam cross-section adjacent cells compensate each other and the macroscopic circulation vanishes. The compensation
disappears if the cells differ (inhomogeneous beam) or if the cell series breaks. The latter situation occurs not only at a
real beam boundary but also when a limited part of the beam cross-section is isolated, e.g., by an absorbing object. A
correct way for calculating the spin AM of a transversely limited part of an optical beam must take into account, in
addition to the common "volume" contribution, also the "boundary" part. Corresponding corrected formula for the spin
AM is derived that allows to remove the mentioned paradox and substantiates the usual representation for the volume
density ofthe spin AM.
The behavior of the pointing vector in the area of elementary polarization singularities
Author(s):
A. Mokhun;
I. Mokhun;
Ju. Viktorovskaya
Show Abstract
The behavior of the Pointing vector in the area of elementary polarization singularities with one or two C-points, which
are bounded by regular shape s-contour is considered. It was shown that the disclinations, which move, are born and
annihilate along s-contour, correspond to the singularities of the distribution of the parameters of instantaneous Poynting
vector. C-points are associated with the "vortex" kind singularities of the averaged Pointing vector field if the
handedness factor and topological charge of C-point are characterized by the different signs. "Impassive" Pointing
singularities arise in the area, if the signs are the same. Elementary topology for the Pointing vector field is formulated.
The results of the computer simulation are presented.
Singularities of the Poynting vector and the structure of optical field
Author(s):
I. Mokhun;
A. Mokhun;
Ju. Viktorovskaya
Show Abstract
Poynting vector singularities are considered for scalar and vector fields. The behavior of averaged and instantaneous
components is analyzed. The relationships between Poynting singularities and conventional optical ones, other special
sets of electromagnetic fields are established. The elementary topological regularities and reactions are formulated. The
results of computer simulation are presented.
Behavior of the transversal component of the Poynting vector in the area of interference trap
Author(s):
I. Mokhun;
A. Angelskaya;
A. Mokhun;
Ju. Viktorovskaya
Show Abstract
The mechanisms of formation and operation of so-called "interference trap" are presented. The formation of the
interference trap by beams with different curvature, ratio of the intensities and phase difference are shown. The results of
the computer simulation of the Poynting vector behavior in the area of the interference trap are analyzed. The
transformation of angular momentum of vortex beam under interference with smooth ones is shown. Distribution of the
transversal component of the Poynting vector for the interference trap, formed by the vortex with different topological
charge is analyzed.
Nanometer movements detection by back focal plane interference in laser tweezers
Author(s):
Monica Nadasan;
Revati Kulkarni;
Ovidiu Iancu
Show Abstract
Small displacements of a microparticle in an optical trap can be measured using back focal plane interferometry. The
position of the particle is evaluated by analyzing the fringes pattern obtained by interference between the light scattered
by the particle and unscaterred light in the back focal plane of the condenser. The fringes positions are detected with a
quadrant photo diode, allowing nanometric precision. In this paper we analyze theoretically some parameters that may
influence the measurements: laser power fluctuations, local fluid viscosity, condenser focal length, particle size.
The optical vortex interferometry theory, technology, and applications
Author(s):
Jan Masajada
Show Abstract
The regular net of optical vortices generated by the interference of three plane waves can be used for optical
measurements. The instrument based on such vortex net is called optical vortex interferometer. In this paper the special
properties of optical field generated by the interference of three plane waves are described. The technological issues of
the optical vortex interferometer are also discussed. Finally, two examples of application of the optical vortex
interferometer in context of the special properties of the interference field generated by three plane waves, are presented.
Young's diagnostics of spatial coherence phase singularities
Author(s):
Christina V. Felde;
Halina V. Bogatyryova;
Peter V. Polyanskii
Show Abstract
We report the feasibilities for revealing and diagnostics of unconventional phase singularities into optical fields, namely,
the singularities of spatial coherence functions into partially coherent vortex beams. It is shown that the vortices of the
spatial coherence function are comprehensively diagnosed through the strip version of the Thomas Young's interference
experiment. Namely, the magnitude of a topological charge and its sign are determined, respectively, by the magnitude
and the direction of bending of the Young's interference fringes, which are produced by the edge diffraction waves from
the rims of an opaque strip positioned in the vortex beam. Such experiment provides complete data on the azimuthal
behavior of a phase of the spatial coherence function. On the other hand, non-localized ring singularities of the spatial
coherence function and of the complex degree of coherence occurring in the radial distribution of a phase are detected
through conventional Young's interference experiment with two pinholes at an opaque screen. It is remarkable that the
last of the mentioned coherence phase singularities takes place, when amplitude zeroes of the field are absent. Instead of
this, the modulus of the complex degree of coherence vanishes alone.
Diagnostics of amplitude zeroes into polychromatic fields
Author(s):
O. V. Angelsky;
O. P. Maksimyak
Show Abstract
The technique of an inverted chromascope is introduced for determining the loci of amplitude zeroes for the spectral
components constituting a polychromatic radiation field. Applications of this technique for processing of experimentally
obtained (both by birefringence and for speckle fields) light distributions are demonstrated.
Diffraction of optical radiation at cylindrical lens
Author(s):
O. V. Angelsky;
I. M. Grigorashchuk;
O. P. Maksimyak
Show Abstract
The feasibilities of using interferometric and chromascopic techniques in the diagnostics of phase singularities and in the
study of a phase structure of the field in their vicinity are demonstrated. The peculiar evolution of singularities into
caustics produced by phase elements of singularity-generating objects of spherical and cylindrical shape are studied.
Spiral-like singular beams in gyrotropic crystals
Author(s):
A. Rubass;
T. Fadeyeva;
Yu. Egorov;
V. Shvedov;
A. Volyar;
A. Desyatnikov;
Yu. Kivshar
Show Abstract
Recent developments in solving a paraxial wave equation1 open new perspectives in theoretical analysis of
different types of singular beams stimulating in turn a great series of experimental investigations2,3. In particular, authors
of Ref.4 propose to use pure phase masks for creating a structurally stable helico-conical singular beam with spiral-like
intensity distribution. On the other hand, artificial phase masks need a great precision in their manufacturing connected
with a large industrial outlay. Because of a great interest is to use natural objects for generating singularities in beams.
Such objects are anisotropic crystals.
As is well-known, uniaxial and biaxial crystals serve as basic elements for generating optical vortices nested in
different types of singular beams5. The most amazing feature of the crystal is ability to create stable polychromatic
vortices with high energy effectiveness. In contrast to the method of computer-generated holograms6'7 the crystal forms a
white vortex-bearing beam without any additional gadgets.
The aim of the present article is to consider one more way permitting to generate singular beams bearing spiral
edge dislocations and optical vortices with the help of two gyrotropic crystals.
Rotational Doppler effect in weakly guiding optical fibers
Author(s):
Tatyana A. Fadeyeva;
Alexey N. Alexeyev;
Constantin N. Alexeyev
Show Abstract
In the article we consider some manifestations of the rotational Doppler effect in weakly guiding optical fibers. The fiber
chosen as a sample has a waveguide parameter V<3.8 that corresponds to eigen modes with azimuth indices l=0,1
realizing in the fiber. We showed the polarizer rotation in the radiation field to come to rotating an intensity zero. A zero
trajectory and rotation frequency depends on excitation conditions, a fiber length and an initial polarization state.
The analysis of the vortical and mode structure after the fiber
Author(s):
Tatyana A. Fadeyeva;
Alexey N. Alexeyev;
Kiril I. Kotlyarov;
Alexander V. Volyar
Show Abstract
In the article we present a computer simulation and experimental data of excitation coefficients of fiber eigen modes. As
experimental samples we chose two types of weakly guiding fibers: isotropic and highly birefringent ones with a round
cross-section. Calculation of the mode weights is accomplished by means of a geometrical analysis of a beam image
structure behind the fiber. In particular, we employed geometrical properties of intensity-level-lines near a fiber core.
Such approach enabled us to estimate mode weights as well different mode groups as separate modes inside the group.
Intensity and polarization transformation in coherent vector fields
Author(s):
Mykhaylo Yu. Sakhnovskiy;
Ivan I. Budzulyak;
Bogdan M. Tymochko;
Miroslav T. Strinadko
Show Abstract
When forming optical fields by coherent partial beams there appears a stationary field with a certain distribution of
intensity and polarization in each point of the fixed plane. The beams are considered to be of random polarization states
and different directions ofwave vectors.
Characterization and applications of a pure phase reflective liquid crystal spatial light modulator
Author(s):
Joaquín Otón Pérez;
Pierre Ambs
Show Abstract
We present the characterization of a pure phase reflective liquid crystal spatial light modulator. This modulator is
electrically addressed and is based on nematic liquid crystal. Its performance in terms of frame rate, phase modulation
versus gray level and wavefront distortion is experimentally evaluated. It is shown that after adding phase compensation
and applying an appropriate Look-Up-Table, this spatial light modulator is an excellent candidate for applications such
as dynamic diffractive optical elements, wavefront generation and dynamic zoom lens.
Image processing tools dedicated to quantification in 3D fluorescence microscopy
Author(s):
A. Dieterlen;
A. De Meyer;
B. Colicchio;
S. Le Calvez;
O. Haeberlé;
S. Jacquey
Show Abstract
3-D optical fluorescent microscopy now becomes an efficient tool for the volume investigation of living biological
samples. Developments in instrumentation have permitted to beat off the conventional Abbe limit. In any case the
recorded image can be described by the convolution equation between the original object and the Point Spread Function
(PSF) of the acquisition system. Due to the finite resolution of the instrument, the original object is recorded with
distortions and blurring, and contaminated by noise. This induces that relevant biological information cannot be
extracted directly from raw data stacks.
If the goal is 3-D quantitative analysis, then to assess optimal performance of the instrument and to ensure the data
acquisition reproducibility, the system characterization is mandatory. The PSF represents the properties of the image
acquisition system; we have proposed the use of statistical tools and Zernike moments to describe a 3-D PSF system and
to quantify the variation of the PSF. This first step toward standardization is helpful to define an acquisition protocol
optimizing exploitation of the microscope depending on the studied biological sample.
Before the extraction of geometrical information and/or intensities quantification, the data restoration is mandatory.
Reduction of out-of-focus light is carried out computationally by deconvolution process. But other phenomena occur
during acquisition, like fluorescence photo degradation named "bleaching", inducing an alteration of information
needed for restoration. Therefore, we have developed a protocol to pre-process data before the application of
deconvolution algorithms.
A large number of deconvolution methods have been described and are now available in commercial package. One
major difficulty to use this software is the introduction by the user of the "best" regularization parameters. We have
pointed out that automating the choice of the regularization level; also greatly improves the reliability of the
measurements although it facilitates the use. Furthermore, to increase the quality and the repeatability of quantitative
measurements a pre-filtering of images improves the stability of deconvolution process. In the same way, the PSF prefiltering
stabilizes the deconvolution process. We have shown that Zemike polynomials can be used to reconstruct
experimental PSF, preserving system characteristics and removing the noise contained in the PSF.
Direct laser etching of transparent materials: high quality surface patterning and figuring for micro-optical applications
Author(s):
R. Böhme;
K. Zimmer;
B. Rauschenbach
Show Abstract
The etching of transparent materials with high precision and high quality is still a challenge for laser processing. Laser backside etching allows the processing of transparent materials with pulsed UV-lasers. The laser-etched structures in fused silica are characterized by a high fidelity and a low surface roughness. Different machining techniques were applied for laser etching of binary and three-dimensional microstructures with micron and sub-micron sizes. Applying contour mask technique micro sized cylindrical lens and prism array were fabricated. Using small spot laser written gratings with uniform or variable depth was machined with nanometer depth resolution and the etching of free-form surfaces with a size of 1 mm2 and a P-V-value of less than 1 micron by means of laser scanning is demonstrated. Additionally, graded multilevel elements and submicron gratings were engraved with nanometer depth accuracy applying mask projection techniques.
3D optical measuring technologies and systems for scientific and industrial applications
Author(s):
Yuri V. Chugui;
Alexander G. Verkhogliad;
Michael F. Stupak
Show Abstract
For solving of actual problems in material science, industry TDI STE SB RAS has developed some 3D opto-electromc
measuring technologies and systems for dimensional inspection. Applications and results of industrial testing of laser
measuring machine, opto-electronic shadow system and optical low-coherent radar as well as automatic laser diagnostic
systems, laser technological system for scientific and industrial applications are discussed.
Numerical investigation of energy transport along chains of silver nanorods and nanoplates
Author(s):
J. Pniewski;
W. M. Saj;
T. J. Antosiewicz;
T. Szoplik
Show Abstract
We examine the propagation of energy along chains of silver nanoelements oriented perpendicularly to the flow of light
and ordered in several ways. The first chain is composed ofvertical silver nanorods arranged in a hexagonal lattice. The
second one consists of vertical elongated nanoplates that form a herring-bone pattern. In the third, distribution of
vertically oriented nanoplates recalls footsteps. The chains are embedded in a medium with refractive index n = 1 and
1.5. Incident polarized Gaussian beams propagate along chains of nanoelements and have electric field components
oriented transversally with respect to the vertical nanoelements. Transport of energy is investigated with the Finite
Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method for visible and infrared range ofwavelengths, where the Drude model is valid.
Propagation constants and attenuation factors are calculated. Losses are due to absorption in metal and light scattering on
structure elements. In the analyzed structures, energy is transported due to localized surface plasmons-polaritons, where
the amplitude of optical fields is locally enhanced by orders of magnitude. This property might be useful in the
construction of nanoscale photonic devices. The smaller the metallic elements are, the stronger is the concentration of
energy. Waveguides of that form may be used for creating a medium with novel effective electromagnetic properties.
On the fractal model of a rough surface
Author(s):
S. B. Yermolenko;
D. N. Burkovets;
A. G. Prydiy
Show Abstract
The paper deals with investigating different rough surface structure obtained by using classical processing techniques. It
is shown that the structure, or the nature of the formation of traditional rough surfaces obtained at the processing by free
abrasive of different sizes is fractal.
Peculiarities of the formation of the mirror component by rough surface
Author(s):
Mykhaylo Yu. Sakhnovskiy;
Myroslav T. Strynadko;
Bogdan M. Tymochko
Show Abstract
It's investigated the formation principles of the mirrored polarized radiation by rough surface on the model basis of
statistically oriented micro flats with distinctive distribution of their altitudes and slope angles. Mirror component is
formed as the result of waves' interference that are reflected from the statistically oriented micro flats, which normals
assign solid angle and responds to the first diffracting speck. We'll receive normalized Mueller matrix of mirror
reflection for the isotropic rough surface, integrating Jones vector of the average statistical micro flat within the limits
of the first diffracting speck. It is typical that there is no beam depolarization for the mirror component.
Complying with certain conditions we'll receive the situation when the reflected beam intensity of p-polarization for
rough surface predominates the corresponding value for the polished one in pan angles. This effect is especially
visualized in the field of the working hade. It can be explained on the ground of two phenomena: change of the
effective refraction coefficient of the reflecting surface due to the microscopic defects and interference from the
statistically oriented micro flats of the distinctive size, that is larger than wave length. At the same time intensity of scomponent
in the reflected beam from rough surface is always lower than correspondent value for the polished one.
Reconstruction of macroform of strongly scattering object from its speckle-field
Author(s):
Mickolay M. Dominikov
Show Abstract
It is fruitful to use referent waves in coherent registration and recognition systems. We use the Rau's concept concerning
spatial heterodyning and detecting differences in spatial distribution of light- scattering objects and identification of a
macroform in homodyne process as well. We also use a co-axially imposed reference wave for reconstructing the image
of strongly scattering phase-inhomogeneous object.
Experimental investigations of light depolarization under multiple scattering
Author(s):
Oksana I. Barchuk;
Andrey A. Goloborodko;
Vitalij N. Kurashov;
Yevgen A. Oberemok;
Sergey N. Savenkov
Show Abstract
Polarization characteristics of optical radiation for multiple scattering by diffttse interfaces are investigated in this
work. The experimental results that confirm to theoretical dependence both quality as quantitatively within the limits of
errors were obtained. It is shown that refraction index change causes significant changes of the polarization degree of the
scattered radiation.
The simulation and examination of the volumetric line spread function of the photographic material
Author(s):
Oleg Kozakov
Show Abstract
The simulation ofthe volumetric line spread function ofthe halogens silver photographic material has been done by
the statistical simulation method (Monte-Carlo method). The form changing of the line spread function of the
elementary emulsion layers has been analyzed. It is shown that in accordance with the depth increase the form of the
line spread function consequently changes: two-exponential, exponential and Gaussian form. The information
concerning various spatial frequencies transfer by the layer is distributed not evenly along the emulsion layer
thickness: high spatial frequencies are fixed mainly at the surface layers, medium spatial frequencies are located at
different depth points of subsurface layers, low spatial frequencies are registered evenly along the whole thickness
of the emulsion layer. One of the possible ways how to increase the central sharpness properties ofthe photographic
material has been proposed.
Simulation of radiation regime into paint coatings
Author(s):
Oleg N. Kozakov
Show Abstract
A method of calculating the integral and differential characteristics of paints is proposed. The method is based on
statistical simulation (the Monte Carlo method). For white alkyd enamel formed on the basis of titanium dioxide, the
results of calculations of the reflectance, absorptance, covering power, and distribution of the absorbed energy over
the layer as a whole, along with the absorptance ofthe pigment and the binder separately, are presented.
Longitudinal thermo-e-r-s in orthogonal quantizing magnetic field
Author(s):
Igor I. Pinchuk
Show Abstract
Entrainment of thermo-e-r-s in arbitrary quantizing magnetic fields that were orthogonal to the temperature gradient,
allowing for dispersion of current carriers on phonons with help of deformation and piezoelectric interaction during the
influence non-electronic systems of long wavelength photon relaxation have been considered.
Formation of quantum dots in heterostructures in mixed diffusion conditions
Author(s):
R. D. Vengrenovich;
A. V. Moskalyuk;
S. V. Yarema
Show Abstract
The size distribution function of islands at semiconductor heterostructures has been computed within the framework
ofthe Ostwald ripening, when island growth is provided by dislocation-surface diffusion. It is shown that, in respect
to root-mean square deviations of the computed dependences, the proposed mechanism of island growth corresponds
to the series of experimental quantum dot arrays in heterostructure Ge/Si (001).
Noise mechanism of reentrant transition in exciton optical bistable system
Author(s):
Yuriy Gudyma;
Bohdan Ivans'kii;
Oleksandr Semenko
Show Abstract
We study a reentrant transition in exciton optical bistable system in the presence of multiplicative noise. The reentrant
behavior is predictable for specific values of the system control parameter while increasing the multiplicative noise intensity.
The system of Wannier-Mott excitons exhibits bistable mono-stable transitions in a window of intermediate amplitudes of
multiplicative noise intensity demonstrating its destructive and constructive role.
The influence of optical parameters of intermediate medium on the extinction matrix of oriented particles layer
Author(s):
A. D. Arkhelyuk;
L. I. Podkamen
Show Abstract
In the present paper the methodic of laboratory experimental realization in the investigation of polarization
characteristics of atmospheric structures like crystal clouds is observed. The investigation results of functional
characteristics of extinction matrixes non-zero components' and back-scattering matrixes of model environment
from its optical thickness and orientation angles of non-spherical particles are given.
Polarization characteristics of thin layer of nematic liquid crystal at different temperatures
Author(s):
A. D. Arkhelyuk;
L. I. Podkamen
Show Abstract
The regularities of polarized light scattering by thin layer of nematic liquid crystal (NLC) at different temperatures
including frozen state are presented in this work. The direct extinction matrix and matrix of diffusion light scattering of
NLC are measured. The symmetry character of given matrixes is defined. It is shown, that both structure and regularities
of angular course of nonzero components change depending on orientation angle of NLC director for both matrixes.
Most dynamic changes are registered for the angular course of f 12 (f 21) and f 23 ( f 32 )components in the range of
large scattering angles, especially when angle of director orientation with respect to the probing beam direction is equal
to 45° . For the investigation of different states of NLC director orientation the method of it change in controllable
electric field was used. A qualitative relationship between f 44 , f 33 , f 12 f 21 , f 23 (f 32) values and orientation angle
of NLC director is defined during the analysis of experimental results.
A new vision of imaging from a historical perspective
Author(s):
Joseph N. Mait
Show Abstract
The history of imaging is a continuous cycle of advances in science and technology beginning with observations made
with crude technology, which lead to new science and, finally, to advances in technology. I recount the history of
optical imaging to place in perspective three distinct trends present in imaging research today: computational imaging,
engineered materials, and quantum imaging.
Application of digital hologram apodization for surface shape measurement methods
Author(s):
R. Jóźwicki;
J. Bartold;
M. Prytulak
Show Abstract
Digital holography has a limited possibility to reconstruct object details because of an insufficient pixel number of
commercially available CCD cameras. Software hologram apodization introduces an additional damping of registered
object information and, in general, it can be considered as a disadvantageous process. However, for the reconstruction
of phase objects in digital holography the unwrapping procedures are indispensable. Moreover, for surfaces with
considerable roughness depth there are large phase changes between neighbor CCD camera pixels. Therefore
unwrapping procedures can introduce essential errors to reconstructed phase images. In the paper, besides general
considerations on the apodization in digital holography, experimental and computer simulation results of the hologram
apodization for surface shape measurements are presented.
Wave front engineering by means of diffractive optical elements for applications in microscopy
Author(s):
Dan Cojoc;
Enrico Ferrari;
Valeria Garbin;
Stefano Cabrini;
Alessandro Carpentiero;
Mauro Prasciolu;
Luca Businaro;
Burchard Kaulich;
Enzo Di Fabrizio
Show Abstract
We present a unified view regarding the use of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) for microscopy applications a wide
range of electromagnetic spectrum. The unified treatment is realized through the design and fabrication of DOE through
which wave front beam shaping is obtained. In particular we show applications ranging from micromanipulation using
optical tweezers to X-ray differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. We report some details on the design and
physical implementation of diffractive elements that beside focusing perform also other optical functions: beam
splitting, beam intensity and phase redistribution or mode conversion. Laser beam splitting is used for multiple trapping
and independent manipulation of spherical micro beads and for direct trapping and manipulation of biological cells with
non-spherical shapes. Another application is the Gauss to Laguerre-Gaussian mode conversion, which allows to trap
and transfer orbital angular momentum of light to micro particles with high refractive index and to trap and manipulate
low index particles. These experiments are performed in an inverted optical microscope coupled with an infrared laser
beam and a spatial light modulator for DOEs implementation. High resolution optics, fabricated by means of e-beam
lithography, are demonstrated to control the intensity and the phase of the sheared beams in X-ray DIC microscopy.
DIC experiments with phase objects reveal a dramatic increase in image contrast compared to bright-field X-ray
microscopy.
Lippmann-Bragg holography as a tool for mode structure measurements
Author(s):
Yuri N. Zakharov
Show Abstract
Mode structure of semiconductor lasers may be scrutinized closely by reconstructed hologram image analysis if one use
specially prepared test object. On the other hand specially selected mode structure of illumination enables to test surface
condition. We make good use of Lippmann-Bragg holography setup to achieve these purposes.
Transformation of coherent and angular characteristics of pulse radiation at self-modulation in non-homogeneous multi-mode waveguides
Author(s):
A. I. Kitsak;
M. A. Kitsak
Show Abstract
There has been offered a method oftransformation of spatial coherency of pulse laser
radiation based on the phase self-modulation in multi-mode waveguide. We have conducted
analysis of the peculiarities of the transfer of correlation properties of the radiation in
gradient waveguide with regular and non-regular core's refraction index profile distribution.
We have also conducted a comparative analysis of the global coherency degree parameter of
the radiation at the end of non-homogeneous waveguide and non-waveguide media. We
show that the most effective mechanism of decorrelation of pulse radiation in the waveguide
is the fluctuations of radiation phase scattered on the heterogeneousness of the waveguide's
core refraction index; the fluctuations being induced at non-linear interaction of the radiation
with spatially non-uniform intensity distribution.
Synthesized phase objects used instead of real ones for optical-digital recognition systems: experiment
Author(s):
Pavel V. Yezhov;
Alexander V. Kuzmenko;
Tatiana N. Smirnova;
Andriy A. Ivanovskyy
Show Abstract
The method of pattern recognition based on replacement of object images incoming to the correlator input
by object-dependent synthesized phase objects calculated using the iterative Fourier-transform algorithm was
developed by us earlier. In this work, we performed experimental testing the above method by using an opticaldigital
4F-correlator. Synthesized phase objects were introduced into the correlator through the spatial light
modulator LC 2002. Holographic matched filters were recorded using self-developing photopolymers PPC-488.
For two test objects, we obtained unified (δ-like) correlation signals with the signal-to-noise ratio reaching 24
dB, while the diffraction efficiency of these filters was up to 30%.
Spectral analysis of the optical spectrum on the basis of radiofrequency selection
Author(s):
M. Yu. Sakhnovskiy;
B. M. Tymochko;
M. T. Strinadko
Show Abstract
The method of radio frequency selection of the optical spectrum has been considered earlier. It allows determining the
radiated optical spectrum according to time dependence of the outcome signal of biradiate interferometer with the
sawtooth motion change.
Temperature genesis of an exciton absorption band in 2H- and 4H-politypes of PBI2
Author(s):
N. K. Kramar;
V. M. Kramar;
Yu. M. Kachmarskii
Show Abstract
The reasons of experimentally observed in 2H- and 4H-politypes of layer semiconductor PbI2 anomalous
temperature-depending behavior of the exciton absorption bands in the low-temperature region have been
investigated. The influence of the weak exciton-phonon interaction of quadratic energy dispersion of Vanier-
Mott's exciton with the nondisperse optical, and both the low-energy optical and acoustic bending-wave type
phonons there has been considered. It was shown that the low-temperature dynamics of an exciton absorption peak
shift in 2H-politype of the lead iodide crystals is related with the concurrent influence of two exciton energy
relaxation mechanisms - on both the bending waves and the lattice optical phonons, but in the case of 4H-politype - the influence of the low-energy optical phonons must be taken into account.
Stochastization of optical radiation scattered by liquid crystals
Author(s):
M. S. Gavrylyak;
P. P. Maksimyak
Show Abstract
This paper represents the results of investigating the Lyapunov's a maximal index and the autocorrelation function halfwidth
of optical radiation intensity scattered by nematic liquid crystal during phase transition liquid - liquid crystal and
liquid crystal - liquid from crystal thickness. It has been shown that chaos in the scattered field increases with the
growth ofplate thickness ofliquid crystal.
The peculiarities of optical bistability realization in the exciton absorption region of layer semiconductors
Author(s):
Olexander V. Derevyanchuk;
Claudia Yu. Zenkova;
Valeriy M. Kramar;
Natallya K. Kramary
Show Abstract
The influence of the exciton and phonon spectra of layer semiconductors on the conditions of optical bistability (OB)
realization in the exciton absorption region is investigated by means of the Green function method. Using the 2H-polytype
PbI2 as an example, it has been found that an effective exciton scattering by an oscillation of the bending wave (BW) type
leads to the short wave shift of the OB realization region, the decrease of its size, the widening of the OB observing
temperature region and to the shift of the hysteresis loop in the direction of greater intensities, the decrease of its height and
width. The possibility of observing the polarizable OB, connected with the direction of spreading and the insident light
polarization dependence ofthe layer crystal exciton spectra is substantiated in this paper.
Process of thermalization of charge carriers in amorphous molecular semiconductors
Author(s):
Y. Barabash;
V. Kharkyanen;
M. Zabolotny;
T. Zabolotnaya
Show Abstract
Thermalization process in photosensitive amorphous molecular semiconductors are theoretically considered from standpoint
of their parameters, namely: thermalization time, thermalization length. The heat electron formed in consequence of
absorption of the light quantum by semiconductor molecules loses his surplus energy in the time of inelastic interaction
with neighbouring atoms. The results of theoretical predictions are confirmed by the experimental ones obtained for a
number ofmolecular semiconductors
The photoinduced change in molecules of reaction center
Author(s):
Y. Barabash;
V. Kharkyanen;
A. Kudrjavtsev;
M. Zabolotny;
N. Sokolov
Show Abstract
This paper concerns with our measurements of reaction center (RC) volume changes in the course of photoactivation
using method of holographic interferometry. As a principal value, we studed change of a solution refraction index (Δn)
influenced by the sample volume expansion due to temperature changes (ΔnT), light absorption (Δnabs) and changes in the
volume of photoactive molecules (Δnv). Using the scheme of temperature compensation we could reduce the task of the
case ΔnT << Δnabs, Δn Our estimation for the case of a protein solution yields in relative changes in the molecular volume withing 10-3 + 10-2.
Charge carrier generation in photosensitive amorphous molecular semiconductors
Author(s):
Y. Barabash;
V. Kharkyanen;
M. Zabolotny;
T. Zabolotnaya
Show Abstract
Thermalization process in photosensitive amorphous molecular semiconductors are theoretically considered from standpoint
of their parameters, namely: thermalization time, thermalization length. The heat electron formed in consequence
of absorption of the light quantum by semiconductor molecules loses his surplus energy in the time of inelastic interaction
with neighbouring atoms. The results of theoretical predictions are confirmed by the experimental ones obtained for
a number of molecular semiconductors (anthracene, pentacene, PVC, PEPC).
Blood aggregate size and velocity during blood sedimentation
Author(s):
B. Grzegorzewski;
A. Kempczyński
Show Abstract
The purpose of the study is to investigate the kinetics of red blood cell aggregates during sedimentation by
means of an optical imaging. Sedimentation of normal red blood cells at 5% haematocrit in autologous plasma and the
sedimentation of glutaraldehyde-hardened red blood cells was investigated. The sedimentation experiment lasted 30
minutes and changes of light intensity in the image plane of a 4f imaging system were recorded. The settling aggregate
traces were extracted by a temporary analysis of those light intensity fluctuations and with the use of two-dimensional
Fourier transform the velocity of the aggregates was obtained. From a spatial analysis of the light intensity fluctuations
the correlation functions of the intensity were calculated and in this way the size of settling aggregates was achieved. We
have shown that with the use of these methods we can find the velocity and size of aggregates formed during the
sedimentation process. We have shown the influence of glutaraldehyde on the aggregate velocity and aggregate size.
Novel high-throughput optical scanning microscope system for a digital clinic
Author(s):
V. Pilipenko;
I. Aksit;
K. Bünger;
D. Frekers;
H.-P. Schmitz-Borchert
Show Abstract
We present a novel technique for high-speed image acquisition for traditional light microscopes. The technique can be
used for high-throughput scanning applications in all traditional fields of light microscopy. Because of the significant
speed increase in image acquisition, the technique offers a wide range of application potentials, foremost in a clinical
environment where it constitutes an enhanced diagnostic tool.
Laser measurements for biomedical applications
Author(s):
Ivan V. Fedosov;
Valery V. Tuchin
Show Abstract
Laser Doppler and laser speckle techniques for the measurements of blood and lymph flow velocity in different geometry
has been overviewed and compared. The application of laser Doppler techniques for the diagnostics of blood
microcirculation disorders in ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology and dentistry are described. Also the application of laser
speckle-correlation technique for the biomedical studies of lymphatic microcirculation is presented. Blood flow
measurements of both single vessel and tissue volume is discussed.
Computer simulation of the processes of inactivation of bacterial cells by dynamic low-coherent speckles
Author(s):
Onega V. Ulianova;
Sergey S. Ulyanov;
Elena V. Sazanova;
Zhang Zhihong;
Zhou Sibo;
Qingming Luo;
Irina Zudina;
Andrey Bednov
Show Abstract
Biochemical, biophysical and optical aspects of interaction of low-coherent light with bacterial cells have been discussed.
Influence of low-coherent speckles on the colonies grows is investigated. It has been demonstrated that effects of light on
the inhibition of cells (Francisella Tularensis) are connected with speckle dynamics. The regimes of illumination of cell
suspension with purpose of devitalization of hazard bacteria, caused very dangerous infections, such as tularemia, are
found. Mathematical model of interaction of low-coherent laser radiation with bacteria suspension has been proposed.
Computer simulations of the processes of laser-cells interaction have been carried out.
Studies on automatic analysis of polarization images of tissues for early diagnosis of neoplastic transformation
Author(s):
A. G. Ushenko;
N. Golnik;
A. Golnik;
T. Pałko;
Ye. G. Ushenko;
Yu. A. Ushenko;
Ye. Olar;
I. L. Begenar
Show Abstract
The interrelations between statistics of the 1st-4th orders of the totality of Mueller-matrix images and geometric structure
of birefringent architectonic nets of different morphological structure have been analyzed. It has been shown that the
third and the fourth statistical moments of matrix elements two-dimensional distributions are the most sensitive to
changing orientation structure of optically anisotropic protein fibrils of architectonics of physiologically normal and
pathologically changed biological tissues.
Luminescent spectroscopy of dry tailings urine
Author(s):
Olexander Bilyi;
Oleg Bordun;
Ivanna Yarynovska
Show Abstract
In the work the results of research of luminescent spectrums by photo excitation in the interval of waves lengths 250 -
550 nm and ofluminescent spectrums by the nitric laser (337,1 mn) excitation ofdiy tailings urinaryby the temperature
of 300oK are represented. In the spectral interval of 400 - 800 nm a wide bar of luminescence, intensity of which
depends on the type of excitation. was observed. It is set, that presence of salts with oxalate, urate and phosphatic
compositions in urine results in the move of maximum of luniinescent spectrums in the long-wave region of spectrum
and changes the intensity of luminescence. The possible mechanisms of the observed changes in the spectrums of
luminescence of dry urine tailings are examined in the work. The model of recombrnational processes which describe
the looked luminescent processes is offered. Possible explanations of the looked features in the spectrums of
luminescence combine with luminescence of nanobiological complexes, inorganic salts, urea and natural proteins enter
in composition of which.
Polarization singularities of the object field of skin surface
Author(s):
Yu. A. Ushenko
Show Abstract
The paper deals with the investigation of formation mechanisms of laser radiation polarization structure scattered by
human skin in two registration zones: a boundary field and a far zone of Fraunhofer's diffraction. There has been defined
the interrelation of optical and geometrical parameters of skin architectonics and formation conditions of polarization
singularities of scattered radiation field as well. There has been studied statistical and fractal polarization structure of
object fields of physiologically normal and pathologically changed skin. It has been shown that polarization singularities
of radiation scattered by sound skin samples have fractal coordinate structure. It is characteristic for fields of
pathologically changed skin to have statistical coordinate structure of polarization singularities in all diffraction zones.
Mueller-matrix reconstruction of biological tissue architectonics
Author(s):
Yu. A. Ushenko;
G. V. Sorochan;
Yu. Ya. Tomka;
O. Ya. Wanchulyak
Show Abstract
The self-similarity of Mueller-matrix speckle-images coordinate structure of physiologically normal and pathologically
changed skin derma has been analyzed for early diagnostics their pathological states. It has been shown that coordinate
geometric and optical construction of architectonic nets of physiologically normal biological tissues with different
morphology possesses fractal structure. Processes of pathological changes in BT form architectonic nets, the coordinate
distributions of which have random structure of orientation fibrillae angles and phase-shift values, brought by their
substance.
Complex degree of mutual polarization for biological tissue coherent images
Author(s):
Ye. G. Ushenko;
Yu. Ya. Tomka
Show Abstract
The article is directed to study of statistics of the complex degree of mutual polarization of biological tissues speckle-images.
The totality of diagnostic criteria (skewness and kurtosis of two-dimensional distributions of complex degree of
mutual polarization) of pathological changes of muscular, skin derma and bone tissues is defined.
High-order statistics of 2D distributions of the Stokes parameters of biological tissue images
Author(s):
Ye. G. Ushenko;
V. G. Savka;
I. G. Savka
Show Abstract
Polarization structure of the speckle-images of connective tissues histological sections in the terms of two-dimensional
distributions of the Stokes vectors parameters is analyzed. Statistical moments of the Stokes vector parameters of the
first-fours orders and autocorrelation functions of the speckle-images of physiologically normal and pathologically
changed connective tissue are analytically and theoretically investigated. The totality of statistical (mean value,
dispersion, skewness and kurtosis) parameters of two-dimensional distributions of the Stokes vector parameters and their
autocorrelation functions and the dispersion of power spectrum are found. The latter can be used during the early
diagnostics of connective tissues pre-cancer states.
Spectrophotometer properties of vein blood plasma in UF-region patients with sharp surgical pathology of abdominal region organs
Author(s):
S. G. Guminestskij;
I. J. Polianski;
A. V. Motrich;
F. W. Grunchuk
Show Abstract
It is set that there are two maximums in UF- region absorption of vein blood plasma of a man: at λ = 235 nm and at λ =
280 nm. It is shown that there are the substantial changes of values of the optical density D comparative with controls
(for donors) exactly in a maximum at development of sharp surgical diseases of organs of abdominal region λ = 280 nm,
in that time as maximum at λ = 235 nm in this plan is not informing. Resulted results of researches of dynamics of
changes of optical properties of vein blood plasma in UF- region of patients with pathology of abdominal region organs
in after operating period (sharp appendicitis, sharp pancreatitis, intestinal impassability and others like that), which can
have the diagnostic value.
Diagnostic meaning of intestinal wall photoluminescence changes
Author(s):
R. M. Besaha;
F. V. Hrynchuk;
I. Yu. Polyansky
Show Abstract
Diagnostics of inflammatory-destructive diseases of the abdominal cavity organs is performed by the determined
spectra of luminescence of venous blood plasma. The shift of the photoluminescence maximum beginning with the
wave-length 469 nm into short-wave zone proves the presence of the acute inflammatory-destructive diseases and
exacerbation of the pathological process.
Semiconductor UV-radiation detectors for biology and medicine
Author(s):
V. P. Makhniy;
V. V. Melnyk;
M. M. Slyotov;
O. V. Stets
Show Abstract
The results of research on the basic properties of surface-barrier diodes based on ZnSe, GaN and ZnS in the context
of their possible use for detecting biologically active UV-radiation regions are presented.