We report a particular implementation of a quantum cryptographic device operating at 1540 nm wavelength and involving interference between phase-modulated sidebands produced by a pair of phase modulators in the transmitting and receiving modules. The principle of operation is described in terms of both classical and quantum optics. The method has been demonstrated experimentally using a strong- attenuated semiconductor laser diode. Single photon interference has been obtained with a fringe visibility greater than 90%, including that the system can be used for quantum key distribution.

The notion of the polarization guiding channel is introduced, justified and exemplified for some passive and dynamic optical devices.

It was shown that the well-known Sommerfeld's solution of the problem of a plane wave diffraction on a perfectly conductive half-plane screen can be expressed as a superposition of two waves, one being a plane wave with the amplitude twice smaller than the incident wave amplitude, and the other infinite-aperture wave with infinitely- extended edge dislocation. On the contrary with traditional components of the diffraction field, these wave can exist and propagate in free space separately with self-similar features.

Computer simulation of optical vortex diffraction on edge of nontransparent screen demonstrates the possibility for optical vortex to restore from the part of beam passing trough aperture. Regeneration of vortex is shown to take place for any part of the beam passing trough aperture, even if it does not contain vortex core.

We report the nucleation of wave front phase dislocations in a Gaussian beam with initially smooth wave front experienced the self-action in a nematic liquid crystal cell. It is shown experimentally that the structure of the aberrational rings appeared due to inducing of a nonlinear lens in liquid crystal bulk has more complicated character than mentioned earlier.

Novel approach for the analysis of singularities in vector fields has been proposed. The essence of this approach is scalar consideration of the phase vortices at the orthogonal field components. The new type of vortices are introduced, namely the phase-difference vortices. The sign principle for the phase-difference vortices is formulated. An interconnection between the characteristics of the complete system of phase vortices associated with orthogonal field components, the behavior of an azimuth of a linearly polarized electrical field at an s-contour, and the polarization singularities, dislocations is established. The feasibility for comprehensive estimation of the characteristics of temporal singularities based on the measurement of the stationary field parameters is shown both theoretically and experimentally. Some elementary polarization situations are analyzed on the basis of the developed approach. The obtained results are extended to the case of quasi-uniform in polarization fields.

In the approximation of paraxial optics it is agreed, that the distribution of a light flow in a laser field does not depend on the state of polarization of a mode beam. Such approximation is justified as long as the wave objects are being investigated in scales, considerably exceeding the length of light. Nevertheless, at research of field structure in optical fibers and in the waist of a Gaussian beam after short-focus microobjective the effects of polarization begin to play an essential role. So in work for speckle structure and in work for wave caustics of the field of a multimode fiber the dependence of location of zeros and maxima of field on a polarization state of light was discovered. This effect has received the name of optical Magnus effect. The physical nature of this effect is connected with spin-orbital interaction in a wave field, and essentially depends on the gradient of a refractive index of optical medium. However for mode beams propagating in a free space such effect takes no place since the gradient of a refractive index is zero. At the same time in recent works on the basis of estimated accounts the conclusion about possible manifestation of optical Magnus effect was mae in strongly focused Gaussian beams propagating in a free space. The value of linear displacement according to estimates given in these works has the order of a wave length fraction. Researchers submitted in work, show that the structure of a paraxial Gaussian beam depends on it's state of polarization. The objective of the present work was theoretical and experimental investigation of polarization structure of paraxial and nonparaxial Gaussian beams propagating in a free space.

The singular structure of Gaussian beam are discussed. It is found out that the Gaussian beam may be represented as set of straight lines placed on a hyperbolic surface. It is shown that a wave front of this beam is a function of a point source, but the distance of from the origin point to the wave front surface is a complex magnitude. An argument of this complex function is a beam topological phase which characterizes a wave front rotation. Singularities manifold placed at the beam focal plane is ring edge dislocations. Dislocation reaction processes are begun if only there is a diffractive wave resulted a scattering at a phase or opaque obstacle.

At the present paper several aspects of birth, death and evolution of optical dipoles connected with phase conversion are observed. For description of this effect a theory of the Gaussian beams in inhomogeneous, isotropic media was employed. Experimental research of an optical dipoles evolution at the near wave region agrees the used theory. The large efficiency of a Gaussian beam conversion into the optical dipoles bearing beam was achieved.

A fiber cross-section altering induces eigen mode structure deformation. In turn, this field structure deformation may results changing of eigen guided vortex features or their completely decay of the vortices structure. In the given paper, there introduces the topological deformation coefficient Q for a vortex behavior description into perturbed low-mode fibers. It is found out, that even small fiber cross-section deformations can course a large vortex field structural changing. If this deformations are uniformly distributed over a fiber, Q value is periodically altered along the waveguide. Similar vortex structure deformation appears in coupled fibers where the fibers are nearly placed each other.

Propagation process of optical impulse vortex train in a medium with an anomalous dispersion is connected with the periodic resonance transforming energy from transverse to longitudinal component of light field and changing of a form pulse. The singularity areas of two impulse vortices interaction are found due to the theoretical study.

Macroscopic continuity equation for the angular momentum (AM) of radiation, valid in arbitrary media, is built. The expression for sources of the AM are obtained. On the basis of the equation the stability of the total AM flux in round weakly guiding optical fibers with elliptically deformed section is investigated. The conservation of the total AM flux of the circular optical vortex in the first order in deformation is demonstrated. On the basis of the equation an approximate expression for the torque acting on an absorbing particle in arbitrary electromagnetic field is obtained. The comparison with the know results is carried out.

Macroscopic continuity equation for spin momentum of radiation in vacuum is obtained. On the basis of continuity equations for spin and angular momentum (AM) the refined description of the classical R.A. Beth's experiment (that is with the of reflections on both the faces of the plate) is developed. It is demonstrated that a quarter-wavelength plate transforms a spin flux--0 radiation field into a spin flux--1 one. The effect of nonmonochromaticity of the incident beam is studied. The passage of beams with their own AM and finite lateral extent through a quarter-wave plate is considered.

The experimental and theoretical explorations of a nonparaxial Gaussian beam truncated by an aperture are discussed. A paraxial Gaussian beam passed through a short- focusing lens and forms Airy ring pattern near a waist plane. Altering of the waist beam parameter, z_o, induces the reorganization of the rings pattern. There arisen an appearance and a disappearance of the ring edge dislocation.

The results of theoretical and experimental studying of birth and death events and evolution process of degenerated combined mode singularities in low-mode optical fiber are presented in this paper. It is shown, that a topological birefringence phenomenon in a fiber is manifested as the birth, death and metamorphosis events of field singularities and it could be divided into two stages: (1) the wavefield rotation around the optical axis (circular birefringence); (2) the cyclic deformation of the field structure (linear birefringence). To describe the field state at the intermediate fiber cross-section, one was introduced the characteristic surface given by the transversal components of vector Poynting. The wave process flow in this field is characterized by topological reactions of the singular points on the characteristic surface.

This paper devotes to a problem of the whole description of birth, death and explosion events of vectorial singularities in low-mode fiber vortex fields. Life tracks of these singular events are represented by terms of the vector Poynting fields, namely, there are current and pseudophase lines, and topological pseudocharges as well. All set of these vectorial singularities joins the total topological index and total topological pseudocharge conservation laws. As an example, it is discussed the Optical Rytov-Magnus effect and a topological birefringence for high-order vectorial vortices in a low-mode fiber.

General analysis of energy transport and momentum density of a paraxial light beam is presented. Usually these exist transverse components of which the tangential one corresponds to energy circulation around the beam axis. This circulation produces the mechanical angular momentum of the beam that exists independently on polarization state of radiation. In particular, non-zero angular momentum is typical for the beam with wave front dislocation; e.g., angular momentum of a Laguerre-Gaussian beam with axial symmetry and zero magnitude at the axis beam has the same value that a plane circularly polarized wave of equal energy holds.

This article covers recent theoretical and experimental observations of self-trapping incoherent bright and `dark' beams, or bright and dark incoherent spatial solitons.

In this talk I shall show you how the electro-optic effect is modified by elasticity and also give a few applications from the field of volume-holography in photo-refractive crystals. I shall also comment on a striking similarity between the electro-optic effect owing to elasticity and the magnetostatic field owing to a distribution of electric currents.

The electronic structure of the layer compound PbI₂ is calculated by use of the pseudopotential method. The norm- conserving nonlocal form factors of pseudopotential were constructed according to Bachelet-Hamann-Schluter scheme. From the pseudowavefunctions the imaginary part of dielectric function were computed in order to obtain the absorption spectra of PbI₂ in fundamental region. On these way the integration over kyields space within the irreducible part of Brillouin zone was performed in framework of special points method.

The influence of an external magnetic field on optical features of semiconductor exciton spectra is researched in this work. It is shown that the magnetic field brings about the shift of the exciton level in the high-energy spectrum area. This causes the arising of a unique effect-- brightening-- of the crystal on the fixed external excitement frequency with the growth of the magnetic intensity value. The combination of electronic and magnetic characteristics of a crystal in an exciton frequency region opens new possibilities of giving control over the bistable behavior of the crystal. It is shown that the magnetic- optical response of a semiconductor on laser excitation generates bistable loops, both on the intensities of falling light (tau) (T) and in the size of the magnetic field-- (tau) (Hyields).

Investigations of photoinduced processes, which occur in alkali-halide crystals during volume hologram recording, are performed with the help of new holographic method. New diffusion-drift model of the charge carriers and defects migration in high gradient interference light field during hologram recording is offered.

The structure of the transmission dynamic grating, that is formed during four-wave mixing in photorefractive medium with non-local response, was theoretical investigated. It was obtained the steady state solution for the common case of four input waves with its arbitrary phases. It is shown, that the structure of the dynamic grating is differed by its grating amplitude distribution, which described by the `soliton'-like function. It was determined the manner, how the grating amplitude distribution is depending on parameters of input coupling beams: intensities ratio and phases of waves. Input variation of waves parameters brings two phenomena: (1) changing of the grating half-wide; (2) changing of the grating amplitude maximum position. It was shown what in case of four input wave it is possible to record any shape of the grating amplitude distribution by varying input waves intensities or phases.

The periodic `autowave' photoinduced light scattering process during steady-state optical excitation of the photorefractive ferroelectric crystal LiNbO₃ has been investigated. Autowave instability was considered for the crystals with cubic nonlinearity within the framework of the four-wave interactions. The transverse instability of the interacting fields was taken into account. The conditions for existence of such phenomenon were found. The influence of the photovoltaic effect and charge carriers diffusion on frequency spectrum of autowaves generation was studied.

In this paper we present the research line that we develop in pattern recognition of multichannel images, centered in the application of color images. Pattern recognition is performed through a multichannel correlation process. The correlation is applied to each channel, red, green and blue of the color image. The final recognition result is obtained by a combination of the information of the three monochromatic correlations. Two different approaches are proposed in order to improve the discrimination capability of the multichannel process. First, element-wise transformations over the multichannel images are used in order to enhance differences between channels. Then, the information in each channel is independent and the autocorrelation is enhanced with respect to the cross- correlations. The second approach involves the optimization of the matched phase-only filters used in every channel. This optimization is performed by means of a region of support. They are two complementary techniques that increase the discrimination capability and eliminate false alarms. The result is a better performance of the multichannel correlator for pattern recognition.

We propose a method for optical correlation-based intensity invariant pattern recognition. Our approach relays on a normalization of the correlation signal applicable in conjunction with simple linear or nonlinear filtering of any type. The normalization is based on the Holder's inequality if the input signal is segmented and on the Cauchy-Schwarz's inequality if more than one target object may be present in the input signal. We discuss the difference between our formula and the previously proposed simpler normalization, which is an approximation to the results obtained in the present paper. The performance of the normalized correlation with segmented and multiobject input is illustrated with numerical simulations.

Experimental data on the angular dependence of the amplitude function of the edge diffraction wave originating behind a metallic knife edge that is illuminated nonenlarged laser beam are represented. It is shown that the scalar diffraction theory approximation (in particular, so-called `Rubinowicz's representation of the Kirhhoff's diffraction integral) is valid up to the diffraction angle approximately 20⁶. Outside this angular region (especially at the diffraction angle from 60 degree(s) to 90 degree(s)), considerable polarization dependence of diffraction are observed. The obtained experimental data are discussed using various vector theories of diffraction. On the base of these results, some consequences of the scalar Young-Rubinowicz model of diffraction in holography are derived. In particular, the impulse response of a Young hologram is constructed following to Fourier optics approach, and the nature of the double contouring effect at the reconstruction of such a hologram is elucidated.

The aim of this paper is to compare genetic algorithms against direct point oriented coding in the design of binary phase Fourier holograms, computer generated. These are used as fan-out elements for free space optical interconnection. Genetic algorithms are optimization methods which model the natural process of genetic evolution. The configuration of the hologram is encoded to form a chromosome. To start the optimization, a population of different chromosomes randomly generated is considered. The chromosomes compete, mate and mutate until the best chromosome is obtained according to a cost function. After explaining the operators that are used by genetic algorithms, this paper presents two examples with 32 X 32 genes in a chromosome. The crossover type and the number of mutations are shown to be important factors which influence the convergence of the algorithm. GA is demonstrated to be a useful tool to design namely binary phase holograms of complicate structures.

Analysis of existing approaches to the problem of the physical realizability of experimentally obtained Mueller matrix has been carried out. The more physically clear approach has been suggested to answer the question whether experimentally obtained Mueller matrix is physically realizable with given experimental error. This method has been illustrated for Mueller matrices existed in polarimetric literature (Ramsey, Howell, etc). This method has been applied for the set of experimental Mueller matrices we have obtained as well.

Fizeau interferometer pattern analysis have carried out in the case of arbitrary slope beam illumination. Analysis get localization plane location and its dependence on wedge relative index of refraction and on the interferometer entrance mirror slope angle to the incident wave. The analyses fits experiment.

We constructed highly sensitive access system for polarized (Stokes parameters) optical beams component registration. It is based on magneto-optical modulation usage. We considered optical properties deflection from ideal for the optical elements that are kept by access system. That is compensator, magneto-optical modulator, and analyzer. For the compensator it's partial linear dichroism and the difference between phase confusion and standard one. For modulator it's partial double beam-reflection. We got total expression for access system signal. It gives main modulation harmonic due to any optical element orientation. This allows testing optical settings without using additional devices. We offered method of Stokes parameters definition. It compensates errors due to optical system parameter deflection from ideal.

In the process of practical creation the complicate integrated optical devices which include many different components (straight and curve waveguides, couplers, ring resonators etc.) it is difficult to provide preliminary theoretical calculation of real topology including lengths, gaps, radiuses of curvature and so on. This paper presents a practical step-by-step process of design the glass integrated optical unit for IO guroscope in which the next step is based on results of previous. Some experimental results are given in last part although the general success was not be obtained.

Correlation function of the concentration fluctuations near threshold of bistability origin is obtained in linear approximation. Anomalous large scattering of light in this region is predicted.

A method of small linear displacement determination with subnanometer accuracy, which is based on interaction of the interference field of two laser beams with a 3D holographic diffraction grating fastened on the moveable object, was suggested.

A unified approach to describing all the stages of a non- equilibrium phase transition of the first kind is proposed based on the analogy with the decomposition of a supersaturated solid solution without using the generalized thermodynamic potential. Expressions for the asymptotic particle size distribution function for the new phase at the late transition stages, as well as for the critical particle radius are obtained.

The paper describes an approach to optimization of passive infrared imaging systems based on maximization of the correlation between output signals of an idealized imaging system and a real one. This approach guarantees the optimal balance between temperature and spatial resolutions of the imaging system for any given test object. The paper represents a mathematical apparatus that binds a coefficient of correlation between the output signals with parameters of an imaging system such as focal distance, aperture diameter, dimensions of photosensitive element and etc. This apparatus allows to evaluate the performance and to get a merit function for optimization. Results of optimization and problems of identification of the best relationships between spatial temperature and resolutions are discussed.

In this paper we present the results of experimental investigation of wave-front distortion by anisotropic TeO₂ Bragg cell with off-axial geometry. The measurements have been carried out using Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor at visible wavelength (0.63 mkm) over the frequency range from 85 to 115 MHz. We have not noticed the significant dependence of phase distortion on frequency, nevertheless, they are in significant excess of measurement errors.

Intensity distributions and their correlation properties are investigated theoretically and experimentally for speckle fields produced by a double scattering process by means of a random fractal object and an ordinary phase screen. Speckle patterns generated in the Fraunhofer diffraction plane (a focal plane of a Fourier-transforming lens) of the second diffuser have clustered and self-similar appearances, and hence are regarded to be fractal. Their intensity correlation functions are shown to obey a power law. The similar intensity distributions and correlation properties are also observed in lateral planes at different distances from the lens. The correlation function in the longitudinal direction is also examined and found to have a power-law behavior, indicating the existence of 3D fractality of the field. Finally, fractality of speckle patterns produced in the Fresnel diffraction region of the ordinary diffuser is demonstrated.

The spectra of spatial frequencies of roughly polished glass are studied. The profile measurements carried out by means of contact profilometer and a tunnel scanning microscope have shown fractal-like dependence of spatial frequency spectra over the range of more than 1 decade. The parameters of fractal structure determined from measured spatial frequency spectra has been used for calculation of angle dependence of scattered radiation. The comparison between experimentally and theoretically obtained angle dependence of scattered radiation has shown a good agreement with fractal model of scattering surface.

Pre-fractal behavior of speckle intensity fluctuations induced due to coherent light scattering by multiply scattering disordered non-stationary systems is considered. Relations between parameters describing self-affinity of these fluctuations in statistical sense (such as Hurst coefficient, exponential factor or box dimension) and characteristics of asymptotic decay of effective optical paths density are discussed. Boundary and absorption effects as well as manifestation of transport length in the crossover region between multiple scattering and single scattering regimes are analyzed. Results of experiments carried out with model scattering media such as water suspensions of polystyrene spheres are presented.

Diffraction of radiation by Cantor set based multifractals is studied. Connection among dimension and level of an object's supporting fractal as well as its multifractal construction parameter and its diffraction pattern's singularity spectra and asymmetry parameters is searched. It has been shown that the position of singularity spectrum maximum depends on the dimension of the object's supporting fractal, singularity spectrum half-width as well as near- field pattern's asymmetry coefficient occurs to be acceptable for evaluation of the object construction ratio parameters, length of asymmetry coefficient saturation zone depends on the level of the object's supporting fractal.

Informativity of diffractals produced by the transformed (edge-enhanced or smoothed) 1D pre-fractals is investigated for example of the triadic Cantor set. It is shown that both the power spectra and the autocorrelation images of such fractals possess the features associated with self- similarity of the object.

In this paper we represent the results of an investigation concerning to some peculiarities of reproduction of the triadic Cantor set structure at the diffracted optical field. For the input fractal of the 5'th level, image fractals of all levels from 1 to 4 are observed at the diffracted field. The use of the wavelet-transform provides a noise suppressing at the images of different levels. The experimental results are shown to be in a good agreement with ones obtained through computer simulation.

The dimension parameters of the field, diffracted by 2D fractals, such as Sierpinski's carpets is studied using the theory of stochastic oscillations. The correlation exponent v is used as the parameter characterizing the spatial complexity of an optical field. This parameter gives the number of spatial harmonics with incommensurable periods by means of which the structure of the object can be described. Observed quadratic connection between v and fractals levels.

Multifractal analysis is performed for description of the surface topography of thin polycrystalline gold film. The film was obtained by thermal evaporation in vacuum. Its structure was modified by annealing at different temperatures in the range 20 - 200 degree(s)C. All films were imaged by Atomic Force Microscopy. Image was analyzed as a collection of layers taken parallel to the mean surface. Fractal subsets with different scaling properties were described by multifractal divergence (e.g. the difference between maximal and minimal values of the f((alpha) ) spectrum). This allowed us to highlight the effect of the temperature of film annealing on the surface structure. We found that fractal diversity jumps down in the temperature range 130 divided by 140 degree(s)C. Therefore, phase transition occurs in the system. Below the temperature of the phase transition the surface topography is characterized by high roughness and existence of small-scale irregularities. The melting also results in a decrease of the surface roughness due to the flowing down of gold crystallites. We also illustrate that surface transformation under low-temperature annealing changes the power spectral density and probability distribution of height functions.

We have studied the dynamics of the CuS fractal films formation induced by spatial patterns formed in oscillating chemical reaction--oxidation of ascorbic acid by air oxygen in the presence of hydrogen sulfide ions, methylene blue, and copper(II) coordination compound. The formation of the CuS film is observed in this system due to the slow reaction between copper(II) coordination compound and hydrogen sulfide ions. We show that the fractal dimension of the CuS film increases with time. We also estimated the multifractal spectrum of films formed during different time intervals. The multifractal divergence (e.g. the difference between maximal and minimal values of the f((alpha) ) spectrum) depends nonmonotonically on time. At the beginning of the film formation it decreases. After some interval of time it starts to increase. This observation allowed us to develop a method of synthesis of the CuS fractal films with different values of fractal divergencies. Moreover, we develop a technique to form the Cu²⁺-selective electrodes with fractal CuS surfaces. We found that selectivity and sensitivity of these electrodes depend on the value of the fractal divergence and do not depend on the fractal dimension.

In the paper some basic optical near field theoretical approaches will be explained as well as the principles of microscope set-ups. Application items as nanoscale topography with lateral superresolution, local spectroscopy of semiconductors, local fluorescence of dielectric films and achieving of higher data density of the recording medium will be also presented.

The possibility of realization of unified universal approach to the problem of rough surfaces diagnostic by using the fractal and correlation optics ideas as well as the wavelet transform theory.

It is known that intense laser radiation can produce motion of particles of micron or sub-micron size in suspensions. Such a light-induced motion is of practical importance for future medical and industrial applications of the effect. In dilute suspensions, the motion of suspended particles can be viewed by a microscope while in concentrated suspensions this is made impossible by multiple scattering of light on the particles. We propose to use the methods of optical correlation spectroscopy to acquire information about laser- induced particle flows in concentrated suspensions. We show that space-resolved measurements of time correlation function of multiply scattered light could provide both the typical velocity of laser-induced flow and the characteristic size of the flow region.

In modern standards on the covering power of a paint, the relation A equals R_BB//R_WB, where R_BB, R_WB- the reflectivity's of paints with the black and white substrate surfaces, respectively, is used as the criterion one. Here we compare this criterion with other definitions for a contrast. It is shown, that usage A equals R_WB-R_BB/R_WB + R_BB is the most appropriate to evaluate a covering power of a paint from the viewpoint of visual perception. The expedience for the present-day standards to be corrected is argumented through corresponding computations.

Formation of a Modulation Transfer Function of a photographic material over a volume of an emulsion layers is considered using the statistical simulation technique for an example of fine-grained photographic films. The results of simulation are compared with ones obtained experimentally by enzyme etching of a surface emulsion layer, as well as by the composed layers technique. The revealed regularities are explained by taking into account a changing behavior of an exposure on a deep of a photographic layers outside the region directly illuminated by the exposing beam.

The computation algorithm to obtain both integral and differential optical characteristics of paints based on statistical modeling (Monte-Carlo method) is proposed. The results of calculation of a reflectivity, an absorptivity, a covering power, a distribution of the energy absorbed by a layers as a whole, as well as an absorptivities of a pigment and binder separately are given for a zinc oxide-based paint.

Influences of slight and severe distortions, appearing under a focused load, on intensity oscillation in thickness of wedge-similar and flat Si crystals are investigated experimentally and by the numerical solution of Takagi equations. It is shown that scattering processes cause the bend and focusing (defocusing) x-ray trace during transmission through an environment with slowly varied refraction parameter in the case of slight distortions. In the region of severe distortions the processes of interbranch scattering take place.

Influence of 1D strains of different type on unusual x-ray transmission in Ge crystal is studied. The (111,1 11/200), (111,1 1 1/220) and (220,202/022) three-wave Laue diffractions of CuK_(alpha )-radiation are considered at (mu) t>10. Research is carried out by numerical solution of Takagi equation system. It is shown that 1D distortions (equidistant banding, acoustic strain and layer hidden under surface) caused different transformations of two- and three- wave scattering areas. Each of considered strains has its own distinctive influence on multiple unusual transmission. It is explained by various character of interaction between diffracted waves that leads to redistribution of intensity in three-wave area. In some cases the considerable enhancement of three-wave unusual transmission is observed at slight strains.

Research of structural changes in subsurface layers of Si single crystals during formatting amorphous layers hidden under the surface are carried out. It established, that phosphorus ion (with 180 keV energy and doze of the order 10¹⁵ ion/cm²) implantation and subsequent short-term temperature annealing at T equals 500 degree(s)C are caused great structural changes in subsurface areas. The great strains in direction perpendicular to interface are characteristic of structures formed in this way.

On the basis of the numerical solution of Takagi's equation system the influence of ultrasonic wave parameters on enhancement and suppression of diffraction contrast of microdefects on section topographs is investigated. Homogeneous (n equals 6,2 (DOT) 10⁵ cm^-3) and random (n equals 2,5 (DOT) 10⁷ cm^-3) distribution of microdefects in volume are considered for thin ((mu) t equals 1) and intermediate ((mu) t approximately equals 3) thickness of Si crystal. Influence of strain fields from microdefects and homogeneous strains from ultra sound on integral parameters of crystal perfection is studied.

The relationship between statistical structure parameters of rough surface and associated correlation parameters of scattered field is used to develop a method for rough surface diagnostics. The treatment is based on the model of random phase object with inhomogeneity phase dispersion. The proposed diagnostic method is applicable to arbitrarily shaped surfaces. The sensitivity limit of the method in measuring the standard deviation of surface profile from base line is about 0.003 micrometers .

The polyethylenetereftalat (PET) films are investigated in this paper. Computation of interference/polarization filters is performed, and a film quality is controlled as well as the transmittance spectra. Optical characterization of PET films has been carried out on several directions, including estimation of phase variance of the radiation passed the film; measuring of refraction index; measuring of surface roughness.

The peculiarities of interfacial structure of self-assembled layer of dodecanthiol on the gold surface determined by quasi-elastic light scattering were employed to probe the lateral distribution and preferred orientation of the thiol molecules within the monolayer. The analysis of Angle Resolved Scattering in the framework of theoretical description involving both scattering on surface roughness and nonuniformities of dielectric permittivity of the near- surface layer allowed to establish the presence of correlation in counterphase between distribution of the thickness of the thiol coating and the relief of the gold surface. The distribution of the scatters in the thiol film is similar to that in as-deposited film of gold that is evidence of the dominant role of the structure of the relief of gold film in formation of the thiol layers. The formation of thiol layer on surface of polycrystalline gold is a complex process including adsorption, local self-assembly and surface-induced distortion of organized structure primary in the region of surface cavities. This study confirmed the utility of the proposed approach based on the nondestructive analysis of organized interfacial layers for detection spatial distribution and chemical functionality of self-assembled monolayers in practical sensing devices.

This paper is concentrated on the analysis of certain coherent and polarimetric methods and instruments recently designed for tissue and cell structure and motion imaging and monitoring by the biomedical optics group of Saratov Scientific Center in Russia. Many other directions of optical speckle and polarimetric technologies for biomedicine, coherent interferometry and tomography, confocal and phase microscopy discussed in recent literature are also presented.

The nuclear part of adult bovine lens is investigated by means of static light scattering. The analysis of the angular intensity distribution of the scattered light permits to separate two temperature regions where different properties of the scattered light are observed. The hypothesis about the existence of binary liquid phase separation in the cytoplasm of the adult bovine lens is proposed. Accordingly, in the stable state of the cytoplasm the scattering occurs via structure elements of the lens only and the random density fluctuation theory is adopted to evaluate the parameters of the elements. On approach of the spinodal by lowering the temperature fluctuations characteristic for critical ones are deduced. The Orstein- Zernike theory adopted for analysis of these fluctuations shows that the temperature dependence of the respective correlation length is similar to the dependence for binary liquid phase separation. The spinodal temperature is estimated. In the temperature region below the spinodal protein aggregates and spheres polydisperse in size give rise to the scattering.

Formulas relating to diffraction of focused Gaussian beam from narrow blood microvessel have been derived. Vessel has been considered as a set of moving random screens. The correlation function of intensity fluctuations of statistically inhomogeneous speckled biospeckles has been studied with regard to flow measurement. It has been shown that the value of Doppler bandwidth in the scattering light essentially depends on the spatial velocity distribution in the blood flow.

Possibility of application of speckle interferometry for diagnostics in dentistry has been analyzed. Problem of standardization of the measuring procedure has been studied. Deviation of output characteristics of Doppler system for blood microcirculation measurements has been investigated. Dependence of form of Doppler spectrum on the degree of seriousness of diseases has been studied in experiments in vivo. Behavior of spectral moments of measuring signal during the treatment of parodontitis has been analyzed.

Recently the photometric and spectrophotometric methods of biotissue diagnostics, based on searching interrelation of scalar characteristics of optical radiation field with their structural parameters. The complex of investigation of transformation processes of linear-polarized radiation in biotissues has demonstrated the new possibilities of diagnostics of their pathological biotissues (human skin derma, with whit matter and tissues of the gray matter, tissue of aorta side, necrotic ulcer, bone tissue, etc.). The report presented deals with researching possibilities of laser polarized diagnostics of arising and proceeding of pathological changes of biotissue morphological structure.

The phase-polarized method of visualization of optical- anisotropy inhomogeneities of biotissues is proposed. It is based on the multifractal modeling of biotissue properties. The algorithm of receiving topograms of orientation of fractal domains of visualized architecture net of a biotissue is elaborated and approved experimentally.

The present paper deals with the research of laser radiation polarized structure, transformed by biotissue crystalline phase. It is urgent in creating optical methods of diagnostics of biotissue orientation and mineralized structure, and in modeling biocomposite materials as well.

The fractal nature of the majority of biological tissues and intensive development of laser diagnostics in biology and medicine are stimulate an interest to creation of new optical methods of diagnostics and analysis of properties of biological fractals. The present paper is dedicated to investigation of polarizational properties of cross layers of bone and muscle tissues.

The fractal nature of the majority of biological tissues and intensive development of laser diagnostics in biology and medicine are stimulated an interest to creation of new optical methods of diagnostics and analysis of properties of biological fractals.

Lately there is observed a considerable interest in studying the problems connected with the optimization of the structure and form of bones as biological constructions that cater for the necessary strength characteristics of the body as a whole and of different organs separately under the static and dynamic effect. The urgency of this investigation is conditioned, first and foremost, by the needs of medicine. The necessity of obtaining the results of this research arises when solving various problems connected with creating new technical and medicine composite materials on the basis of the structure of human compact bone tissue, prothesing of organs and tissues, etc.

Mueller matrix formalism has been used for the analysis of polarization properties for microalgae with different content and structure of cells' wall. Using microalgae from different systematic groups: Cyanobacteria (murein cells' wall)--Anabaena hassalii (Kuetz) Wittr., Microcystis aeruginosa Kuetz. emend. Elenk., and Chlorophyta (cellulose)--Ankistradesmus fusiformas Corda. The dependence of obtained polarization properties of microalgae from morphological peculiarities of cells and its sizes was discussed.

We researched the biosystem reaction to the amplitude changes of generating force. The possibility of additional frequencies in chronorythms' structure is indicated during transitional processes.

The model of the biosystem reaction on external stimulating force is offered. Chronorhythms both for transition and quasistationary states of the biosystem are analyzed. For the separate passive functional unit the relations circumscribing correlation functional indicators chronorhythms, parameters of external energizing forces and biosystems are shown. The cosinor-analysis is applicable only in case of quasistationary processes.

The biological system reaction on spasmodic change of a phase of sine wave revolting force is investigated. The model researches for the biosystem unit that is described by linear differential equation of the second order are carried out. Possibility of time asymmetry in adaptation and transitional processes of biological units, at spasmodic change of phase identical modulo and opposite on the sign is shown. The residual in time of adaptation depends on state of biosystem's unit at the moment of perturbation.

It is shown that the absorption spectrum of an urine of healthy human over the range (lambda) equals 190 to 250 nm is dependent on six organic components, such as: urine acid, urea, creatinimum, tirozinum, glicinum, and histidinum, and over the range (lambda) equals 250 nm it is dependent on three components only < such as: urea, urine acid, and tirozinum.

With increasing time special balance value is set, which depends only on total liquid concentration. (alpha) and (beta) phase correlation depends on starting liquid concentration. Given expressions allow defining the average molecular lifetime in the liquid. Given experimental data prove theoretic conclusions.

Parameters of filtration of liquid solutions used in drugs production in pharmaceutics is considered in the paper. The devices intended for checking the content of microparticles in 4 dimension bands simultaneously in deionized water and injection solutions in pharmaceutics production are described. The results of control the purity in solutions glucose are presented.

The results on the study of influence of bilirubinum concentration in a human blood on the spectrum of a diffuse reflectivity of his skin are represented. On this basis, the method for hepatitis diagnostics has been developed, and the laboratory device implementing this method has been designed.

The physics principle of registration immune reaction by light scattering methods is concerned. The operation of laser nephelometry for measuring antigen-antibody reaction is described. The technique of obtaining diagnostic and immune reactions of interaction latex agglutination for diphtheria determination is described.

While examining 90 patients suffering the microbial eczema (ME), we revealed disorders of the immune system in the majority of them (3/4). It was established that the inclusion of percutaneous laser irradiation of the blood in a course of multimodality treatment of patients with ME caused an immunomodulating action which resulted in an improved ME course in these patients.

168 patients on the postclinical stage of treatment of acute myocardial infarction were examined by means of the use of basic antiischemic therapy and intravenous laser radiation of blood (LRB). All patients were studied with the help of transesophageal electrocardiostimulation, bicycle ergometry, echocardiography and Holter ECG monitoring in the dynamics of prolonged observation and treatment. The analysis of efficiency of the LRB has shown that the most minimal degree of myocardial ischemization was marked in patients after intravenous LRB. The patients before LRB had the greater reduction of coronary reserve. The use of LRB has given the possibility to the optimization of therapy in patients on the stage of the forming of `the postinfarction heart'.

We have studied the noninvasive effect of low-intensive laser impulse radiation in the infrared spectrum region on the liver projection site in experimental lead intoxication achieved by means of intragastric administration of Pb acetate to albino rats over a period of 30 days in a dose of 30 mg/kg. We determined a number of indices in laboratory animals which characterized the state of the nervous system, immune system, muscular performance efficiency. We have also investigated the hematologic indices and the blood and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid content as well as the plumbum levels in the blood, urine and the animals' inner organs.

Main parameters and characteristics of surface-barrier diodes sensitive for UV irradiation on the base of ZnSe are presented in the given paper. Possibilities of application of developed semiconductor photoreceivers for detectors of erytheme region are being discussed.

The paper deals with carrying out the experimental estimation of polarized characteristics of some whole blood components of different groups, with determining characteristics of the most sensitive ones to change of blood group. There have been distinguished the experimental situations when the influence of flood group on polarized characteristics of some components of blood is manifested most dynamically.

A discussion of the static and dynamic 3D behavior of a speckle pattern is given. The discussion is based on general theoretical results, which are valid within the paraxial approximation for a general optical system using the concept of complex ABCD-matrices. Especially, we examine the 3D nature of speckles, which are formed in free-space, in Fourier transform geometry and in imaging systems. The dynamic evolution of these speckles is derived from the space/time-lagged intensity covariance that results from an in-plane translation of a diffuse scattering object, which is illuminated by a Gaussian shaped laser beam in a back- scattering configuration. In particular, the origin of speckle decorrelation will be investigated. Speckles are commonly analyzed in a plane where decorrelation can arise either from true speckle decorrelation or due to a frozen 3D speckle pattern being translated through the plane of observation, i.e. subjective speckle decorrelation. The presentation will be concluded with illustrative experimental results. The implications of the 3D dynamic properties for measurement systems based on speckle correlation will be considered.

In the last years optical vortices and other phase singularities [1] have received considerable interest in the scientific community [2]. Thereby a new chapter on features of coherent optical waves has been written. The intention of this paper is to make these valuable new phenomena available in the formation of teachers and.to introduce teachers to the fascinating ideas of the world of singularities. To that purpose we present a short introduction to optical vortices which should be understandable for readers (teachers) with little pre-knowledge and describe a demonstration experiment for optical vortices which can be performed with the means available at high schools.