The effect of polymer network polymerized under UV irradiation with electric field application (+/- 50V, 5Hz) to FLC molecule orientation and electro-optic characteristics have been studied. Optical and scanning electron microscope were used to invest the molecule texture and the polymer network structure. The polymer network formed in SmC* phase is anisotropic and fibber-like, a new type texture-striped texture was observed in the cell. The electro-optic performance of the cells was also measured. A fairly good memory state with excellent contrast ratio higher than 20 and a low threshold voltage less than 5V were obtained. At last the striped texture was explained with elastic free energy theory.

A water-soluble black photopolymer, containing PVA-SbQ, carbon black, surfactants and solvent, was developed for production of blackmatrix. Blackmatrix made from the black photopolymer has high opacity and good resolution. The negative charged carbon black is more suitable to be used as the light shielding substance. Several methods to shorten the exposure time were studied and discussed. Increasing the content of photosensitive group and exposed by lamp of high irradiation intensity are effective methods to shorten the exposure time. The fabrication of BM using this black photopolymer has some advantages over conventional methods: low cost, low light reflectivity and low pollution.

The zig-zag defects in a rubbed polyimide aligned surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal cell may be eliminated by applying a alternating electric field of suitable frequency in the SmC* phase. Electric field treatment process and effects on the electro-optic properties are investigated in detail. The contrast ratio, bistability and memory effect on the cell can be improved by the electric field treatment. The electric field treated cell shows uniform contrast, fast response, and good bistability and memory effect. For a typical cell aligned by this treatment, the contrast ratio is 150 - 200:1, the response time is less than 200 microsecond(s) and the bistability is excellent.

The collimating system of backlight is required to improve the LCD's viewing angle. This paper presents a method of realizing the collimating of LCD backlight with graded- refractive-index-rod microarray on the outer of device. The optical principle and the effect of material and structure parameters on collimating properties are investigated in theory. The results of calculation and preliminary experiment are given. Collimating light with its diffuse angle lower than +/- 10 degree(s) and small chromatism is obtained.

Liquid crystal devices (LCDs) have proven to have adequate characteristics for use as the spatial light modulators, which are the key devices in the real-time optical information processing systems. However, the effective update rate of the LCD is rather low due to the transient response of the liquid crystal molecules and it has restricted the processing speed of the optoelectronic processors. In this paper, we use a multi-channel correlation approach to improve the processing speed and get satisfactory experimental results. The speed has been improved from 6 to 12 images per second. By this approach, not only the processing speed can be improved, but also the display area of the LCD can be sufficiently exploited.

A compact LCD projection display system and its optical performance are discussed in this paper. In order to improve optical performance, two flyingeye lens have been employed in the system. It can improve the brightness uniformity of display image. Also, a polarized light transformer, which involves two functions: polarizing light radiation and converting unpolarized light into the same polarization direction light beam for LCD panels, has been developed to increase the optical efficiency and contrast ratio. Moreover, color separation and combination system has been designed and developed. Under these construction, the system with good optical performance and outstanding picture quality has been achieved.

A novel coupled distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with double thickness periods was theoretically analyzed based on the spontaneous radiation properties of high brightness AlGaInP light emitting diodes. Several important factors were considered including spontaneous radiation angle distribution, absorption and FTR of DBR. Calculation results showed that the optimum optical thickness of single layer of the DBR deviates from 1/4(lambda) . AlGaInP high brightness light emitting diodes both with Al_0.5Ga_0.5As/AlAs coupled DBR and with conventional DBR were fabricated by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. X-ray double crystal diffraction and reflection spectrum were employed to determine the thickness and reflectivity of the DBR. It was found that reflectivity of coupled DBR is less sensitive to incident angle than conventional DBR, higher external quantum efficiency of light emitting diodes with coupled DBR was obtained than that with conventional DBR.

Orange AlGaInP high brightness light emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition technology. AlGaInP double heterojunction structure was used as active layer. 15 pairs of Al_0.5Ga_0.5As/AlAs distributed Bragg reflector and 7 micrometers Al_0.8Ga_0.2As current spreading layer were employed to reduce the absorption of GaAs substrate and upper anode respectively. At 20 mA the LEDs emitting wavelength was between 600 - 610 nm with 18.3 nm FWHM, 0.45 mW radiation power and 1.7% external quantum efficiency. Brightness of the LED chips and LED lamps with 15 degree(s) viewing angle (2(theta) _1/2) reached 30 mcd and 1000 mcd respectively.

The compositional quantification analysis for series samples with molecular formula of (PrGdYbBi)₃(FeAl)₅O₁₂ (multi-substituted epitaxial yttrium iron garnet film on gadolinium gallium garnet substrate) is processed with EPMA. The self-made oxide standard samples are tested and used. During measurement, the influence of the substrate, interference between X-rays emitted from different element and poor uniformity of samples are took into account. The ZAF correction is also processed. The whole error is less than 3.5wt%, and the precision for single element is better than 2wt% comparing with samples with exactly known composition.

Field electron emission from polycrystalline diamond film, nanocrystalline diamond film and diamond-like film has been investigated. The characteristics of the films have been identified by using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and Raman spectroscopy. The field emission experiment has been performed in a vacuum system with a base pressure of about 10^-7 Torr. The turn-on fields of 1.6V/micrometers and 2.4V/micrometers were obtained from polycrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond film, separately. A very low turn-on field of 1.2V/micrometers was obtained for the diamond- like thin film.

Field emission characteristics of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were investigated in this paper. CNTs were produced by the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons--propylene on the nickel films. The SEM images showed that CNTs were quite uniform and disordered; the average diameter is about 50 nm. The measurements were performed in a vacuum chamber at the pressure of 10^-7 torr. The results showed the typical voltage-current characteristics, which qualitatively followed the conventional Fowler-Nordheim equation. In conclusion, CNTs appear to be an excellent field emission cathode material with stable and reproducible field emission characteristics and a lower onset field.

The electric field situation of three single-substrate AC- PDP cells has been investigated by computer simulation. The electric field distribution has been analyzed before firing and the period of extinguishing when charged particles deposited on the surface of the MgO layer. It is concluded that electric field on the region near barrier ribs is mainly dominated by electrode voltages existed, while the effect of charged particles could be overlooked.

Water-soluble pigment-dispersed resist systems of red, blue, and green were developed using a high polymer as dispersing agent. The color filters formed from the color resists have high photosensitivity, high resolution, high transparency and chromaticity that meets the requirements of color display. The formation of microimage depends not only on the degree of photo-crosslink of polyvinyl alcohol/stylpyridinium, but also on the adhesion of color filter to the glass substrate. The reduction of photoreaction speed of the color resists is caused by the pigments' absorption of UV light. The adhesion between the color filter and glass surface depends on the amount of hydrogen bonds formed between them.

3D display may be one of the most wonderful techniques attracting scientists to research on. But most of current approaches are fictitious ones. On the CLEO'94, E. A. Downing and L. Hesselink et al. reported a virtual 3D volumetric display using Pr doped fluoride glass upconversion luminescence which is evaluated as a new excellent physics achievement in 1996. The ZBLAN:Pr glass is proved by L. Hesselink to be a interesting material for 3D volumetric display based on upconversion. In the processes of upconverting near-infrared radiation to visible, the ¹G₄ level of Pr³⁺ locates at an important position. But the transition probability of ³H₄- ¹G₄ proved to be one or two order of magnitude smaller than other strong transitions. So to improve the population on ¹G₄ has an practical significance. In this paper, we report a simple 3D volumetric display experiment which has used the upconversion sensitization method. A bulk ZBLAN:Pr,Yb and ZBLAN:pr glasses were selected as display medium. Just as the sensitized action of Yb³⁺ ion, the di-frequency upconversion luminescence intensity of Pr³⁺ ion is enhanced more than thirty times. So, the brightness of 3D display is better than the work of E. A. Downing and L. Hesselink. Some technique consideration is discussed. In addition a conception of multilayer 3D display device is also presented, which are thought having several advantages.

A new 3-in. projection CRT that YAG(Y₃Al₅O₁₂) single crystal is used for the substrate of the phosphor screen has been developed. This phosphor screen has a number of unusual properties. The substrate has a very high coefficient of thermal conductivity and a high transparency. To obtain matched sealing, a low melting point solder has been developed to combine the substrate with the glass envelope. An electrostatic-electromagnetic focusing electron gun with large emitting current and high-resolution is developed. As a result, beam spot diameters of 0.065 mm and 0.080 mm are achieved at cathode currents of 0.5 and 1 mA, respectively. The focusing luminance is 1.4 X 10⁵ cd/m² for green phosphor-screen at cathode current of 1 mA and the anode voltage of 29 KV. The focusing luminances of red phosphor-screen and blue phosphor screen are 6.4 X 10⁴ cd/m² and 8 X 10³ cd/m² at cathode current of 1 mA, respectively. Thus, the projection TV set using these projection tubes has achieved high-brightness, high-resolution and high-contrast image display.

The computer aided 3D display system, flicker-free field sequential stereoscopic image display system, is newly developed. This system is composed of personal computer, liquid crystal glasses driving card, stereoscopic display software and liquid crystal glasses. It can display field sequential stereoscopic images at refresh rate of 70 Hz to 120 Hz. A typical application of this system, 3D vision test system, is mainly discussed in this paper. This stereoscopic vision test system can test stereoscopic acuity, cross disparity, uncross disparity and dynamic stereoscopic vision quantitatively. We have taken the use of random-dot- stereograms as stereoscopic vision test charts. Through practical test experiment between Anaglyph Stereoscopic Vision Test Charts and this stereoscopic vision test system, the statistical figures and test result is given out.

We had fabricated the internal field emission cold cathode of diamond thin film and researched its emission property. Diamond film was growth by microwave CVD technology. Insulator layer was porous oxide aluminum. Grid is Au thin film about 10 nm thickness. Results after measurement show that device had better internal field emission property.

In this research, we applied the physical and chemical characteristics of porous polysilicon to field emission. Porous polysilicon field emitter was fabricated by anodized, oxide, et al technology. Au film about 10 mm thickness as grid was used in device. Electron's emission property of device was measured in ultrahigh vacuum chamber. Also, the oxide time as effect factor to emission property was studied.

In this paper we report the experimental results on the preparation and the properties of hydrous nickel oxide thin films, which can possibly be used as a display material. The material is prepared by cathodic electrodeposition method by changing the deposition parameters for optimizing the deposition conditions. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron micrograph measurements were performed to study the structural properties of the films. The electrochromic properties such as switching speed, spectra response, open circuit memory and durability has been studied. The results show that the deposited material is a promising candidate for display.

We have studied the field emission characteristics of diamond films. The diamond films were deposited on mirror- polished silicon substrates by bias enhanced nucleation microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition technique. The nucleation density and surface morphological properties were analyzed by means of SEM. The field emission characteristics of diamond films nucleated on different bias conditions were studied by measuring emission current versus voltage curves (I-V plots). The diamond film has small grain sizes and high nucleation density when bias value is high, it has low turn- on voltage. The diamond film nucleated on higher methane concentration has also low turn-on voltage and its emission current increases rapidly as voltage increases.

AC electroluminescence from organic thin film electroluminescent (OTFEL) devices based on polymer poly(p- phenylene-vinylene) and molecular compound tris(8- hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq₃)was observed. The emission spectra of these devices driven by ac were recorded. The current-voltage (I-V) and brightness-voltage (B-V) were measured. It shows that the performances of OTFEL devices which were driven by ac is as good as those driven by dc. It opens a new application field that organic thin film electroluminescent devices can be driven by both dc and ac.

The field emission was obtained from hydrogen plasma treated diamond films. It is found that the emission increased and is not stable after hydrogen treatment. Atomic force microscopy study shows that the surface morphology of the diamond films were changed after hydrogen treatment, but the effective work function is not reduced. These results were discussed.

A new technique, which combined with scanning and quasi- static method is presented. By the technique, when applied in true color panel video display, the matching of three primary colors can be more suitable, the brightness of the whole screen can be higher. At the same time, because of the using of scanning method, the cost of the system is not so high as that of ordinary system. Sampling of high distinguishability data, shaping and enhancing of image outline, nonlinear rectify of the primary colors are also discussed here.

The design of an integrated helmet-mounted display for pilots is described. The purpose of the design is to provide sufficient information, fine comfort for wear, and low cost. Some factors are considered and compromised in the design. A 3rd generation image intensifier, a half inch cathode ray tube, two combiner eyepieces, and some optical assembly are used in the display. The optical axes of the objective lens, the intensifier, and the combiners are put on one plane with the line of sight of the water. A intensifying channel, a display channel and a see-through channel are included in the display system. These channel present fight symbology and objective scene by multiform way. Accordingly, the design has a great redundance, and the display has fine reliability and the location of the CG, low cost and weight.

A 3-in. high-performance YAG projection CRT was developed for a new 48-in. compact rear projection and 72-in. front projection TVs. The paper is about the electron gun for the 3-in. high-performance YAG projection CRT. As a result, on the green YAG phosphor screen, beam spot diameters of 0.065 approximately 0.080 nm at cathode currents of 0.5 approximately 1.0 mA and a focusing luminance of 1.4 X 10⁵ cd/m² at a cathode current of 1.0 mA and an anode voltage of 29 kV were achieved. Thus, this 3-in. YAG projection CRT paved the way for the compact high luminance high-resolution projection TV.

In this paper, we present Optical Computerized Tomography (OCT) technique to reconstruct the 3D temperature field generated by Center Processing Unit under working condition. Since the temperature field leads to the change of the refractive index distribution, we can obtain the temperature distribution from refractive index distribution through thermodynamics equations. The interferometry projection of wavefront is captured instantly by Charge Coupled Device using rotary interferometer. The rotary interferometer is firstly used in the reconstruction of stable temperature field. Multi-direction interferometry projections are obtained easily with rotary interferometer. Algebra Reconstruction Technique is used to reconstruct the projection data, and the results calculated with different grids are presented.

A high resolution and luminance projection display, which YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) projection CRT is employed instead of conventional glass projection CRT, has been developed. The luminance of YAG projection CRT for green is more than 4.5 X 10⁵ cd/m² at the beam current of 5 mA. A 3-layer rear screen is adopted to obtain wide horizontal and vertical viewing angle without degrading the picture quality. In addition, the development of high resolution projection lens, wide bandwidth video circuit and high precision digital convergence system is realized. A fine quality of picture can be displayed, the horizontal resolution of the projection display is more than 1000 TVL, the peak brightness on the screen is about 1500 cd/m² (48-in. rear projection display), the contrast ratio is 100. A multi-scanning system can adapt most current picture modes such as NTSC, PAL, SECAM and SVGA display etc.

A novel real-time video display technique for low-light- level (LLL) digital image accumulation is advanced in this paper. Low signal to noise ratio is the main characteristic of LLL imaging system, and noise is the key reason for LLL image degradation. Traditionally, LLL image accumulation technique has been known as the most important technique for LLL TV image enhancing. But with the accumulating time prolonging, the video displaying frame time becomes longer. This surely cause twinkle sense of vision. In this paper, a novel parallel algorithm and architecture is put forward to implement real-time video display for LLL digital image accumulation. By adopting this processing method, not only the real-time display technique is achieved, but also the LLL image quality is improved greatly.

In this paper, real-time multi-information and video fusing display technique is put forward. Based on this technique, the multi-information from imaging sensors and some data sensors is sampled and digitized, then the data is fused and transformed into standard video signal to be displayed on monitor. All of the above processes are carried out in real- time. The fusion pattern of digital image and data in different time sequence and the video composition technique of video signal and character data are researched in detail. Applying this technique in our former single-sensor television system, the fusing and displaying of the multi- sensor information are carried out in real-time. Thus more information is available in sight for viewers.

Lie algebraic aberration theory is developed and applied to magnetic deflection systems. Employing this new algebraic tool, all third- and fifth-order canonical magnetic deflection aberrations (including canonical position and momentum aberrations at arbitrary observation planes) are derived. The results are in exactly agreement with those obtained by the conventional successive approximation aberration theory. The present paper lays a theoretical groundwork for further studies on Lie algebraic theory for calculating higher-order aberrations of scanning probe systems.

A miniature CRT of 1.5 inch has been developed, which bears the performance of very high brightness, high resolution, very little distortions and less shake of the image elements for the displaying image from the input video signals. The aim of developing this kind of CRT is to be used as a standard display device of the dynamic video image for imaging measurement and simulation. The technical considerations for developing the miniature CRT have been presented in this paper, the testing and the experiments for this kind of CRT have been given in details, and also the results discussed. As one of the applications, it has been used as a standard dynamic image display for the testing of a visible image seeker. The testing frame drawing and the testing equipment have been shown, and the discussion for this application has been also given in the end.

In this paper a simple method--surface-charge density method combined with multipole-field-expansion method--were developed to simulate the 3D electrostatic fields in the main lens with deviated aperture in color picture tube. Distributions of rotationally symmetric field, dipole field, quadrupole and sextupole field in different zone in main focusing lens were offered and the aberrations in our model were also discussed. This method appears to be promising for analyzing the relationship between the multipole fields and aberrations for more complicated electron optics systems.

Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (YAG) single crystal has the properties of very well optical transparency and high thermal conductivity. By the method of liquid phase epitaxy, a continuous cathodoluminescent thin film with the characteristics of high brightness, high resolution and high contrast ratio can be grown on the YAG substrate. Whereas, the thermal expansion coefficient of YAG single crystal is about 75 X 10^-7/ degree(s)C. It can only be sealed to 95% alumina ceramics previously. In this paper, a kind of low priced glass whose thermal expansion coefficient is approximate 75 X 10^-7/ degree(s)C has been developed. This kind of glass can realize matched sealing to YAG single crystal, and have high absorption coefficient of soft x-ray (>= 80 cm^-1 at 0.6 angstroms wavelength). It can take the place of alumina ceramics to manufacture YAG display tube envelope.

New 3-in. RGB densely packed YAG phosphor screens with a new green phosphor for HDTV projection CRT have been developed. The screens is fabricated using a centrifugal sedimentation method. The 10% screen spot diameter is 0.18 mm and the luminance of green phosphor screen is 7 X 10⁴ cm/m² at a cathode current of 0.5 mA and anode voltage of 29 KV. An experimental 48-in. TV set using the densely packed YAG projection CRT has very high resolution and 250 cd/m² luminance.

We have developed new RGB YAG projection tubes with multilayer interference filters and obtained 60% to 100% higher luminance, higher chromaticity with good resolution, contrast on the projection screens than conventional YAG projection tubes without filters. The details of the filters' design and fabrication are given in the paper.

In order to design a high-performance electron gun, a new design concept was adapted to reduce the spherical aberration and coma of the electron optical system. In the electron gun we used a new asymmetric beam-forming region (BFR) and asymmetric main lens. This gun has been used for 40 cm 0.28 mm-pitch full square color display tubes. At cathode current of 0.2 microampere, the spot size on the screen center was measured 0.65 mm (10% of the maximum current distribution), and at the cathode current of 0.2 - 0.5 microampere, the focus voltage difference (focus trial characteristic) is less than 150 V. When the horizontal- scanning frequency reached 57 kHz, the tubes using the electron gun can display 1024 X 768 dots, and the corner- center focus performance is good. So it can meet the requirements of 40 cm 0.28 mm CDT of the market. In this design we used computer simulation software called Electron Beam Simulation to simulate the BFR and the main lens, through it we can adjust the lens structure, predict the performance and make it better. A good coincidence is obtained between the calculations and experiment results.

Microdisplays, which offers displays with small size, low power, big image, and a bright future, are particular useful for low power mobile personal communication and information display. Among all possible technologies, active matrix addressed liquid crystal displays using CMOS circuit fabricated in single-crystal silicon is presently the best approach for these microdisplays. A personal view on the microdisplay advantages and possible opportunities is summarized. A detailed description on the leading Kopin monochrome and color virtual displays is given.

Projection display in today's market is dominated by cathode ray tubes (CRTs). Further progress in this mature CRT projector technology will be slow and evolutionary. Liquid crystal based projection displays have gained rapid acceptance in the business market. New technologies are being developed on several fronts: (1) active matrix built from polysilicon or single crystal silicon; (2) electro- optic materials using ferroelectric liquid crystal, polymer dispersed liquid crystals or other liquid crystal modes, (3) micromechanical-based transducers such as digital micromirror devices, and grating light valves, (4) high resolution displays to SXGA and beyond, and (5) high brightness. This article reviews the projection displays from a transducer technology perspective along with a discussion of markets and trends.

Viewing angle improvement with compensation films for LCD is reviewed with special emphasis on the TN AMLCD. Different types of compensation films are introduced together with the methods for their characterizations. Principles behind film compensation designs for different LCD modes are reviewed and design trade-offs discussed.

Various single layer reflective polarizers are introduced based on cholesteric liquid crystal materials containing one polymeric liquid crystal component and other non-reactive liquid crystals. A non-linear pitch gradient has been created during a process called polymerization induced molecular re-distribution. The polarizers in the visible exhibits a high extinction ration (over 30:1) over a bandwidth from 400 to 1,000 nm. When tuned to the near infrared, the polarizer reflects from 700 to 2,000 nm. In addition, field controllable broadband polarizers will be briefly introduced. Finally, applications will be described.

Liquid crystal displays used in avionics applications are required to have high luminance, good color saturation, low reflection, good contrast ratio and gray scale separation in a wide range of viewing angle. In this paper, several unique solutions are provided to achieve these stringent requirements. In order to reduce display reflection under high ambient light, OIS proprietary multilayer inorganic black matrix is deposited using Plasma-enhanced CVD technique and the specular reflection of final display is measured to be less than 0.6%. High display luminance and good color saturation are achieved through increasing pixel opening to be more than 65% by using OIS patented high aperture TFT design. The viewing angle is improved using OIS patented retardation film laminated on the rear side of display. Excellent gray shade linearity and contrast ratio over +/- 60 degree(s) horizontal and -15 degree(s)/+40 degree(s) vertical viewing envelope is demonstrated. Finally, a 6.25' X 6.25' full color LCD with 512 X 512 resolution is developed based on these new technologies.

The organic black matrix material, formulated by a photosensitive acrylic resin and color pigments, has superb optical performance with a specular reflection of 0.36% at 30 degree(s) incident angle. Its optical density, with help from a metallic layer, has been achieved at 5.5. Since this organic material is a negative photoresist, the fabrication process is rather simple. Using such a black matrix, a high- resolution 2.4' X 2.4' full-color (alpha) -Si TFT LCD with 480 X 480 dots has been successfully fabricated. In combination of a wide-view retardation film, this AMLCD unit is suitable for high-performance display applications.