Review of Russian Survey Aircraft: an historical overview
Author(s):
Serguej N. Domaratskij
Show Abstract
This year we celebrate the 56th anniversary
of USSR airborne magnetics and
53rd anniversary of its use for geological
interpretations. There are three large
periods in Russian aeromagnetics.
Multipurpose flying laboratory based on the IL-76MD aircraft
Author(s):
T. G. Musinyantz
Show Abstract
The Flying Laboratory (FL) based on the IL-76MD Aircraft (Figure 1) was built in 1988. The FL belongs to the Precision Instruments Scientific and Production Association, Moscow. It is managed and serviced by the M. M. Gromov Flight Research Institute, Zhukovsky, Moscow region.
Aerogeophysical laboratory based on the Ilyushin-18 aircraft
Author(s):
Vasily K. Palamarchuk;
Victor A. Kalinin;
A. I. Plotnikov
Show Abstract
I talk about a flying laboratory based on the IL18 aircraft. It has been carrying out research since 1985. I talk about two modifications to this laboratory: First, the aircraft, which belongs to Civil Aviation Ministry, was to be modified. Second, more advanced modifications were carried out upon the IL18 which belongs to the Leninetz Concern.
Aerogeophysical laboratory based on the Antonov-12 aircraft
Author(s):
Yu. G. Turbin;
E. A. Bugrov;
P. N. Baranov
Show Abstract
It is well known that the study of
spatial and temporal characteristics of the
GeoMagnetic Field (GMF) is very impor- tant. The GMF is used to study the
nature of geomagnetism, investigate the
deep structure of the Earth, dynamics and
peculiarities of its development, forecast
earthquakes, explore mineral resources, for
the purposes of autonomous navigation and
air traffic control, and solution of other
problems.
Overview of on-board data acquisition systems
Author(s):
Serguej N. Domaratskij
Show Abstract
Historically, the Russian airborne data
logging systems start from the early 1950
1:200,000 general mapping of the former
USSR. Until the middle 1980s, magnetic
and punch tapes were practically the only
media used on board. Unfortunately, we
were not able to find the photographs
illustrating the devices of early periods.
Overview of on-board navigation and positioning systems
Author(s):
Gleb P. Golias
Show Abstract
I am representing the flight test institute
named by Gromov. It is situated at
the airfield to the south of Gromov Flight
Testing Institute, Zhukovskij, where the
flying laboratory IL76MD is stationed. We
took off from this airfield to make our way
to Denver. The crew of the Flight Test
Institute was piloting the IL76MD.
Dr. Dewhurst has visited our company,
but until recently our institute was not
well known here in the United States. I
think that after the International Air
Show, which took place at our Institute in
August 12-16, 1992, the Institute will be
better known in the United States. By the
way, we are planning to to organize air
shows like that on a regular basis. For the
time being, we are planning to have one
every two years. We hope that this will
give us a background for future advantageous
cooperation. At the air show which
we had this year, a number of American
companies took part.
Gain in lidar performance provided by increase of pulse-repetition rate and narrowing of optical-filter band
Author(s):
Alexander A. Svetlykh;
Victor I. Feigels
Show Abstract
The characteristics of the GOI Airborne LIDAR System are presented. The improvements provided by the high repetition frequency (16 kHz) of Cu+ laser and the narrow band (2 angstroms) of a holographic filter device on REOXAN material are discussed. The comparison of the system performance with that of known modern LIDAR systems in different modes of operation and external conditions (aircraft altitude, depth, sunlight intensity, sea-water parameters) on the base of Sakitt's criterion (D-index of discrimination) is presented.
Backscatter anisotropy and the shape of retroreflected lidar pulse from sea water
Author(s):
Valery L. Bogdanov;
Yurij I. Kopilevich;
George V. Lukomskij;
George B. Sochilin
Show Abstract
In several LIDAR sounding experiments, certain anomalies in the registered pulse shape were observed, such as the time delay between maxima of pulse of sea-water response and surface- reflected pulse, and unexpectedly high level of signals from isolated sea-water layers. These peculiarities cannot be explained with the traditional theoretical treatment of the echo-signals. In this paper, a new explanation of the return signals shape anomalies is presented. Our approach is based on the accounting of the angular anisotropy of the scattering in the back hemisphere and the geometrical conditions of the typical LIDAR experiments. We present computational data and laboratory measurement results related to enhanced backscattering by large coated particles suggested to model the optical properties of some algal cell species (diatoms, and so forth). The model calculations of the LIDAR signal shape show that such particles may be responsible for an anomalously high level of LIDAR signals from isolated sea-water layers.
Russian airborne lidar for oceanography
Author(s):
Victor I. Feigels;
Yurij I. Kopilevich
Show Abstract
The paper is devoted to consideration of the main airborne and ship LIDAR systems developed in Russia in the last years for sea water analysis and bathymetry of near coastal regions. The comparative analysis of the systems and their analogies from other countries are given. The level achieved in elaboration of separate elements of LIDARS is also examined (lasers, receiving optical systems, spectral selectors, cooling devices, and so forth).
Variations of the optical properties of the atmosphere over the North Atlantic Ocean
Author(s):
V. M. Volgin;
B. N. Volkov
Show Abstract
Data on the spectral transparency of the atmosphere and on the solar halo obtained in the region of the Norwegian and Greenland Seas are given and analyzed. The use of the procedure of the joint circulation of the spectral transparency of the atmosphere and brightness of the solar halo to the aerosol microstructure, as well as synchronous aerological observations, made it possible to check the aerosol microstructure variations depending on a vertical distribution of meteorological components.
Mechanism of solar-activity influence on the lower atmosphere, weather, and climate
Author(s):
Mikhail I. Pudovkin;
Oleg M. Raspopov
Show Abstract
A possible mechanism of the influence of solar and geomagnetic activity and of other cosmophysical factors on processes in the lower atmosphere, weather and climate is considered. The main feature of the proposed mechanism is the change of the atmosphere transparency under the influence of galactic and solar cosmic rays. This change of atmosphere transparency is connected with the change of the atmospheric species content, with the development of cycles of nitrogen and hydrogen physical-chemical reactions, including changes in the structure of the clouds. The main cause of the variations in intensity of cosmic rays is the variability of solar activity and of solar wind structure.
Identification of terrain imagery with unstable reflectivity
Author(s):
Yu. A. Kozko;
A. S. Pletnev;
V. V. Savelyev
Show Abstract
Terrestrial surface images obtained by
airborne or spaceborne remote sensing in
various spectral ranges are widely used in
many applications, including geophysics
and ecological monitoring. A broad class of
problems arising in the analysis of such
imagery can be formulated in terms of
object identification. Here are just a few
examples.
Accuracy of image matching by pixelwise and zonal classifiers
Author(s):
V. V. Savelyev;
A. S. Pletnev
Show Abstract
The problem of digital image recognition
can be regarded both as a problem of
testing multiple hypotheses and as a position
measurement problem. In the first
case, a criterion of algorithm efficiency can
be the probability of a correct decision,
while in the second one it should be the
measurement accuracy [1].
Automatic image recognition can result
in so-called anomalous errors when the
maximum of the algorithm response (which
we shall call the decision function, or DF)
appears at a location entirely different
from the true position. Usually, the
response field has a peak at approximately
the correct place and a number of other,
smaller peaks located at random. Under
strong image distortions, one of these false
peaks can become larger than the main
peak, leading to an anomalous error. On
the other hand, the maximum of the main
peak may be somewhat shifted from the
correct match position. This deviation,
usually small, will be referred to as a
normal error.
Phase algorithm for measuring aircraft orientation
Author(s):
A. S. Pletnev;
V. V. Savelyev
Show Abstract
In the systems that use imaging radars
for aircraft navigation, one of the main
problems is the estimation of aircraft attitude
based on the Doppler spectrum of the
received signal. This information is
required not only for purely navigational
purposes: without knowing the precise
orientation of SAR antenna beam, it is
practically impossible to correctly build a
uniform radar image within the antenna
pattern because of signal modulation (or
weakening) by the antenna beam in the
azimuth direction.
The methodology of such measurements
has been developed in a number of our
works using a statistical approach to
pattern recognition, including the issues of
suboptimal algorithm construction and
accuracy evaluation [1,2].
Ability of vectorial geomagnetic measurements to present information
Author(s):
Yu. A. Kopytenko;
V. I. Pochtarev
Show Abstract
A geomagnetic field is a vectorial
quantity. However, the single method of
conducting magnetic surveys is the
measurement of the modulus (absolute
value) of the magnetic field intensity T.
This is caused by the constructive simplicity
of the T-magnetometer and by the
possibility of measurements on a moving
carrier and by insufficiently strict, often
qualitative, geological interpretation of
magnetic anomalies. For measurement of
the vectorial geomagnetic field components
H and Z, there are necessarily more
complex measuring arrangements, caused
by stringent requirements for disposition of
magnetic sensors and platform stabilization
on a moving carrier.
Method of the high-accuracy airborne survey
Author(s):
Vasily K. Palamarchuk
Show Abstract
Modern equipment and techniques of airborne surveys (ABS) enable us to carry out measurements with an error less than 2 - 5 nT. These surveys permit us to map anomalies having an intensity equal 2 - 15 nT, that is, the so-called `thin structure' of the magnetic field. Raising the accuracy of the measurement of a geomagnetic field expands the range or scope of the objectives to be recorded. That poses the problem of the special nontraditional manner of the technique of the survey, the acquisition and the mapping. Of very great importance is detecting and calculating the variations which at high latitudes change very rapidly in space and time. Under these conditions, the direct method of accounting for the variations, requiring the creation of a dense net of variation stations on coast and aquatory, appears to be non- effective and sometimes impossible. Then it is necessary to use the indirect method which is based on a special technique of the survey and its acquisitions.
Optimal planning of magnetic surveys based upon solving the inverse magnetic-cartographic problem
Author(s):
Valentina I. Kolesova
Show Abstract
Compiling a geomagnetic map is the
final stage of magnetic surveys. The connection
between the technique of the
survey, its accuracy and the map quality is
clear. The map quality is determined by
the accuracy of the information taken from
it. The accuracy of the map characterizes
by its rms (rE); summarizing from the rms
of the initial information and from the
errors of mapping:
Geomagnetic surveys executed by the geophysicists of the former USSR
Author(s):
Valentina I. Kolesova;
Serguej N. Domaratskij
Show Abstract
The following types of magnetic observations
and surveys were made by the
geophysicists of the former USSR on its
territory and on the territories of other
countries and aquatories:
. observations from the observatories
S observations from the 1 76 repeat
stations . land magnetic surveys . airborne surveys . hydromagnetic surveys . surveys from satellites . the standard magnetic measurements
carried out at the observatories with
standard apparatus by a standard
program
At the repeat stations, the modulus of
total force (F), the horizontal component
(H) and the magnetic declination (D) are
measured with proton magnetometer
(MMP-203), the quartz QHM-magnetometer
and the astronomical theodolite.
The errors of the measurement of F, H and
D are equal to 12nT, 35nT, *12'
accordingly. The observations are execute
once in five years.
Standard high-precision calibration system for magnetic fields of 20,000 to 100,000 nT
Author(s):
V. V. Averkiev;
B. I. Ginsburg;
A. A. Turchak;
V. A. Yarotsky
Show Abstract
This report is devoted to the achievements of the consortium called Leninetz in terms of magnetometers and the development of these kinds of devices. The report is in two parts, the first one is devoted to the highly precise calibration system for magnetometers. The second part is devoted to a description of various types of magnetometers developed and manufactured by our company. The technical principles which are presented in this report are embedded in the development of this calibration system, which has been tested. There is technical documentation for this system and it is ready for mass production.
Methods of approximation of reference fields of different classes
Author(s):
Valentina I. Kolesova
Show Abstract
The summary geomagnetic field on the reference field for the regional anomalies is
surface of the Earth consists of the follow- the sum of the main geomagnetic field and
ing components: the intermediate anomalies. Since the
components mentioned above have the
F0 = Fm + Fim + Fr + F1 + F (1) different space-spectral characteristics,
different methods are used for the analytiwhere
cal descriptions.
The main geomagnetic field, being the
global reference field, is approximated by F0 - the observed geomagnetic field the optimal way as a spherical harmonic
Fm - the main geomagnetic field series [1]:
Fim - the field of the intermediate anoma- n
lies
Fr - the field of the regional anomalies X = (g cosm\ +
n=i m=O F1 - the field of the local anomalies,
- the external geomagnetic field.
Space-spectral analysis method in applied geophysics
Author(s):
Valentina I. Kolesova;
A. A. Petrova;
Serguej N. Domaratskij
Show Abstract
Magnetometric data traditionally were
widely used in applied and geological-
geophysical tasks. Primarily in such cases,
the area of interest is divided by magnetic
field characteristics. This procedure is to
be done either qualitatively or quantitatively
by using correlation analysis of data
[1].
Qualitative methods have no quantitative
criteria of field estimation and because
of that they are subjective. The correlation
analysis has digit characteristics, but in a
non-ordinary field, the following difficulties
could be met:
• in anomalous field spectrums, as usual,
several components are present and for
division the components of anomalous
field a priori knowledge of transformation
optimal parameters is necessary;
• some components of anomalous field
are piece-stationary.
Peculiarities of the recalculation of geomagnetic variations on-shore base stations to aquatories in auroral and subauroral latitudes
Author(s):
Yu. A. Kopytenko;
V. S. Ismagilov
Show Abstract
Geomagnetic pulsations are generated
at great distances from the Earth's surface
due to a plasmic instabilities of different
kinds and a resonance processes in the
solar wind and in the magnetospheric-
ionospheric plasma. After complex pro-
cesses of transformation and propagation
along force lines of the magnetic field to
the Earth's surface, they induce telluric
currents in the conducting earth's crust.
Geomagnetic pulsations observed on the
earth's surface carry information about
both the physical parameters of interplane-
tary medium, magnetosphere and iono-
sphere, and geoelectric features of the
Earth's crust. At the same time geomagne-
tic pulsations are natural hindrances that
should be taken into account during the
performance of precise magnetic surveys
including surveys on marine and aircraft
bearers. The research on the frequency of
geomagnetic pulsation appearance and on
the spatial-temporal distribution on their
parameters can present highly useful and
valuable material that can be considered in
a wide context depending on the direction
of investigations.
Study of the structure of geomagnetic fields by means of flying low magnetic laboratory
Author(s):
Yu. G. Turbin
Show Abstract
One of the major directions in
geomagnetic studies is the study of regional
and large regional anomalies (RA and
LRA).
V.1. Pochtarev (Pochtarev et al., 1965)
was the first one who singled out this class
of anomalies and developed a schematic
map of LRA for the territory of the USSR.
The size of the anomalies varies from 200
to 1000 km and, in the amplitude
spectrum, RA are located in its main
minimum.
Airborne magnetic survey for geological purposes in the USSR and Russian Federation
Author(s):
Yu. S. Glebovsky;
Alexey A. Mishin
Show Abstract
In 1991 it was 55 years since the application
of airborne magnetic surveys on
USSR territory, and 52 years since its
practical usage at geological institutes. It
is possible to outline three periods of such
a survey.
(1) 1936-55. In this period the magnetic
field vertical component was measured
with the use of an induction magnetometer
developed by A.A. Logachev. The main
features of this simple instrument is a
half-ring collector, a type of suspension, a
compensation mode of measuring with a
semi-automatic analog recording, and so
forth, and a special system of tuning enabling
one to receive a root mean square error
of the survey in the range of 50-200 nT.
With the use of this magnetometer, the
territory of 2,000,000 km2 was surveyed, a
number of deposits were discovered
( Krasnokamensk iron-ore deposit in South
Siberia in 1943 included), geological maps
were refined, and in the period of 1948-49
the first survey in the Arctic (for geological
zonation) was conducted.
Effective geology interpretation of gravity and magnetic data by use of advanced methods and techniques
Author(s):
A. A. Chernov;
L. T. Berezhnaya;
D. A. Fedinsky;
M. A. Telepin
Show Abstract
A thorough system of interpretation programs and methods consists of a concordance of program system service and substance functional content, a wealthy range of techniques, wide scale of programs, which introduces original, apt, and luckily found calculation devices. The whole package and its method is supplied with author know-how, tending to put into practice, in full measure, the possibilities of such a splendid tool as the package. Processing of the material is performed with diverse algorithms, selected according to assigned requirements; it adequately reflects the situation, available geology reality and information security; and rationally and thriftily utilizes calculation means.
Apparatus and methods for conducting sea and airborne gravimetric surveys
Author(s):
Vladimir O. Bagramyants;
K. E. Veselov;
I. L. Yashayaev;
V. G. Budanov
Show Abstract
At present, a complex of technical equipment and special technologies for the measurement of gravity fields in areas of water and difficult-to-access land locations (taiga, mountains, marshes, and so forth) has been created to solve geological and forecast-searching problems of oil, gas, and other minerals. The complex includes the shipboard gravimeter for non-stop measuring on a moving ship, the air-gravimeter for measuring from aircraft, and an on-land gravimeter with a remote control system for discrete measuring on the sea-floor and surface, on an outward suspension bracket of a helicopter, or on shipboard. Discrete distant measuring from helicopters and ships is held for surveys of high accuracy, as well as for supporting insurance of shipboard and air-gravimetric work.
Air/sea instrumentation developed at Electropribor
Author(s):
Leonid P. Nesenjuk;
V. G. Peshekhonov;
Lion S. Elinson
Show Abstract
Beginning from the seventies, the Central Scientific Research Institute Elektropribor (St. Petersburg) has developed automated gravity systems for oceanographic ships. The first automated system CHETA-AGG was delivered to the Navy Oceanographic Service in 1983. Today, more than 10 systems are used on ships. Their high accuracy and reliability is confirmed in the process of exploitation.