This paper presents a global approach of POWER (Polarization and Directionalily of the Earths Reflectance) program: from instrument design . pre-flight and in-fligh1 calibrations till the first inflight results The POLDER sensor bas been developed by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, the French space agency. It is part of the payload of the Advanced Earth Observation Satellite (ADEOS) developed by NASDA and launched m August 1996. POLDER had been acquiring data till the lost of ADEOS in June 1997.

This paper, “Land-surface processes and interactions mission," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

SFIM Industries has designed a new radiometer for satellite observation of the earth radiation budget at the top of the a1mosphere. Compared to previous instruments. this new radiometer halfs costs. mass and probability of failure. while it improves radiometric performance significantly. The key idea to achieve these goals is to multiplex the various spectral channels of the instrument. This paper describes this new small size instrument and focuses on its advantages and shortcomings.

AEROSPATIALE presents the main results of the feasibility study under ESA contract on a coherent 2μm lidar instrument capable of measuring water vapour and wind velocity in the planetary boundary layer. The selected instrument configuration and the associated performance are provided, and the main critical subsystems identified (laser configuration, coherent receiver chain architecture, frequency locking and offsetting architecture. The second phase of this study is dedicated to breadboard the most critical elements of such an instrument in order to technologically consolidate its feasibility.

The knowledge of wind fields for a global terrestrial coverage and accurate altitude sampling is one of the main keys for improvement of meteorological predictions and general understanding of atmosphere behaviour. The best way to recover this information is remote sensing from space using low Earth orbit satellites. The measurement principle is to analyse the Doppler shift of the flux emitted by the space instrument and backscattered by the atmosphere. One of the most promising principle for Doppler shift measurement is the direct detection which does not need local oscillators. what significantly simplifies the design of such a space-borne receiver. ESA-ESTEC initiated at early 95' a programme called "lncoherent Doppler Wind Lidar (IDWL) technologies" for the study and bread-boarding phase. MMS won this contract proposing an original concept based on the use of a Fizeau high resolution interferometer working in the UV band. coupled with an intensified CCD. This concept is patented by MMS, as well as the special CCD timing sequence that will be depicted below. The programme begun by a study of the space-borne instrument in order to identify main constraints and define the receiver as could be for a flight model. A detailed performance model was established and parametric analysis allowed to optimise the concept in order to reach required performances. This study phase finally provided the definition of a bread-board for expected performances demonstration. Moreover, the Laser Signal Simulator (LSS) which is used to simulate the Lidar echo in term of amplitude as well as frequency modulation was defined at this step. The performances of this test support equipment are of main importance for the validation of the demonstrator design and performances. The second part of the study aimed at defining the derailed design of the demonstrator and associated test support equipment as well as initiating preliminary validation experiments on most critical technologies, like Fizeau interferometer which needs particularly high thermal stability and spectral resolution. At the end of this design phase. the test bench equipment begun to be manufactured and equipment test results preliminary assessed the study phase results. After integration, the correct operation and control of the overall test bench were assessed and performance tests were undertaken . The final conclusion of this programme aimed at up­dating the performance simulation software in order to refine expected performances for the future flight instrument.

This paper, “Maquette IASI: un outil de validation et d'expertise," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “The infrared instrumentation of the mini-satellite mission BIRD," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “CIMEX: a prototype Instrument to observe from space the amazon forest In the near and shortwave infrared," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “MUST: an infrared instrument based on mlcrobolometer array," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Requirements, architectures and technologies for Skymed-COSMO optical payload," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Avant-projet 3S (suite du systeme SPOT): une nouvelle approche de l'observation de la Terre à haute résolution avec des mini-satellites," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Maquette fonctlonnelle optique développée dans le cadre du développement exploratoire nouveau télescope," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “A compact very high resolution camera (VHRC) for Earth and planetary exploration using a large array (7k x 8k) CCD," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “SCIAMACHY: a large wavelength range imaging spectrometer (from UV to IR) for atmospheric trace gas measurement to be embarked on the ENVISAT-1 satellite," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Design of a simulator for the Fuego instrument optical system: an application to the feasibility phase," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “The ENVISAT Michelson interferometar for passive atmospheric sounding: MIPAS," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “The ENVISAT medium resolution imaging spectrometer: MERIS," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “The global ozone monitoring by occultation of stars (GOMOS) instrument on ENVISAT requirements, design and development status," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Performances de la charge utile du projet VEGETATION: evolutions futures," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Technologies for atmospheric lidar (ATLID)," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “ALADIN: an atmospheric laser Doppler wind lidar instrument for wind velocity measurements from space," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Astrometry at micro-arcsec resolution: optical design aspects and technology issues," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Optical design of the DIVA interferometer and design implementations for GAIA," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Optical concepts for infrared interferometry missions," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Coronographie interferéntielle pour la mission spatuale DARWIN: expérience de validation en laboratoire," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Conceptual study of an optical aperture synthesis system for high resolution astronomy," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Eléments-clés de la conception d'un instrument spatial à synthése d'ouverture optique," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Integrated optics applied to astronomical aperture synthesis: general concept for space and ground based applications," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “GAIA: direct fringe detection," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Investigation of the low flux servo-controlled limit of a co-phased interferometer," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Reducing the optical and x-ray stray light In the ESA XMM telescopes," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “PIMACS (Polarimeter and improved modular anti-coincidence system): an effective instrument concept for x-, gamma-ray monitoring, and polarimetry measurements on the International Space Station," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Development of active BGO veto shield for INTEGRAL-IBIS instrument," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Development of a Csl(T 1) scintillator for INTEGRAL-IBIS instrument," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Reconstruction d'images spatiales à haute résolution temporelle," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Space-based very high resolution telescope based on amplitude zoned plate," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Optimized technical and scientific design approach for high performance anticoincidence shields," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “The PRONAOS telescope," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Les ballons stratosphériques ouverts véhicules pour l'observation optlque," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Integrated optics applied to astronomical aperture synthesis III: simulation of components optimized for astronomical interferometry," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Integrated optics applied to astronomical aperture synthesis," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “The micro-mirror technology applied to astronomy: ANIS adaptive-slit near Infrared spectrograph," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Intelligent modular star and target tracker: a new generation of attitude sensors," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Gyrofibre pour le spatial," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Télèmetre utilisant une diode laser à balayage continu en fréquence et un double interférométre," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Contrôle optique de la stabilité dimensionnelle de structures," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Un projet d'horloge atomique spatiale utlilsant le refroidissement des atomes par faisceaux laser: PHARAO," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Diagnostics optiques pour la mesure de fluides critiques en micro-gravité dans les instruments ALICE et DECLIC," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Wavefront sensors for the active control of earth observation optical instruments," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “New idea for recording x-ray imaging holography," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “A new family of low cost infrared Earth sensors," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “State-of-the-art of photorefractive holographic interferometry and potentialities for space applications," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Development and application of a rendez-vous and docking sensor: RVS," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Preliminary concept of confocal microscope rotor within the modular cultivation system for the space station," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Développement d'un capteur optique de pression pour la mesure in-situ des moteurs cryogéniques," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Development and application of a fine sun sensor," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Precision sun sensor: PSS," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Novel star sensor," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Fond de ciel stratosphérique mesure par le senseur stellaire de PRONAOS," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Minimisation de l'influence de la témperature sur un capteur polarimétrique de position angulaire," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Diode laser à cavité externe auto-alignée et contlnûment accordable en longueur d'onde," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Project for space patrol of solar Ionizing radiation," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “A new concept in telescope design SIC as the only material for mirrors and structure," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “High stability carbon/carbon telescope structure," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Dimensionally stable composite structures and composite mirrors for spaceborne optical instruments," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Silicon carbide technology for large submillimeter space based telescopes," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Aluminium telescope for FIRST," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Long linear MWIR and LWIR HgCdTe infrared detection arrays for high resolution imaging," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Les anastigmats à mlroirs de la conception à la realité," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Les filtres allumettes, composant-clé pour la télédétection," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Réseaux holographiques à 6000 t/mm pour l'experience fuse de spectroscopie à haute résolution dans l'ultraviolet lolntain," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Faisabilitité d'un separateur spectral integre: étude de filtres optiques localisés et d'un diaphragme absorbant," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Broad-band absorbers for reduction of parasitic light: two alternative solutions," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Microfabrication of high performance optical diaphragm by plasma ion beam etching technology," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Utilisation des fibres optiques dans un interférométre stellalre: demonstration en laboratoire des possibilités d'imagerie, étude et conception de lignes à retard métrique," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Presentation du banc de diffusiometrie optique CNES," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “The results of the thin x-ray mirror module production for the ESA XMM spacecraft," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Synthesé et faisabilité des traitetments optiques pour l'instrument IASI," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Polishing process of sintered SiC mirrors," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Le programme VLT et ses retombées vers le spatial," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Nouvelles techniques d'usinage optique à REOSC," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Three-stage passive radiator for IASI instrument," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Technologies pour les microlasers et la micro-optique," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “High performance UV/visible microchannel plate delay line detector technologies," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Bragg cell progress for 2GHz bandwidth spectrum analysis," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “Spatialized laser source frequency locked onto a molecular line," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “A solid state Doppler wind lidar system on ISSa," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

This paper, “A new concept of flared amplifier for high brightness source," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

Jai le plaisir d'inaugurer cette troisieme conference ICS0'97 consacree a l'optique patialc Les techniques evoluent tres vite; l'optique et l'optoelectronique n'echappent pas a c:ene regle. Depuis Garmisch. en 1994, bien des evenements concemant ces domaines se som produits le rappellerai !es faits les plus saillants dans la premiere panie de mon expose Je donncrai ensuite un apercu des activites en cours au Cnes et je tenninerai en parlant du futur quelles sont les technologies emergentes et quels projets peuvent en decouler ?

The Space Science Programme of ESA encompasses three broad areas of investigation, namely solar system science (the Sun, the planets and space plasmas), fundamental physics and space astronomy and astrophysics.

In the years of space exploration since the mid-sixties, a wide experience in optical space instrumentation has developed in Germany. This experience ranges from large telescopes in the 1 m and larger category with the accompanying focal plane detectors and spectrometers for all regimes of the electromagnetic spectrum (infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays), to miniature cameras for cometary and planetary explorations. The technologies originally developed for space science. are now also utilized in the fields of earth observation and even optical telecommunication. The presentation will cover all these areas, with examples for specific technological or scientific highlights. Special emphasis will be given to the current state-of-the-art instrumentation technologies in scientific institutions and industry, and to the future perspective in approved and planned projects.

Since 1996 the European Space Agency has been pursuing an Earth Observation strategy based on a resolution endorsed by European Minister at a meeting in Toulouse. This resolution recognised a broad distinction between purely research objectives, on the one hand, and purely application objectives on the other. However, this is not to be understood as an absolute separation, but rather as an identification of the major driving emphasis for the definition of mission requirement. Indeed, application satellites can provide a wealth of data for research objectives and scientific earth observation programmes can equally provide an important source of data to develop and demonstrate new applications. It is sufficient to look at the data utilisation of Meteosat and ERS to find very many examples of this. This paper identifies the priority research objectives defined for scientific Earth Explorer missions and the resulting instrument needs. It then outlines the requirements for optical instruments.

Progress in technology in recent years and new industrial approaches now make it possible to design valuable optical missions using a small-class satellite, like the PROTEUS multi mission platform. Some future space optical missions using existing or planned instruments, combined with the PROTEUS platform, have been assessed by AEROSPATIALE / SPACE and DEFENSE and/or the CNES (French National Space Agency).

A double-channel Michelson type interferometer is presented which allows absolute distance measurement up to 3 m with an uncertainty of 0.1 um. It used the principle of synthetic wavelength and can be used under vacuum or in any gaseous medium with the help of a new type of source called an air-wavelength standard. The CNES is interested in an absolute measurement both in space vacuum and on the ground, in air to characterize optical instruments.