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- Front Matter: Volume 10035
- AOO16 - Molecular Spectroscopy and Atmospheric Radiative Processes
- AOO16 - Optical Radiation Propagation in the Atmosphere and Ocean
- AOO16 - Optical Investigation of Atmosphere and Ocean
- AOO16 - Atmospheric Physics and Climate
Front Matter: Volume 10035
Front Matter: Volume 10035
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This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10035, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and Conference Committee listing.
AOO16 - Molecular Spectroscopy and Atmospheric Radiative Processes
Mathematical simulation of brightness fields in broken clouds for observations from Earth’s surface and from space in plane and spherical atmospheric models
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We present original statistical algorithms for calculating brightness fields of upward and downward solar radiation in deterministic inhomogeneous clouds in the plane-parallel and spherical atmospheric models. Poisson model on the basis of point fluxes in space is used to simulate the cloud fields. We implemented a few modifications of the algorithms, differing in the methods for simulating free path length and accounting for the molecular absorption. Results of crosschecks of the developed modifications and estimations of their efficiency are presented.
The impact of surface heat fluxes on plankton population dynamics during the thermal bar in a freshwater lake
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The results of numerical modeling of plankton biomass dynamics during the evolution of the spring riverine thermal bar in Kamloops Lake, British Columbia, Canada are presented. Investigation of hydrobiological processes is accomplished by using the nutrient–phytoplankton–zooplankton model of Franks et al. (1986). The mathematical model developed takes into account the diurnal variability of the heat fluxes on the surface of a body of water. The results obtained show that the variable heat flux affects the growth of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the upper layers of the lake.
A determination of dipole moment function parameters of sulfur dioxide
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A complete set of dipole moment function parameters of sulfur dioxide (32S16O2) were determined up to the second order inclusively. For determining the parameters, the experimental vibrational transition moments of the ν1, ν3, ν1+ν3, and 2ν3 bands were used from literature. The vibrational transition moments of the ν2, 2ν2, ν1+ν2, ν2+ν3, and 2ν1 bands with uninvestigated experimentally line intensities were obtained in this work on the basis of the ab initio line intensities of 32S16O2. The results of this work were validated by a comparison of the simulated absorption coefficients with the measured data taken from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
A validation of spectral line parameters of hydrogen sulfide
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A validation of spectral line parameters of hydrogen sulfide (H232S) from the spectroscopic databases HITRAN2012 and GEISA2009 was carried out. For this aim, the absorption coefficient of H232S calculated by a line-by-line method is compared to experimental data from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. A list of the spectral line parameters of H232S of the authors is also used for the comparison. The line positions and intensities from the author’s line list were calculated by the effective operator method. The parameters of the effective dipole moment of the ν2 band of H232S were determined. Finally, the HITRAN2012 and GEISA2009 data differ from the experimental ones in the ν2 band and there are errors in line positions of the first and second triad bands from HITRAN2012.
The water vapor absorption in the long wave wing of the rotational band
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The water vapor absorption in the 195–260 GHz region is investigated using asymptotic line wing theory. A knowledge of the absorption by the H2O lines of the rotational band where the shape of the line wing provides an adequate description of the water vapor absorption data in the 300–1000 cm-1 interval is not enough to reproduce the absorption data for the microwave region. While asymptotic line wing theory treats the absorption by any colliding molecular pairs and ignores that due to bound dimers, the experimental absorption data reveal the fraction of absorption by the bound water dimers. The role of the local spectral line contribution to the evaluation of the dimer absorption is discussed.
Classification of patients with broncho-pulmonary diseases based on analysis of absorption spectra of exhaled air samples with SVM and neural network algorithm application
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In this work results of classification of patients with broncho-pulmonary diseases based on analysis of exhaled air samples are presented. These results obtained by application of laser photoacoustic spectroscopy method and intellectual data analysis ones (Principal Component Analysis, Support vector machines, neural networks). Absorption spectra of exhaled air of gathered volunteers were registered; data preparation for classification procedure of absorption spectra of exhaled air of healthy and sick people was made. Also error matrices for neural networks and sensitivity/specificity values in case of classification with SVM method were obtained. This work was partially supposed by the Federal Target Program for Research and Development, Contract No. 14.578.21.0082 (unique identifier of applied scientific research and experimental development RFMEFI57814X0082).
Distributed architecture of information system for analysis and forecast of natural and climatic processes
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This paper reviews the concept of designing an open, horizontally scalable distributed information and computing environment, presented in the form of decentralized resource architecture (including computing nodes, storage nodes, communication channels) with decentralized computations and data management. The distributed infrastructure divided into two main components, the computational cluster and the storage cluster. Management of the cluster assigned to specialized frameworks – the infrastructure manager, network manager, computing manager, storage manager, authorization manager, web manager, upload manager. This paper shows the results of a practical study of the processed meteorological parameters obtained with standard ultrasonic weather station on the developed information-computational environment.
Qualitative analysis of model chemical kinetics equations for nucleation of molecular complexes in water vapor
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Formation of molecular water complexes that presumably affect the continuum water vapor absorption under nearatmospheric conditions is discussed within a chemical kinetics approach. Small sets of reactions responsible for a homogeneous nucleation of complexes comprised of simple structural units (water monomers) are considered. Sets with complexes containing no more than 5 monomers are examined. Steady states are found for the sets of model equations used, and the stability properties and time dependent concentrations of molecular complexes near the physical steady state are defined. The special features inherent in the behavior of the concentrations depending on the initial conditions and fraction of a foreign gas are revealed.
Kalman filtering in the problem of noise reduction in the absorption spectra of exhaled air
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We examined possibilities of the Kalman filter for reducing the noise effects in the analysis of absorption spectra of gas samples, in particular, for samples of the exhaled air. It has been shown that when comparing groups of patients with broncho-pulmonary diseases on the basis of the absorption spectra analysis of exhaled air samples the data preprocessing with the Kalman filtering can improve the classification sensitivity using a support vector kernel with mpl.
Possibilities of laser spectroscopy for monitoring the profile dynamics of the volatile metabolite in exhaled air
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In this work we studied applicability of the laser spectroscopy for fixing differences in composition of exhaled air depending on the position of the body in different physical states. Using principal component analysis we show that the use of the laser spectroscopy methods is sufficiently effective to solve this problem and provide additional opportunities for the comprehensive study of the human condition.
Systematization of graphically plotted published spectral functions of weakly bound water complexes
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The problem of systematization of published scientific plots presented in graphical form suitable for computer processing is discussed. The purpose of the present work is to briefly introduce a GrafOnto information system (part of W@DIS) for graphical representation of measured and predicted spectral functions relevant to molecular complexes, using Н2О as an example. Steps involved in the formulation of the problem at hand are described. A digital image model for a scientific plot is built, and a GrafOnto system for creating composite plots that comprises applications and their associated interfaces is constructed.
The current status of the W@DIS information system
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The current status of the W@DIS information system used for the systematization of spectroscopic data, including rovibronic transitions and energy levels, and data sources is reviewed, where the abbreviation W@DIS stands for Water Internet @ccesible Distributed Information System. Functionalities of W@DIS are outlined. The primary emphasis of W@DIS is on properties of data sources characterizing data quality. Several examples describe the interfaces used to create molecular spectral line lists and representation of binary relations between data sources and typical individuals of the ontology of information resources, states and transitions. The discussion employs the water molecule as an example.
Improved Dunham coefficients of HCl isotopologues
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All currently known line positions of hydrogen chloride molecule (HCl) in the region from 7.4 to 18075 cm-1 were fitted. The reliability of the data sources as well as their consistency were analyzed. Some disagreements were found due to the systematic errors in determination of the line positions. New set of isotopically independent spectroscopic parameters was obtained and used for the calculation of vibration-rotation energy levels. A comparison of the calculated centers of lines with those of the Hitran database was done.
The optical radiation transfer in layered atmosphere
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Consider the transfer of radiation in a stratified atmosphere. The analytical expressions for the calculation of transmittance, reflection and absorption ability of dispersed layered environment were obtained. It is established that the conservative scattering of radiation regime of the atmosphere is practically independent of altitude stratification of the aerosol. It is shown that the reflectivity of the atmosphere is only weakly dependent on the optical density of the surface layer with the absorption at any value of optical density of the upper layer and the single scattering albedo. The essential dependence of the absorptivity of the atmosphere from high-altitude parameters stratified atmosphere were established.
Development of distributed file system for storing weather data
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This article presents the results of developing a software for surface meteorological observation network storage. Multithreading was used to simulate a distributed cluster of information-computational resources during the software testing. This technology is used to create concurrently executing threads and is supported by practically every operating system. The architecture of the meteorological data network storage was designed and includes the following modules: coordinating module (monitors and displays computing nodes), database manager module (distributes meteorological data and executes user queries), client module (allows accessing the data), terminal modules (allows uploading new data), storage and processing modules (nodes for distributed data storage). The system was designed using platformindependent development tools (Java technologies), underwent simulation testing to improve the module interaction, ensure system performance, stability and reliability during processing large volumes of meteorological data.
The D2O absorption spectra in SiO2 airgel pores: technical features of treatment
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The results of preliminary studies narrowband scattering of laser radiation with a wavelength of 532 nm of the complex system of "airgel - water", depending on the water content in airgel nanopores are presented. In order to study the scattering in nanoporous media broadband radiation two versions of photoacoustic calorimeter are tested.
Comparison of two water vapor continuum models in simulation of the longwave fluxes taking into account absorption in cirrus clouds
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The longwave radiative fluxes were simulated using different water vapor continuum models for meteorological conditions of Tomsk and Volgograd. The atmosphere with various temperatures, water vapor contents and optical depths of cirrus clouds was considered. The contribution of uncertainties in the continuum models to simulation of downward and upward longwave fluxes is estimated.
Water vapor line broadening induced by hydrogen and helium pressure
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The averaged energy difference method was applied to calculate water vapor line broadening induced by hydrogen and helium pressure. Calculations were performed for wide ranges of rotational quantum numbers (J from 0 till 20 by the averaged energy difference method and J from 20 till 50 by interpolation of J-dependence), the spectral range is from 500 till 10 000 cm-1. The temperature exponents were calculated for every mentioned line. Comparisons of the calculated line shape parameters with the literature values are made for H2O-H2, -Не colliding systems.
Estimation of water dimers contribution to the water vapour continuum absorption within 0.94 and 1.13 μm bands
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In this paper we investigate the water vapour continuum absorption retrieved from experimental high-resolution Fourier-Transform-Spectroscopy spectra, obtained earlier from high-temperature and pressure pure water vapour measuremets. The retrieved spectra of the water vapour continuum, related to the least-studied today near-IR absorption bands at 8800 and 10600 cm-1, are described on the basis of the water dimer hypothesis of the continuum. It is shown that water dimers should cause, at least, half of the water vapour continuum absorption in the studied spectral region. The temperature dependence of the effective dimerization constant is derived.
Broadening and shift coefficients for H2O – H2 system in 8600 – 9000 cm–1 infrared spectral region
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The water vapor line broadening and shift coefficients in the ν1+ν2+ν3, 3ν2+ν3 and 2ν1+ν2 vibrational bands of H2O induced by hydrogen pressure were measured using a Bruker IFS 125HR spectrometer. These vibrational bands were investigated for the first time. The values of the broadening and shift coefficients were compared with the experimental data obtained for H2O–He and H2O–Ar optical systems
Line broadening of carbon dioxide confined in nanoporous aerogel
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For the first time the absorption spectrum of 2 0 0 12 – 0 0 0 01 band of carbon dioxide, confined in nanoporous silica aerogel with the density of 0.009 g/cm3,was measured using a Bruker IFS 125 HR FTIR at room temperature and a spectral resolution of 0.008 cm-1. The obtained dependence of spectral line half-width values on rotational quantum numbers was studied and compared with data available in the literature.
Absorption spectra of ethylene in different SiO2/Al2O3 aerogels
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The silica modified by boehmite (15% of Al2O3 by mass) was produced by sol-gel method without supercritical drying processes. Aerogel SiO2/Al2O3 textural characteristics was studied by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption with annealing samples at the temperature range of 500−900°C. Concentration and the acidic centers force on the aerogels surface were determined by thermal desorption of ammonia. For the first time absorption spectra of ethylene confined in nanopores of SiO2/Al2O3 aerogels was recorded using a Bruker IFS 125 HR FTIR spectrometer in the 5500 – 6300 cm-1 region. The difference in profiles of adsorbed ethylene was shown.
Critical evaluation of measured rotation-vibration line positions of 14N16O in the X2П state using Ritz method
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The results of critical evaluation of measured rotation-vibration line positions of 14N16O in the X2π state are presented. The analysis was carried out using the fundamental Rydberg-Ritz combination principle, for the available experimental data in the spectral range 1700-7400 cm-1 which represent unresolved Λ-doublets. As a result, the precise set of 1802 experimental energy levels of NO molecule in the interval 0-35665 сm-1 were obtained. Comparisons with the HITRAN and with the calculated energy levels from C.Amiot (1982) are discussed.
GOSAT TIR and SWIR spectra analysis for CO2 and CH4 profiles retrieval
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In this paper we used VLIDORT procedures as a forward model in FIRE-ARMS code for modeling the spectra and Jacobian calculation in both thermal infrared (TIR) and short wavelength infrared spectral bands (SWIR). Simulated spectra are compared with spectra measured under clear sky conditions over Western Siberia by the Fourier spectrometer TANSO-FTS, on board of the GOSAT satellite. With the new software, operating simultaneously in both bands, Jacobians were calculated in order to retrieve vertical profiles of carbon dioxide and methane in TIR and SWIR. Data from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis were used as initial guess model atmosphere.
Fluorescent and optical properties of sunflower leaves grown under oil pollution
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Sunflower plants were grown in the laboratory under continuous light on the ground, the sand and the liquid medium. Fluorescence parameters were measured using PAM fluorimeter (Walz, Germany) and optical spectrophotometric sensor CCM-200 plus, Opti-Sciences, USA). The change of parameters of Fo, Fm, Fv/Fm, ETR and CCI in leaves after addition of oil at a concentration of 6 g/kg is investigated. It is shown that the parameters CCI and ETR (electron transport rates) are most sensitive to oil pollution. The value of the CCI in sunflower leaves increased (compared to control) after the addition of oil in the soil and decreased after the addition of oil in sand and liquid culture medium.
AOO16 - Optical Radiation Propagation in the Atmosphere and Ocean
Solving applied atmospheric optics and acoustics problems by the Monte Carlo method
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Problems of application of the statistical simulation (Monte Carlo) method for solving fundamental and applied problems of atmospheric optics and acoustics at the V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics of the SB RAS are discussed in the present work. The most significant results obtained in the study of imaging of objects located on the Earth’s surface, in the atmosphere, and in space for ground-based and satellite observations aimed at the development of means for atmospheric correction of data of satellite passive sensing of the Earth’s surface, investigation of bistatic atmospheric optical communication channels, and estimation of the energy characteristics of acoustic radiation propagating through the turbulent atmosphere and sodar signals are presented.
Excitation of local surface modes in semiconductor nanoparticles in visible and near UV regions
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The effect of excitation of local surface modes in semiconductor nanoparticles is studied experimentally and theoretically for various compounds: titanium dioxide, titanium nitride, tungsten disilicide, molybdenum disilicide. Enhancement of depolarizing properties for non-spherical titania nanoparticles (nanoplatelets and nanoribbons) associated with the excitation of local surface modes is considered. The possibility to retrieve the dielectric function spectrum from the depolarization factor measurements for low-dimensional nanoparticles is discussed.
Estimation of the influence of a cloudy field on satellite observation of the Earth’s surface through a single cloud gap
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The problem of estimating the influence of homogeneous cloudiness on the signal received during observation of the Earth’s surface from a satellite system is considered for the Lambert reflection from the Earth’s surface. In calculations the Monte Carlo method with backward scheme of simulation of trajectories is used. The gap radii at which the influence of cloudiness decreases down to 10 % of the received radiance are found. A dependence of the radiance on the gap radius is obtained and explained.
Variations in radio signal phase at propagation in the parabolic layer of disturbed ionospheric plasma
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The problem of electromagnetic-wave propagation in anisotropic plasma cannot usually be described by exact analytical solutions even in simplest model cases. One of main approximate methods is a geometric optics which provides an illustrative description of radio wave propagation in terms of ray paths [1]. Applicability boundaries of the method (wavelength is smaller than the typical scales of the medium) generally work quite well in the problem of ionospheric propagation of radio waves. Isotropic approximation, i.e. neglect the effect of the Earth's magnetic field, is widely used to simplify the ray-optical description of ionospheric propagation of radio waves. In particular, the advantage of this approach is that for a set of ionospheric models it allows to obtain analytical solutions for the parameters of the ray path. It has been extensively discussed in the literature that the isotropic approximation works quite well for ionospheric sounding being representative of the ordinary mode.
Laser beam distortion propagation through a shock wave arising in a supersonic flows past turret in a homogeneous medium
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In work results of calculation of the mean intensity and size of a deviation from rectilinear distribution of a beam which passes in the beginning of the path through a shock wave and propagates further in a homogeneous medium are presented. It is shown that the spatial inhomogeneity of the air refractive index in the region of a shock wave which is formed during a supersonic air flow around the turret can exert a focusing action of a beam intersecting the wave, and defragmentation of the beam and rapid degradation at further propagation.
Coherence deficiency of vortex Bessel beams in turbulent atmosphere
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In this paper the coherent properties of the vortex Bessel optical beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere are investigated. The approach to the analysis of this problem is based on the solution of the equation for the second-order transverse mutual coherence function of a field of optical radiation. The behavior of integral scale of coherence degree of vortex Bessel optical beams depending on parameters of a beam and characteristics of turbulent atmosphere is particularly considered. It is shown, that the integral scale of coherence degree of a vortex Bessel optical beam essentially depends on value of a topological charge of a vortex beam. With increase in a topological charge of a vortex Bessel optical beam the value of integral scale of coherence degree of a vortex Bessel optical beam decreases.
Recognition of whistler patterns in vlf signal spectrograms
G. M. Vodinchar,
E. A. Malysh,
N. V. Cherneva
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Algorithms of filtration for atmospherics and narrow-band noises in VLF spectrograms have been developed. An algorithm for whistler detection in a spectrogram has been suggested. It is based on a nonlinear transformation of «time-frequency» coordinates to rectify a whistler pattern followed by the recognition of this straight line.
Effects of polarization of optical radiation in the problem for finding refractive indices of layered medium
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The problem of determination of refractive indices for layered medium under known outgoing radiation is considered. It is assumed, that the Stokes parameters of radiation at the boundary of medium are known. To solve the problem, we propose a special indicator function. This function has singularity as its argument tends to unknown values of the refractive index. The results of numerical experiments are discussed.
Monte Carlo method for non-stationary radiative transfer equation in inhomogeneous media
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Monte Carlo method for solving non-stationary radiative transfer equation in inhomogeneous media is proposed and tested for visualization tasks.
The history of a global spherical model of the solar radiation transfer in the Earth's atmosphere
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In 1966, 50 years ago, in the department «Kinetic equations» of the Department of Applied Mathematics of V. A. Steklov Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences) T. A. Sushkevich - representative of the Moscow scientific school created Professor E. S. Kuznetsov, developed and implemented a global multi-dimensional spherical 4d-model of solar radiation transfer in the Earth's atmosphere in a spherical coordinate system. Nobody in the world has surpassed these results. Proposed spherical 5d-model for modeling the Earth radiation field at a planet scale based on the Boltzmann kinetic equation and deterministic approach.
Integral momenta of Bessel-Gaussian beams in randomly inhomogeneous medium
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In the given paper results of theoretical researches of the integral momenta of the vortex Bessel-Gaussian optical beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere are resulted. In particular, features of behavior of a flux of optical radiation of vortex Bessel-Gaussian beams from beam parameters, namely, the transverse wave number of optical radiation, radius of the amplitude factor, and, especially, topological charge are analyzed in detail. It is shown, that mean value of the orbital angular momentum of a vortex Bessel-Gaussian beam remains to constants at propagation in atmosphere, and the variance of fluctuations of the orbital angular momentum of the vortex Bessel-Gaussian beam calculated with the “meanintensity” approximation is identically equal to zero. On the basis of these results it is possible to draw a conclusion that the value of a variance of fluctuations of the orbital angular momentum of a vortex Bessel-Gaussian beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere is always small.
Method of estimation of the cross-wind velocity from statistics of energy centroids coordinates of binocular images of topographic objects
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In the report the method of evaluation of the crosswind velocity from the jitter statistics of binocular images of a remote topographic objects and the results of experiments on atmospheric paths are presented. The possibility of evaluation of the cross-wind based on the shift of the maximum of the mutual correlation function of the displacements of the energy centroids of areas of contrast images is demonstrated. The horizontal spacing of the objectives allows to evaluate the integral speed, and the diagonal spacing – the value of the velocity at a specific point of the optical path. Speed estimates derived from passive optical method agree with the results of independent means of measurement.
On accuracy of radiometric calibration of hyperspectral visible/NIR satellite remote sensing instruments above natural surfaces
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To provide accurate data the regular on-board absolute radiometric calibration of a satellite hyperspectral instrument is required. Together with the internal calibration the external calibration using comparison of radiance measurements above special ground test sites and calculated radiances is performed. The top of the atmosphere radiances are calculated using a radiative transfer model basing on atmospheric and surface characteristics measured at the test sites. Spatial pixel of hyperspectral instruments is tens of meters, therefore it is difficult to creation with large enough fields with artificial reflective surface. The paper presents preliminary results of the theoretical analysis of the errors of a satellite hyperspectral instrument radiometric calibration using grass and snow. Results for test sites located at 200 m.a.s.l. and 2000 m.a.s.l. with the atmospheric composition and surface reflectance measurements are compared. The analysis is performed for an instrument with the spectral resolution of 1-8 nm which is typical for special regime of payload GSA of Russian satellite Resurs-P. The errors related with the atmospheric composition and albedo measurement errors and scenarios of the aerosol vertical distribution were theoretically examined. The error is less than 6% in all the cases at all the wavelengths between 400 nm and 1000 nm with the exception of the absorption bands of water vapor. In the absorption bands of water vapor about 720 nm and 820 nm the errors reach 12% at the downcountry site. In the absorption band of 950 nm the errors reach 15% in mountains and 35% in downcountry. In our error analysis we used 4% error of surface albedo. We can expect that reassessment of the albedo error of natural surfaces will directly influence to the estimation of the total errors for the both grass end snow except the spectral range of 400-650 nm where grass has low albedo.
Diffraction of short pulsed Laguerre–Gaussian beams
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Based on the numerical solution of the parabolic wave equation for the complex spectral amplitude of the wave field the propagation of a short pulsed Laguerre–Gaussian beam with femtosecond duration was studied. It has been shown that the diffraction broadening of the Laguerre–Gaussian beam decreases with the pulse duration in comparison with continuous-wave radiation.
Statistics of pulsed Laguerre-Gaussian beams in a turbulent atmosphere
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Based on the numerical solution of the parabolic wave equation for the complex spectral amplitude of the wave field by using the splitting into physical factors method the fluctuations of energy density of the broadband pulsed optical radiation for various modes of the Laguerre–Gaussian beam under different turbulent conditions on the propagation path were studied. It has been shown that with the increase of optical turbulence the relative variance of energy density fluctuations of pulsed radiation of femtosecond duration becomes much lower than that of continuous-wave (cw) radiation and, in contrast, may become smaller than unity. Provided the pulse duration is short the energy density fluctuations tend to decrease as the order of the Laguerre–Gaussian beam mode rises. The level of residual spatial correlation of the strong energy density fluctuations of pulsed radiation exceeds the level of cw intensity correlation in all examined Laguerre–Gaussian beam modes and the typical two-scale structure of spatial correlation for the strong fluctuations of cw radiation in the case of pulsed radiation is less expressed.
Coherence degree of a Laguerre-Gaussian laser beam backscattered on a diffuse target in turbulent atmosphere
D. S. Rytchkov
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The paper presents the results of the study of the coherence properties of vortex Laguerre-Gaussian beams backscattered on a diffuse target on monostatic location paths in a turbulent atmosphere. In the weak intensity fluctuations approximation the modulus of complex degree of coherence was calculated for the backscattered vortex beam. It is shown that vortex beam coherence is less than for the Gaussian beam, except of the limit of the point reflector. The value of topological charge of a vortex laser beam remains in the mutual coherence function of a backward wave, but has a weak effect on the dependence of coherence length of the backward wave on the way of separating the observation points. The sign of the topological charge is also present in the expression for the modulus of the complex coherence of the backscattered radiation, but is not significant in its functional behaviour.
Photophoresis of fractal-like soot aggregates: possible atmospheric applications
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For the first time the results for photophoretic motion characteristics of fractal-like soot aggregates in the field of shortwave solar and long-wave thermal atmospheric radiation are presented. It is shown that for the model of fractal-like particles the photophoretic effects for soot aerosol in stationary atmosphere are most essential at stratospheric altitudes.
Determining the bottom surface according to data of side-scan sonars
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Authors study a problem of determining the bottom topography of a fluctuating ocean using the data of side-scan sonars. Based on a kinetic model of acoustic radiative transfer authors obtain a formula for determining a function describing small deviations of the bottom surface from a middle level. Numerical experiments have been done on modeling data that demonstrate the accuracy of the obtained formula.
Interannual and seasonal variability of atmospheric inhomogeneities from satellite systems data and it’s correlation with atmosphere monitoring
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In this paper we presented results long-term experimental study of atmosphere remote sensing by GPS-GLONASS signals and simultaneous near surface atmospheric parameters measurements in Kazan city. During the period of 2010 - 2012. the interannual and seasonal variability of the radiovawes zenith tropospheric delay structure functions was analyzed. The correlation coefficient of the of the time structure function decimeter radio waves zenith tropospheric delay power approximation with surface temperature reaches a value of 0.73 for the fluctuations with time scales up to 8 hours. According to the results it can be assume a strong influence of the synoptic processes and the underlying surface on the formation of mesoscale fluctuations in the satellite navigation systems phase path.
Spatial and temporal characteristics of an adaptive optics system
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To be effective, adaptive correction of turbulent distortions should be considered final spatio-temporal resolution of adaptive optics system, ie. its ability to form and implement the corrected wavefront control with a predetermined speed and within a finite range of spatial scales. The spatial resolution of the system is determined by the adaptive design of its key elements. Temporal resolution depends on the one hand, on the operating frequency band of electronic, mechanical and optical components of the system, and on the other - by a control algorithm for deformable mirror. To improve the time resolution of the adaptive system can be achieved by optimizing the system control algorithm by constructing predict for optical distortion.
Numerical model of turbulence with non-Kolmogorov and anisotropic density spectrum of phase fluctuation
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The intensity of turbulent distortions in an atmosphere characterized by a structural constant of the refractive index change which is subject to the law of “two – thirds” in model of turbulence Kolmogorov – Obukhov. It is presented the numerical model of atmospheric turbulence, for which the degree of change of the structural constant of the refractive index is different from the degree of "two – thirds", and also takes into account the anisotropy of the medium along the propagation direction of the optical radiation.
Improving the reliability of the method calculating the speed of cross-wind transport of turbulent distortion of optical radiation
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Calculation of the transverse components of the wind speed at the entrance aperture adaptive optical system is based on the correlation analysis of coordinates of energy centers of gravity of the focal spot, that it was measured by wave front sensor Shack–Hartmann. To ensure the accuracy of the algorithm implementing the calculation of wind speed, it must be resistant to noise caused by the construction of sensor and resulting from mathematical operations. It is presented the results of numerical studies. The analysis is performed on basis of a numerical model of the wave front sensor Shack- Hartmann and on turbulence model of Kolmogorov’s type.
Backscatter amplification lidar testing by the image jitter sensor
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The paper reports the results of operation of a lidar developed for measurement of the backscatter amplification in the turbulent atmosphere along with the image jitter sensor. The sensing was carried out round-the-clock under urban conditions along a horizontal 2-km path in winter at negative temperatures, when significant temperature gradients took place in the atmosphere. The lidar coefficient of backscatter amplification correlated with the variance of image jitter of a white matte disk of the image jitter sensor, whose path coincided with the lidar path. The correlation coefficient between the backscatter amplification coefficient at the path end and the standard deviation of the disk image jitter was 0.80-0.85. When the turbulence intensity along the sensing path became significantly inhomogeneous, marked differences appeared between readings of the lidar and the jitter sensor.
Automatic processing and interpretation of backscatter ionosphere sounding ionograms
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We present techniques and algorithms for processing and interpretation of backscatter ionosphere sounding ionograms received on chirp ionosonde. The processing of experimental ionograms is carried out on the basis of basic data filtration with the subsequent compression by method of the cellular automaton. The interpretation technique for ionograms is based on use of modeling results for frequency dependences on the minimum group way in the mode of the long-term forecast and results of experimental data processing. We also present the results of operative diagnostics of HF radio channel on the base of current backscatter sounding data.
Use of the BSA-lidar for the turbulent spatial and temporal variability in the atmospheric surface layer
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An aerosol lidar designed specifically for measurement of the backscatter amplification (BSA) was used in a field experiment, and the procedure for information processing was proposed, which allows the obtained data to be presented in the form convenient for analysis. The BSA-lidar records the value of the relative amplification coefficient, which is proportional to the intensity of atmospheric turbulence. The spatial profile of the backscatter amplification coefficient is the monotonically increasing function, the first derivative of which allows one to localize zones with intense turbulence. Construction of range-time images (RTI) of the derivative of the amplification factor gives a comprehensive picture of the location of such zones and their temporal dynamics. The experiment was conducted in the winter season under urban conditions. An image jitter sensor operated at the same path simultaneously with the lidar for the independent control. It has been found that the night behavior of the amplification factor differed from the daytime one by its volatility, and night values of this factor could exceed twofold the daytime level, increasing up to 3. Maximal gradients of the amplification factor equal to 4 km-1 have been obtained.
Dispersion and spatial autocorrelation of the phase and group signal paths in a randomly inhomogeneous medium with regular refraction
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Statistical properties of the phase and group paths of signals reflected from the plane layered medium with anisotropic random inhomogeneities of dielectric permittivity are considered. Analytical expressions for the dispersions and spatial autocorrelation functions of these signal characteristics are obtained for the two models of regular ionospheric layers: linear and parabolic. The results are numerically analyzed for different conditions of ionospheric sounding.
Coherence degree of diffraction-free beams in turbulent atmosphere
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This work is devoted the research of coherent properties of the diffraction-free beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere. On the basis of the solution of the equation for the second-order mutual coherent function of a field the consideration of behavior of mean intensity and degree coherence of a cosine beam is developed. The mean intensity of a beam during propagation in turbulence decreases twice. The degree coherence of a beam at low levels of fluctuations has oscillatory character, and the number of fluctuations is defined by a value of a beam parameter. At high levels of fluctuations the degree coherence of a beam becomes closer to the similar characteristic of a plane wave.
All-fiber coherent Doppler lidar
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The paper sums up the principles of construction of all-fiber Doppler coherent wind lidars, which can be divided into two classes by the method of signal conversion: homodyne and heterodyne. Lidars of the first class, usually, with continuous-wave probing radiation employ the direct conversion of the signal, when the carrier frequency coincides with the master oscillator frequency. Systems of the second class are pulsed Doppler lidars with the carrier frequency shifted about the master oscillator frequency, which allows simultaneous measurements of the direction and speed of the radial wind. Now our laboratory has started the works to make a prototype model of the pulsed all-fiber coherent Doppler lidar.
Estimation of effective height changes of Earth-ionosphere waveguide by VLF radio signals phase variations during a solar eclipse
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During the solar eclipse of May 20 - 21, 2012 in Yakutsk VLF radio signal phase variations are recorded. The variations are 0.77 and 0.54 radians for JJY40 and NPM radio stations respectively. By the radio signals phase variations a normalization factor is determined. The normalization coefficients are 3,27 ± 0,08 and 2,27 ± 0,05 km for paths JJY40 - Yakutsk and NPM - Yakutsk respectively. The effective height of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide changing for the maximum shading the path JJY40 - Yakutsk (22:47 UT) is 4.63 km. For the path NPM - Yakutsk the effective height changes in maximum shading (23:52 UT) are 4.25 km.
Seasonal variability of the astronomical seeing on the Large Solar Vacuum Telescope
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The results of optical measurements of the quality of astronomical seeing on the Large solar vacuum telescope (LSVT) in spring and summer are shown. It is noticed that in the summer measurements, the quality of vision is higher on average 2.5 times than in the spring. Information on the seasonal variability of the astronomical quality of vision can be useful in the planning of scientific experiments for the LSVT, as well as to improve the performance of existing adaptive system
Full-field speckle correlometry of non-stationary systems with temperature-dependent scatter dynamics
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The experimental results of speckle-correlometric analysis of such temperature-governed processes as the sol-gel transition and the foam aging are presented. Analysis of the temperature dependencies of speckle correlation time for solgel systems with embedded scatterers allows the estimation of gelation activation energy. The effect of increase in the speckle correlation time at later stages of the foam structure evolution is presumably caused by the increasing role of local avalanche-like processes in the structure formation.
Stochastic simulation of 3D distributions for laser pulses scattered in optical media
Sergei M. Prigarin,
Daria E. Mironova
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This paper describes the results of Monte Carlo simulation of photon distributions for laser pulses scattered in a space with homogeneous optical media. Simulation results show that a "cloud" of scattered photons may take various shapes depending on the laser pulse spreading conditions.
Monte Carlo simulation of specific features of radiation regime in clouds caused by underlying surface
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This paper presents the results of Monte Carlo simulation of the radiation regime in clouds and describes the effects caused by solar radiation reflected by the underlying surface. Simulation results show that under certain conditions the actinic flux and irradiance can achieve maximal values at specific heights inside clouds.
Analysis of the position angles polarization ellipse and coefficient ellipticity of the Schumann resonance in the daily–season cycle observations
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This paper presents a daily-season variation of the coefficient ellipticity and position angle of the ellipse polarization of the first three events of the Schumann resonances. A comparative analysis of the polarization characteristics was spending for the period 2013-2015 years.
Some approaches to describe the vertical structure of air refraction index variations
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The features of air index refraction vertical variations up to 20 km at the Large solar vacuum telescope site are discussed. The possible local model of air index refraction fluctuations are supposed at the Large solar vacuum telescope site.
Coherence of optical waves at conic focusing in a turbulent atmosphere
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The features of focusing of a Gaussian optical beam with any curvature of parabolic wave front a conic lens (an axicon) in a randomly inhomogeneous medium are studied. The analysis of a problem is based on the solution of the equation for the second-order mutual coherence function of a field of an optical beam. The distribution of mean intensity of an optical beam in longitudinal and transverse to direction of propagation of an optical radiation are calculated. The influence of a randomly inhomogeneous medium on a change of a radius of a central part of an optical beam in the range of a focal region for axicon is estimated. The stability criterion of a spatial structure generated thus a pseudo-Bessel beam to influence of random inhomogeneities of a medium is derived. The behavior of a coherence radius of the focused optical beam depending on characteristics of a randomly inhomogeneous medium is examined.
Influence of atmospheric turbulence on quality of multichannel laser radiation and correction for distortion
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In this paper the results of simulation are presented of multichannel radiation propagation in the atmosphere, and correction for turbulent distortion on the base of the beam phase control is considered. The results demonstrate dependence of correction effectiveness on number of channels and on precision of a reference beam phase reconstruction. Additionally increase of effectiveness is possible with adjustment of amplification in the channels of the optical system, i.e., with the use of amplitude-phase control of radiation.
Site selection for modern ground based large telescopes
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The problem of selection of sites for modern telescopes which are characterized by favorable conditions for astronomical observations is discussed. A number of new sites to telescope construct with separate mountain peaks (above 2 km) as well as high image quality (astronomical seeing) and low level of cloud are pointed.
Calculation of large cloud formations vector movement based on satellite data
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Considered algorithm for the calculation of speed and direction of displacement the large cloud formations on the basis of remote sensing which data stored in open access, obtained from satellites.
The suitability of the approximation criterion on the first output from the area comparison for distribution probability density of fluctuations of the harmonic signal in gaussian random noise
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This report presents the results of measurements of fluctuations of the harmonic signal in Gaussian random noise. Shown the suitability of the criterion of the first output values approximating the distribution of the area of comparison for the approximation of experimental distributions measured for both dependent and independent samples of values of the harmonic signal in Gaussian random noise.
Influence of errors in assignment of the optical atmospheric parameters on results of reconstruction of the Earth’s surface reflection coefficients from satellite measurements in the visible and near-IR ranges
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An algorithm for reconstructing the Earth’s surface reflection coefficients from the data of MODIS satellite measurements is considered. For six channels of the MODIS device in the visible and near-IR ranges, the influence of a 10% error in the assignment of the aerosol and molecular extinction on the accuracy of reconstructing of the Earth’s surface reflection coefficients is estimated. A comparison of this error with the error of reconstructing the reflection coefficient for a surface area in the Tomsk Region by the suggested algorithm and the algorithm MOD09 is performed. Results of comparison show that the error in assignment of the input optical parameters can be the main source of the error of the correction algorithms for wavelengths 0.4–0.85 μm. For the channel centered at 1.25 μm the error of the algorithms is much greater than the error caused by a 10 % error of assignment of the optical parameters.
Features of hyperspectral approach in remote sensing in the region of the Arctic
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It is about the development and applications of the theory of radiation transfer in natural environments for theoretical and computational studies of radiation fields in the Arctic region for the benefit of the approach of hyperspectral remote sensing (ERS) of the atmosphere and Earth's surface in the range from UV to the millimeter range of wavelengths. Developed kinetic approach to the modeling of radiation transfer in a heterogeneous environment on the basis of a general boundary value problem for the linearized Boltzmann equation taking into account the multiple scattering and absorption. The transfer operator of the radiation transfer heterogeneous system built by the method of the influence functions. The underlying theory of the transfer operator, built T.A Sushkevich as a fundamental theoretical generalization of various private empirical approaches.
Development of experimental methods of ecological monitoring using femtosecond lidar systems
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A brief review of the development of experimental methods of the monitoring of the environment using femtosecond lidar systems of Institute of atmospheric optics (IAO SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia) has been presented. Spectrums if lidar returns for the distance 110 m which has been detected via femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy method (FS-LIBS) has been discussed. It has been shown that as spectral distribution of the energy of the supercontinuum emission, as results of the interference of the emission of “near” filaments are detected in the case of multiple filamentation of lidar signals.
Development of the phase method of measurements of the atmospheric turbulence profile in observations of a laser guide stars
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Further development of the method of restoration of a profile of atmospheric turbulence in two crossed laser beams creating a laser guide stars which is earlier offered by authors is executed. Data of numerical experiment on restoration of a real turbulence profile are provided.
Structure of turbulent air motion inside Primary Mirror shaft at Siberian Lidar station of IAO SB RAS: experiment and simulation
Show abstract
Structure of air turbulent motion inside Primary Mirror shaft at Siberian Lidar station of V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS has been studied. Experiment results performed using ultrasonic weather station are presented. Theoretical results obtained by numerical solving of boundary value problem for hydrodynamics equations (Navier–Stokes). Solitary large vortices (coherent structures, topological solitons) are observed inside the studied room. The coherent decay of such vortices generates a coherent turbulence.
Statistical estimates of time distribution of the monostatic sodar signal intensity
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Time distribution of the monostatic sodar signal intensity has been obtained in the report with allowance for the contribution of multiply scattered radiation. Dependences of the sodar signal intensity on its parameters and atmospheric meteorological conditions are analyzed.
Estimate of the effect of polarization account on the reflection coefficient of the earth’s surface for atmospheric correction of satellite data
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The problem of polarization account in statistical simulation of the process of satellite imaging of the Earth’s surface in the visible and near-IR range of wavelengths is considered. The complex of algorithms is developed on the basis of the Monte Carlo method that allows reflection coefficient of the Earth’s surface to be reconstructed in the homogeneous surface approximation with and without allowance for radiation polarization. Test examples are presented that prove the correctness of the algorithmic implementation. It is demonstrated that account of polarization can be an integral part of the atmospheric correction algorithm, in particular, for weakly reflecting surfaces.
Development of IT integration tools for problems of thematic processing of earth remote sensing data
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The paper is devoted to development of IT integration tools for problems of thematic processing of Earth remote sensing data. The used approach is exemplified with the prototype integration system including algorithms of thematic processing of remote sensing data for the problem of atmospheric correction. Algorithms for calculation of atmospheric corrections based on the physical model of optical imaging of the Earth’s surface and the algorithm of atmospheric correction in the visible spectral range with regard for major factors influencing the radiation transfer are described. The proposed integration model provides the use of heterogeneous distributed data for calculation and expendability of the system due to integration of new types of data and algorithms.
Spectral range for analysis of natural gas by Raman spectroscopy
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In the present work, the method of evaluation of component composition of natural gas is based on the decomposition of Raman spectrum into spectra of the individual components is described. To implementing of this method the spectral ranges 250-2500 cm-1 and 3600-3700 cm-1 were selected. The Raman spectra of the main components of natural gas are presented. Results of Raman gas analyzer approbation on a real natural gas sample are presented. A comparison of the experimental results obtained with the results of chromatographic analysis demonstrates their good agreement. It is experimentally established that the given Raman gas analyzer can reliably determine the content of all molecular natural gas components whose content exceeds 0.005% for 100 s.
Modeling of kilometers radio wave propagation on a high latitudes in summer and winter time
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The report is devoted to the foundation of the method of calculation of the service zone of the MF radio beacon for transmission of differential corrections of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) over high-latitude manysectional impedance paths in summer and winter time. Methods of calculation of the Earth’s wave field over inhomogeneous radio paths including over layered “ice-sea” structure are considered. On a base of the analysis of propagation conditions of radio waves, a new method of calculation of the service zone of the radio lines in the Arctic basin was submitted. Numerical algorithms for various models of the propagation of radio waves were developed and tested. The method consists in using the proposed set of algorithms, maps of geoelectric sections (GES) of underlying layered medium, digital relief maps, vegetation and ice cover for the calculations of Earth’s wave fields.
Seasonal change of spatial distribution of transport acoustic noise in Tomsk
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The technique of map development of noise of the city on spectral characteristics of acoustic noise is offered. Cards of acoustic noise in the sound range of frequencies for the winter and summer season, and also the card of spatial distribution of a decay rate according to measurements in Tomsk are constructed. Empirical dependence of level of acoustic noise on transport loading for the winter and summer period is received.
The influence of plasmon resonance on the decrease of resonatorless laser generation thresholds
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The paper presents the results of the measurements of the values of resonatorless laser generation power threshold densities in thin layers of 6G rhodamine colloidal solutions with single plasmon-resonance gold and silver nanoparticles and non-plazmon resonance nanoparticles of platinum and zinc oxide. It is shown that when gold, platinum and silver nanoparticles are used, the thresholds values are approximately equal at the same concentrations.
Dispersion of surface plasmon-polaritons in weakly periodic structures
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The paper presents the results of researching surface plasmon polaritons dispersion on the "composite medium and metal substrate" border within a visible wavelength range. The composite dielectric function varies in space according to the periodic law. The solution to this problem has been presented as an inhomogeneous wave for which the field amplitude distribution has been written in an analytical form and dispersion relations have been obtained.
Spatial profiles of statistical moments for collimated laser beams at the end of long atmospheric path
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The results of the experimental and theoretical analysis of spatial statistical characteristics of laser beams with wavefront control are presented. The experimental data obtained in different meteorological conditions is used to estimate features of spatial localization of averaged over the ensemble recorded intensity distributions and profiles of second, third and fourth spatial moments. Registered dependence between transverse or longitudinal components of scintillation index and meteorological conditions or setting of beam forming optical system is discussed. In addition, we proposed interpretation of spatial properties of high-order central moments.
Reflectivity dispersion characteristics of the composite films on the metal substrate
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The paper gives the results of computer simulating reflectivity of a flat structure made of composite material on the basis of Ag, Ni, Al, Cu nanoparticles and a substrate of the same metals within the visible wavelength range. The possibility of broadband optical antireflection of a metal surface using nanoparticles of the same metals by forming in the near surface layer of the metal being made anti-reflecting a composite layer is researched. Within the visible wavelength range the dispersion characteristics of the reflectivity of the composite metal-dielectric layer on a metal substrate have been calculated for different values of the filling factor and the thickness of the composite layer both for the metals having plasmon resonances (Ag, Cu) within the visible range and for the metals plasmon resonances of which do not fall in the visible wavelength range (Al, Ni).
Light fields in the clear natural water as an evidence of own water heterogeneity
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The problem of optical constant of seawater to in situ measured light fields in the clear natural waters is under discussion. A precise radiative transfer prediction for the water reflectance demonstrates significant discrepancy in comparison to the field data. It was shown that to meet agreement between the empirical and theoretical reflectance values it would be necessary to increase the backscattering. On the contrary, the interpretation of diffuse attenuation coefficients for downward irradiance tends to underestimate the light absorption in the water. A conception of own water heterogeneity is proposed. This enables to explain the most of inconsistencies.
Method of evaluation of the radial distribution of the refractive index spectrum in axisymmetric supersonic jet from laser transillumination results
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In the report the algorithm of determining of the radial dependence of the refractive index spectrum in an axially symmetric jet from the intensity fluctuations of translucent laser beam is presented. The relationship between the spatial spectrum of inhomogeneities of air density and temporal power spectrum of the diaphragmed laser radiation and the distribution of mean flow velocity over the cross section of the jet are used for refraction index spectra recovery. The relations allowing to determine the shape of the spectrum of the inhomogeneities from temporal spectra of the intensity fluctuations of laser radiation passed through the jet at different distances from its axis are obtained. Results of numerical experiments demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Processing of the information from side-scan sonar
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The kinetic model, describing sound propagation in a randomly inhomogeneous medium with diffuse reflection by Lambert's cosine law on the bottom surface, is considered. Based on it the inverse problem of bottom scattering reconstruction is formulated. An explicit solution is deduced by using a narrow receiving directivity pattern and a pointwise isotropic source. Numerical experiments for the analysis of the impact of the finite pulse and the finite receiving directivity pattern on the received signal are done.
Approbation of method of IR-radiation detection based on ultrasonic thermometry
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Nowadays the sources of long-wavelength optical radiation (far infrared, terahertz range) are developed intensively. They have good perspectives in different fields of biology, medicine, security systems etc. This implies the need to have the detectors of radiation with advanced parameters 1,2. Golay cell 3 is one of the most sensitive detector types available at the time being despite, the strong development of semiconductor detectors 4 – 6. In Golay cell the energy is measured by the expansion of the gas in the sealed chamber: the gas absorbs the energy and presses the flexible membrane, thus the change of volume is registered. The disadvantages of these detectors are relatively high price, big size and vibration susceptibility. In our paper we consider the method of radiation detecting that is similar to one that is used in Golay cell but based on gas temperature measurement.
Influence of energy and repetition rate of the femtosecond laser pulses on the spectral and temporal characteristics of plasma in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of aqueous solutions
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Experimentally determined the influence of energy and pulse repetition rate of the femtosecond Ti: sapphire laser on the intensity of the spectral lines in the optical breakdown on the surface of an aqueous solution of CaCl2 and aqueous solutions of iron. The time dependence of the intensity of the continuous and line spectra of the plasma was obtained from the laser pulse energy. It is shown that by increasing the laser pulse repetition frequency from 20 Hz to 1000 Hz is observed up to 45% reduction of the emission line intensity Ca II (393.3 nm).
Fluctuations of the orbital angular momentum of vortex laser beam in turbulent atmosphere: dependence on turbulence strength and beam parameters
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The dependences of the orbital angular momentum of a Laguerre–Gaussian beam propagating through a turbulent atmosphere on its azimuthal index and atmospheric turbulence strength are analyzed in the numerical simulation. The effect of errors in alignment of the beam and receiver axes on the average value and variance of orbital angular momentum fluctuations is studied. The statistics of the orbital angular momentum distribution at the end of the atmospheric propagation path is analyzed.
Active mode radiosounding on ionosonde "TOMION"
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The article is a brief description of the software developed for operation ionosonde "TOMION" in an accelerated mode active vertical radiosounding of the ionosphere.
Computer simulation of scalar vortex and annular LG0l beams in dynamically moving random inhomogeneous media
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Computer modeling of annular and vortex Laguerre-Gaussian beams LG0L propagation in random inhomogeneous media using the dynamic time-varying algorithm of media evolution is presented. The temporal power spectrum of vortex beam LG0L has been investigated by numerical simulation of propagation through atmospheric turbulence. The split-step Fourier method was used for solving scalar wave equation for a randomly inhomogeneous medium with a power-law Kolmogorov spectrum.
Monitoring electromagnetic fields in the frequency band from 1 kHz to 30 MHz on the ionosonde "TOMION"
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The article discusses basics of electromagnetic fields monitoring in the frequency range from 1 kHz to 30 MHz. Registration methods of experimental data processing obtained by ionosonde "TOMION" are provided. When using the global network of digital ionosondes "TOMION" will be able to monitor ionosphere condition in the passive mode of oblique radiosounding, as well as to perform the short-term (immediate) forecast of stable radio communication and electromagnetic pollution control on a global scale.
Reaction of the F2 region ionosphere on geomagnetic storms according to the data of the Tomsk ionospheric station
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The paper presents the results of evaluation of the impact of geomagnetic storms on the Earth's ionosphere. As a data (investigated ranks) used the critical frequency of the F2 layer of the ionosphere and characteristic of geomagnetic activity - Kp index. The purpose of research is a quantitative assessment of the influence of magnetic storms on the Earth's ionosphere.
The influence of energy and temporal characteristics of laser radiation on the structure of multiple filamentation domain in glass
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The results of experiments to study the spatial characteristics of the field of multiple filamentation (FMF) gigawatt pulse Ti:Sapphire laser in the glass. The dependences of the coordinates of the beginning and end of the FMF, the diameter of the laser pulse energy were received. It was found that when a certain average intensity values in the beam FMF has formed around the illuminated faces of the glass sample. It is shown that when the threshold intensity of the beam is formed by a secondary area of multiple filamentation, the spatial characteristics of which depend on the time of exposure to repetitively pulsed laser radiation. The dependence of the diameter of the secondary FMF and coordinates its start from the effects of time. The time dependence of the impact of the spatial characteristics of the primary field of multiple filamentation experiments absent.
Postfilamentation light channels in the air
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The results of experimental studies of spatial characteristics postfilamentation light channels formed in the propagation of a focused single pulse Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser in the air. The dynamics postfilamentation light channels along the distance of the laser beam after focusing. Determine the angular divergence of the channels upon filamentation focused and collimated beams. The effect of the initial pulse energy on the size of the light channel and a laser beam as a whole away from the focus of the system.
Postfilamentation channels of terawatt pulses Ti: sapphire-laser by propagation on 150 - meter path
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The results of experimental studies of postfilamentation channels controlled by the track length of 150 meters for collimated beams of different diameters. It is shown that the divergence of the laser beam after the filamentation area is much greater than the divergence postfilamentation channels. It is shown that at distances from the end of the field filamentation, significantly exceeding the length of the field filamentation, postfilamentation channels contain sufficient intensity to generate multiple filamentation in the optical elements and enables us to provide a functional effect on the optical elements of the matrix.
The influence of titanium dioxide to nonlinear optical properties of carbon quantum dots
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Investigation of nonlinear optical properties of solutions of carbon quantum dots synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis of chitin before and after coating with titanium dioxide. It is shown that the titanium dioxide has an activating effect, allows varying the carbon quantum dots non-linear characteristics.
Random wandering of Airy vortex beam propagating in a turbulent atmosphere
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In this study, we predict qualitatively the random wander of the Airy vortex beam propagating in a statistically homogeneous turbulent atmosphere based on the earlier revealed regularity [5] that the variances of random wander of vortex laser beams propagating in the turbulent atmosphere and having identical orbital angular momenta and identical transverse size in the source plane are different, if the effective volumes occupied by the beams in the homogeneous medium are different. The larger is the volume occupied by the beam in space, the smaller is the variance of the beam wander.
Statistical characteristics of common and synthesized vortex beams in a turbulent atmosphere
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Statistical characteristics of vortex beams propagating in the atmosphere are analyzed on the basis of numerical simulation. The probability density function of the intensity fluctuations are compared for common vortex beams and vortex beams synthesized by combining a fiber laser array. It is shown that the intensity fluctuations are lognormally distributed on the axis of a Gaussian beam when radiation is propagating through a turbulent atmosphere under weak fluctuations (the Rytov parameter is much lower than unity), while the probability density function of the intensity fluctuations at the axes of vortex beams is well approximated to the exponential distribution typical for strong fluctuations (the Rytov parameter is much higher than unity). This function is well approximated to a gamma distribution in the cases where the scintillation index is lower than unity independently of the beam type and observation point position relative to the propagation axis.
Possibilities of crosswind profiling based on incoherent imaging
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Possibilities of the wind speed profiling along an observation path of a distant object from the analysis of a video sequence of images of the object are studied in this work by numerical simulation. The method is based on the analysis of two neighbor frames of a video sequence of incoherent images. It is more rapid than analogous methods, due to the absence of need in accumulation of the statistics of parameters analyzed. It is shown that the drift speed of several (no less than 3) turbulent layers, located at different distances between the object observed and the receiving optical system, can be determined for some turbulent conditions and object parameters. The method accuracy is estimated for wide ranges of atmospheric conditions and parameters of the object observed.
Estimation of optimal conditions for laser beam focusing in a turbulent atmosphere from a target image
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Possibilities of determining optimal conditions for laser beam focusing in a turbulent atmosphere on the basis of the analysis of target image distortions are analyzed. A series of metrics is considered, which characterize the efficiency of laser beam focusing and the target image quality. A correlation is found between metric fluctuations in the target and observation planes in a dynamically varying turbulent atmosphere in the case of aligned optical axes of the beam focusing and observing systems. As applied to wireless communications, it is shown from the analysis of object images (radiation detector) that the adaptive control of tilts of optical axis of only the transmitting laser system significantly increases the efficiency of data communications.
AOO16 - Optical Investigation of Atmosphere and Ocean
A statistical model for optical radiation transfer in the ocean-atmosphere system
Show abstract
We consider the problem of optical radiation transfer in the ocean-atmosphere system in the beam optics approximation for the complete and simplified “facet” models of the random agitated ocean surface. Various aspects of Monte-Carlo numerical solutions for certain direct problems of passive and active aerospace optical sensing of the ocean are discussed. The considered models and algorithms may be useful in radiation field analysis in the oceanatmosphere system by other numerical and analytical methods concerning the transfer equation.
Application of Raman Lidar for the spatial and vertical distribution of aerosol and water vapor in Beijing China
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The Raman lidar has been developed and installed in the Beijing from November to December in 2014 for the observation of the spatial and vertical characteristics of aerosol and water vapor in the planetary boundary layer. During the experiments, the Raman lidar operates in the automatic and continuous mode with the spatial resolution of 7.5 m and the temporal resolution of 15 min. The observation results show that the aerosol extinction always increases along with the greater content of water vapor and the lower height of planetary boundary layer. It implies that the decrease of air quality in Beijing is associated with the water vapor in the air and the height of planetary boundary layer beside the enrichment of local and transported aerosols.
Backscatter ratios using lidar sounding over Tomsk and Hefei
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Cirrus clouds cover about 30% of the Earth surface and they essentially impact on the radiative budget of the Earth and, consequently, on the climate. This study investigated the properties of cirrus cloud by used observations obtained from the three-wavelength lidar system over Tomsk and Hefei. The backscatter ratios (polarization ratio, color ratio and lidar ratio) for cirrus cloud are compared with each other from these two regions. Some differences are found that are caused by aerosol conditions. These differences have been mitigated by use of the appropriate microphysical model.
Properties of cirrus cloud by a three wavelength Raman Mie Polarization lidar: observation and model match
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A three-wavelength Raman Mie Polarization Lidar has been developed for cloud and aerosol optical properties measurement. The Nd-YAG laser is employed as emitting source and six channels are used for detecting back-scattering signals from atmosphere aerosol and cloud including 1064 and 355 nm Mie, 607 and 386 nm N2 Raman, two 532 nm Orthogonal Polarization channels. The measured data are used for investigating the cirrus properties including cloud optical depth, polarization ratio, color ratio and lidar ratio. And these results are matched with the microphysical model suggested.
Measurement of snow characteristics using optical precipitation gauge
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The specifics of snow precipitations characteristics measurements are considered. The paper presents the description of the method based on obtaining and analyzing precipitation particle shadow images for measurements of snow precipitations. There are results of snowfall characteristics measurements that have been registered 9 November 2015.
Modeling diagnostics of trioxide dialuminum content in gas-aerosol medium
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The analysis of the calculation results of extinction coefficient, scattering coefficient, and absorption coefficient of aerosol, as well as transmission function under the joint and separate impact of components of mixture containing trioxide dialuminum was carried out. The spectral features of the optical characteristics of the medium at various parameters of particle size distribution function were illustrated.
Retrieval of concentrations of seawater natural components from reflectance spectrum
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Results of the seawater reflectance coefficient measurements carried out in 2002 – 2014 on the oceanographic platform of Marine Hydrophysical Institute using spectrophotometer designed by authors are discussed. Reflectance is measured in range 390 – 700 nm with 2.5 nm step. The light reflected by sea surface is taken into account by special measurement technique. The processing algorithm allows to calculate the following seawater biooptical characteristics: concentration of phytoplankton pigments, absorption by nonliving organic matter and backscattering by suspended matter, and also to detect presence of auxiliary photosynthetic pigments based on the reconstructed spectrum of phytoplankton absorption. The proposed method makes it possible to carry out operational sub-satellite monitoring of marine environment and to validate the algorithms of remote sensing data processing.
Technique for determination of the single scattering albedo of submicron aerosol in the approximation of lognormal size distribution of black carbon
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The technique and results of calculation of spectral dependence of the single scattering albedo (SSA) of submicron aerosol in the visible spectral region with allowance for the lognormal size distribution of absorbing matter (black carbon) are presented. The ranges of albedo variations are estimated, and peculiarities of spectral behavior and variability of SSA are studied as functions of the median radius and the halfwidth of BC size distribution for dry and wet particles in the summer period. The generalized parameter of the coarseness of BC size distribution is proposed, which takes into account simultaneously the influence of the median radius and the halfwidth. It allows good approximation of the SSA dynamics as a function of the BC size distribution parameters for dry particles by a linear dependence.
Modified aethalometer for monitoring of Black Carbon concentration in atmospheric aerosol and technique for correction of the spot loading effect
V. S. Kozlov,
V. P. Shmargunov,
M. V. Panchenko
Show abstract
An automated two-channel 4-wave aethalometer providing monitoring measurements of the mass concentration of black carbon with the preset time periodicity and duration of air sampling has been developed. Air with aerosol containing black carbon is sampled to FH-111 diffuse filter tape. The MDA-03 aethalometer has been intercalibrated with the 5012 MAAP photometer (Thermoscientific Co., USA) in simultaneous measurements of the Black Carbon concentration in the surface air layer at the Aerosol Station of IAO SB RAS. A technique has been developed for correction of measured values of the BC concentration for the variable transparency of the diffuse filter. This technique allows us to take into account the effect of spot loading and to reconstruct true values of the concentration. The technique has been tested successfully in smokes from high-temperature open flame burning of pine wood biomass (high bulk of BC absorbing particles) and low-temperature smoldering of the same material (high bulk of Brown Carbon scattering particles) in the Large Aerosol Chamber of IAO SB RAS.
The Black Sea IOPs based on SeaWiFS data
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In this study, a regional algorithm for retrieving Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) has been developed for the Black Sea using remote sensing reflectance at five wavelengths in the visible spectral range corresponding to the Sea-viewing Wide Field of View Sensor (SeaWiFS). The model retrieves a spectral signature of particle backscattering coefficient at 555 nm, bbp(λ), and its spectral slope, np, total absorption coefficient of colored detrital matter (sum of colored dissolved matter and non-algal particles, CDM) at 490 nm, aCDM(λ), spectral slope of CDM absorption coefficient, S, and chlorophyll a concentration, Ca. These satellite derived set of IOPs and bio-optical properties measured in situ in the western open Black Sea within period 1998-1999 have been analyzed. The result reveals four specific cases corresponding to 1) variation of spectral slope of CDM absorption coefficient, 2) coccolithophores blooms, 3) domination of micro-celled phytoplankton (diatoms and/or dinoflagellates) and 4) presences of the picoplankton in phytoplankton community. Examples of the spatial distribution and seasonal variability of the retrieved parameters in half-monthly composite maps are presented. A complete set of these maps for SeaWiFS lifetime is available on http://blackseacolor.com/.
А method of remote determination of the suspended matter concentration in seawater on the effective wavelength of upwelling radiation
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This paper proposes a method of remote determination of the suspended matter concentration in seawater on the effective wavelength of upwelling radiation. The system of orthogonal functions is found, allowing to retrieve reflectance of the sea using two measurements in the green part of the visible spectrum. Empirical relations linking the effective wavelength with the concentration of suspended matter for the Black Sea waters are presented and analyzed.
Comparison between the physical-optics approximation and exact methods solving the problem of light scattering by ice crystals of cirrus clouds
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In the problem of light scattering by ice crystals of cirrus clouds, two exact methods (FDTD – finite difference time domain and DGTD – discontinuous Galerkin time domain) and the physical-optics approximation are used for numerical calculations of the Mueller matrix in the case of ice hexagonal plates and columns. It is shown that for the crystals larger than 10 μm at the wavelength of 0.532 μm the exact methods and physical-optics approximation closely agreed within three diffraction fringes about the centers of the diffraction patterns. As a result, in the case of random orientation of these crystals, the physical-optics approximation provides accuracy 95% for the averaged Mueller matrix.
Investigation of microphysical characteristics and chemical composition of near-ground aerosol in Barentsburg (Spitsbergen) in the spring and summer seasons of 2011-2015
D. G. Chernov,
V. S. Kozlov,
M. V. Panchenko,
et al.
Show abstract
Since 2011, the Institute of Atmospheric Optics (IAO SB RAS, Tomsk) and the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute of the Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (AARI, St. Petersburg) conduct field studies of near-ground aerosol characteristics at the Spitsbergen archipelago (Barentsburg) in the spring and summer seasons. The following parameters are measured in the atmospheric surface layer: aerosol particle number density and volume particle size distribution; mass concentrations of aerosol and absorbing matter (black carbon); coefficients of total aerosol scattering and aerosol backscattering in the visible spectral region. The experimental findings obtained in 2011– 2015 are reported. Peculiarities of the seasonal and year-to-year variability of the aerosol characteristics are revealed. The results of investigation of the chemical composition of the near-ground aerosol in Barentsburg are discussed.
Inter-annual dynamics of changes in hyrdooptical characteristics of ecosystem of the Yenisei basin
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The seasonal variability of hydrooptical and fluorescent characteristics from the coastal waters of the Yenisei river have been studied. The work was estimated chlorophyll content, photosynthetic activity, concentration dissolved organic matter (DOM) and mineral component. The data have been obtained from series of regular observations in the coastal waters of Krasnoyarsk during 2012 – 2014. During year the chlorophyll “a” concentration and mineralization varied 2 times for warm and cold seasons. Regression analysis revealed relationship between coefficient synthetic activity and concentration of chlorophyll “a”.
Method for retrieval of vertical profiles of wind from Stream Line lidar data with allowance that the noise component of recorded signal differs from white noise
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A new method is proposed for retrieval of vertical profiles of the wind speed and direction angle from data measured by the Stream Line pulsed coherent Doppler lidar with conical scanning by the probing beam. Components of the wind velocity vector are estimated by the method of filtered sine-wave fitting with allowance that the noise component of the signal measured by the lidar differs from the white noise. The analysis of results of numerical simulation has shown that this approach allows the maximal height of retrieval of wind profiles to be increased one and half times.
Doppler lidar observation of the gravity waves near Lake Baikal in the summer of 2015
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In the summer of 2015 for two weeks on the coast of Lake Baikal near Listvyanka we carried out experiments using a coherent Doppler lidar “Stream Line”. Place of the lidar measurements and atmospheric conditions contributed to a relatively frequent occurrence of internal gravity waves (in the form of quasi-harmonic oscillations of the wind vector components) in the atmospheric boundary layer. As a result of our analysis of this experimental data we have detected 6 cases of propagation of the gravity wave with the oscillation period of 6.5 min and 18 min (once) and 9 min (four cases). As a rule, the duration of gravity wave observation was around 45 min, but in one case the duration was approximately 4 hours.
Differences in seasonal average concentrations of aerosol and Black Carbon and particle size distributions from the data of monitoring in Tomsk and under background conditions in 2014-2015
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The mass concentrations of the dry basis of aerosol and Black Carbon (November 2013 – December 2015) and the volume particle size distributions (2015) measured in the monitoring mode under background conditions (Fonovaya (Background) Observatory, 60 km west of Tomsk) and under urban conditions (Akademgorodok District of Tomsk) have been used to determine the average seasonal contribution of the city to the aerosol characteristics. It has been found that the annual profile of the seasonal average city contribution to the aerosol and Black Carbon (BC) contents, as well as the volume fill factor of the submicron aerosol, has a maximum in winter and a minimum in summer. In the coarse size range, the maximal excess of the volume fill factor was observed in the spring period. The observed differences between the city and the background conditions for the relative content of Black Carbon in aerosol and the absorption coefficient of the particulate matter were largest in summer and smallest in winter. Under the background conditions, the annual behavior had an untypical feature, namely, the seasonal average aerosol concentrations in summer exceeded the values obtained for the spring and autumn seasons. Analytical parameterization of the annual profile of monthly average difference of the urban and background mass concentrations of aerosol and Black Carbon in the form of parabolic dependence has been proposed.
Spatiotemporal visualization of wind turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer from measurements by the Stream Line lidar
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Using the data of continuous measurements by the Stream Line pulsed coherent Doppler lidar for six days at the Basic Experimental Complex of the Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS, we have performed the spatiotemporal visualization of wind turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. As a result, 4320 vertical profiles for each turbulence parameter, namely, the standard deviation of the wind velocity, the dissipation rate of the kinetic energy of turbulence, and the outer scale of turbulence, have been obtained every 2 min with a vertical step of 26 m.
Formaldehyde integral content in troposphere of Moscow region: preliminary results of 6 years of measurements using DOAS technique
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Formaldehyde (HCHO) in the atmosphere is directly emitted by anthropogenic and biogenic sources and, more significantly, produced during oxidation of methane and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and so its content is one of observable indicators of air pollution by VOCs. HCHO has a sufficiently large absorption cross-section in the UV spectral region to be detected by the technique of the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). Spectral measurements of scattered solar radiation are performed at Zvenigorod Scientific Station (ZSS, 55°41'49'"N, 36°46'29'"E) located in 38 km west from Moscow Ring Road by MAXDOAS instrument since 2008. This location of the observational station allows evaluating the background levels of formaldehyde in the troposphere and the levels that are associated with pollution from Moscow. For analysis of the HCHO variability we selected spectra taken in cloud free conditions from October 2009 to April 2016. Version 1.3 of the retrieval algorithm is used. It uses information on the surface albedo and the height of the atmospheric boundary layer inferred from a model. It has optimized interpolation parameter of DOAS processing. Cloud screening algorithm using UV color index (the ratio of 370-nm radiance to 340-nm one) was implemented. The obtained data quantify the Moscow megapolis influence on air quality at Zvenigorod by comparison of HCHO VCD for east and west wind directions. HCHO VCD at East winds in average more than one at West winds for 0.4 ± 0.1×1016mol×cm-2 at air temperatures from +5 to +35°C, and for 0.8 ± 0.2×1016 mol×cm-2 at temperatures from -20 to +5°C. It may be caused by Moscow emissions of HCHO precursors. Strong dependence of HCHO VCD on air temperature is noticeable in our data for air temperatures from +5 to +35°C. In different wind conditions the gradient of the temperature effect is about 0.86 ± 0.07 ×1015 mol×cm-2×°C-1 in average. The increase of the formaldehyde content with the increase of the air temperature can be caused by the HCHO formation from non-methane biogenic volatile organic compounds for which more emission is expected at higher temperatures.
Stereoscopic ground-based determination of the cloud base height: camera position adjusting with account for lens distortion
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For the reconstruction of the cloud base height a method was developed based on taking pictures of the sky by a pair of digital photo cameras from the ground and subsequent processing of the obtained sequence of stereo frames. Since the directions of the optical axes of the stereo cameras are not exactly known, a procedure of adjusting of obtained frames was developed which use photographs of the night starry sky. In the second step, the method of the morphological analysis of images is used to determine the relative shift of the coordinates of some fragment of cloud. The shift is used to estimate the searched cloud base height. The proposed method can be used for automatic processing of stereo data and getting the cloud base height. The earlier paper described a mathematical model of stereophotography measurement, poses and solves the problem of adjusting of optical axes of the cameras in paraxial (first-order geometric optics) approximation and was applied for the central part of the sky frames. This paper describes the model of experiment which takes into account lens distortion in Seidel approximation (depending on the third order of the distance from optical axis). Based on this model a procedure of simultaneous camera position adjusting and estimation of parameters of lens distortion in Seidel approximation was developed. The first experimental results of its application are shown.
A layout of two-port DOAS system for investigation of atmospheric trace gases based on laboratory spectrograph
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A method of Differential Optical Absorbtion Spectroscopy (DOAS) is widely used for monitoring of the atmospheric composition. A layout of an instrument for measuring atmospheric trace gases by DOAS method using scattered solar radiation was developed in A.M.Obukhov IAP RAS. The instrument layout is based on the lab Shamrock 303i spectrograph supplemented by 2-port radiation input system employing optical fiber. We assume that one optical port will be used for the zenith DOAS observation in the twilight and the daytime. It is a fast optical port which is required for the twilight low-light observations to investigate the NO2 vertical distribution in the stratosphere. Another telescopic optical port will be used as off-axis one directly or with a scanning MAX-DOAS unit. It will be used for investigation of gas contents and profiles in the low troposphere. In implementing the research objective, following tasks have been performed: radiation input system development, telescope-fiber and fiber-spectrograph optical coupling, CCD detector adjustment. Instrument temperature effects on the obtained spectra have been investigated and a thermo-stabilization unit was developed. Significant influence of the thermo-stabilization mode on the optical parameters of the instrument has been shown.
Comparison of assessment techniques of fine and coarse component aerosol optical depth of the atmosphere from measurement in the visible spectrum
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We consider a few methods for estimating the finely and coarsely dispersed components of atmospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD), which are used for data of spectral measurements performed using different sun photometer types: СЕ 318 (AERONET) and Microtops (0.44-0.87 μm), SP and SPM (0.34-2.14 μm). In addition to the familiar AERONET method and empirical approach for separating the contributions of the two AOD components, we also present two other methods, based on regression relations with Ångström parameters. The uncertainties of using the alternative methods were estimated on the basis of multiyear datasets of joint measurements with different photometers in the region of Tomsk and during marine expeditions (the Atlantic and Antarctic Oceans). It is shown that the uncertainty of different methods for estimating the coarsely dispersed component, as compared to the base empirical method, is approximately the same (0.01-0.024) and comparable with the uncertainty of determining the atmospheric AOD itself.
Impact of urban traffic to diurnal and by day of week variations of aureole scattering phase function
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In this paper, the data of directional scattering coefficient of aureole photometer for the scattering angles φ = 1.2°, φ = 4°, φ = 12° φ = 20° (collected from 2010 to 2015 years) to the data of traffic jams (presented by "Yandex traffic jams") is compared.
Investigation of relationship between the characteristics of atmospheric aerosol in complex experiment “city-background” in the Middle Urals in 2014
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Results of the complex aerosol experiment “city-background”, performed in the Middle Urals in 2014, are discussed. We analyze interrelations of the optical and microphysical characteristics of aerosol in the atmospheric column and in the near-ground layer in two regions: in Yekaterinburg on the roof of Institute of Industrial Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (IIE UB RAS) and in the background region on the territory of Kourovka Astronomical Observatory (KAO), located in forested terrain about 65 km northwest of the city. Estimates of how meteorological conditions influence the aerosol characteristics are presented.
Analysis of variability and the interrelations between characteristics of atmospherics aerosols according to data of multiyear measurements along eastern route of Russian Antarctic expeditions
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In period of 2004-2015, we carried out yearly measurements of aerosol characteristics on one and the same route of Russian Antarctic expeditions in the Eastern Atlantic. Based on data obtained in 13 expeditions, in the report we discuss interrelations between different aerosol parameters, measured in the near-ground layer and in the entire atmospheric depth: number concentrations of small (d = 0.4-1 μm) and large (d > 1 μm) particles, mass concentrations of aerosol and black carbon, aerosol optical depth (AOD) of the atmosphere, its fine and coarse components, and selectivity indices of spectral AOD behavior. Correlations between aerosol parameters over ocean are analyzed for the total dataset, for separate latitude zones (regions).
Contactless study of the flame structure during diffusion combustion for certain types of liquid hydrocarbon fuels
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The paper presents the experimental estimation of the turbulent eddy scales in diffusion flames based on the results of thermodynamic characteristic measurements using the thermography and the aerodynamic characteristics obtained by the PIV – method.
Effect of low energy fluctuations on the spectrum of the temperature change in flame
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This paper presents the experimental study concerning the infrasound effect on the spectrum of the temperature change in flame during the combustion of ethanol.
Calibration of the thermal imager during the experimental study of the plasma jet impact on CO2
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This paper provides the method for the calibration of the thermal imager to be used in the experimental studies of the temperature field in the plasma jet, using carbon dioxide as a working medium.
Estimation of the turbulence scales in flame during diffusion diesel fuel combustion
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This paper presents the results of mathematical modeling of the flow in the flame produced during the combustion of diesel fuel and the experimental estimation of the turbulent eddy scale in the flame using thermography methods. Comparison of the numerical results and the experimental data shows that the basic thermodynamic parameters of the flame are in good agreement with the scale of turbulent eddies in the flame.
Investigations of the optical properties of cirrus clouds crystals in the case of predominantly azimuthal orientation
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Orientation probability densities of ice crystals constituting cirrus clouds are required for correct interpretation of the lidar signals. It is shown that in the case of the azimuthal orientation, the probability density function can be constructed as a superposition of azimuthal and zenith distribution functions. However, such a superposition has a discontinuity in the poles of the orientation unit sphere, so it would be preferable to use Fisher or Kent distributions. The backscattering Mueller matrix has been calculated for the hexagonal ice columns and plates for the first time. Possibility of retrieving the orientation distributions of the crystals from a vertically pointing polarization lidar measuring the full Mueller matrix is considered. It is shown that for the columns the element m44 or, equivalently, the circular depolarization ratio distinguishes between the low and high zenith tilts of the crystals. Then, at their low or high zenith tilts, off-diagonal elements should be measured to retrieve the azimuth tilts.
Optical characteristics of Middle East arid aerosol and statistics of its registration over the Black Sea
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A statistical research by years and seasons of dust aerosol event from the Middle East over the Black Sea using the seven-day back trajectory analyses for the period since 2007 to 2015 was conducted. The main optical and microphysical characteristics of arid aerosol from the area of the Sahara and Syrian desert was obtained from the results of Cimel measurements on Sevastopol station of international network AERONET. The data submitted 1. on the website of the international AERONET network: trajectories transfer of BTA (Back Trajectory Analyses) at 8 levels of pressure; 2. satellites data; 3. HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model) model data for Sevastopol and other Black Sea stations have been analysed.
Open path measurement of atmospheric pollutants using DOAS method
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An active differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) gas-analyzer was successfully tested. The DOAS system consisted of a coaxial telescope, a spectrometer, an analyzer and retroreflector. A high pressure 150-W Xe arc lamp and UV LEDs were employed as a light source. In order to record the spectra, a monochrometer with a grating and photodiode array was adopted. Gas analyzer spectral data bank includes more than 40 molecules absorbed in UV spectral region. The measured absorption spectra were evaluated by using a least-squares fit to determine the average mixing ratio of each species in the atmosphere. As a result of experiments time series of concentrations of gases polluting the atmosphere were trace measured. Minimally detected concentration is the unit of ppb on path length from 200 to 500 m at the time of accumulation up to 3 minute. The results of the field test measurements of pollutants in Tomsk are presented.
Retrieving the microphysical properties of ice clouds from simultaneous observations by a lidar and an all-sky camera
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The paper presents the result of simultaneous observation of cirrus clouds by a lidar and an all-sky camera. The observation was started at 17:00, 24 March, 2016 and finished at 09:00, 25 March, 2016. The polarization lidar of V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics was used. The cirrus cloud was formed at 8000 m and went down to 4000 m at the end of observation. The linear depolarization ratio varied from 60% to less than 1%. The layer of quasi-horizontally oriented ice crystals was observed. Simultaneously, the all-sky camera pictured the 22 degrees halos while the lidar measured high depolarization ratio, which means that randomly oriented hexagonal ice particles were forming the cloud. The camera also pictured the Sundogs when the depolarization ratio tended to zero at about 21:30 that definitely indicates the quasi-horizontally oriented hexagonal plates. Absence of the Sundogs in the all-sky pictures while both the lidar sense low depolarization ratio, strong intensity and the specular reflection appears means that the cloud was formed by quasi-horizontally oriented particles with complex shape, i.e. snowflakes. The simultaneous lidar and all-sky camera observations seems to be a very prospective method to retrieve the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds.
Influence of cirrus clouds ice crystal’s deformation on the backscattering matrix calculated within the physical optics approximation
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The paper presets the research results of the influence of hexagonal ice column’s dihedral angle of 90° distortions on the backscattering matrix. The solution of the light scattering problem for hexagonal ice columns is obtained within the physical optics approximation. The results are obtained for hexagonal ice columns with lengths of 10, 31, 100, 316, 562, 1000 microns and diameters of 7, 22, 70, 123, 165, 220 microns, respectively. The distortion angle of the dihedral angle of 90° runs within the range of 0° (regular particle) to 10°. The calculations were carried out for the wavelength of 532 nm. The refractive index was assumed to be 1.3116. In addition to the backscattering matrix, the geometric scattering cross section and the important optical characteristics such as the lidar and depolarization ratios were calculated. The results showed that the influence of deformation on the optical characteristics increases with the particle size.
Long-term measurements of characteristics of stratospheric aerosol layer at Siberian LIDAR station in Tomsk
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In the report, we analyze the data of lidar measurements of optical characteristics of aerosol in the stratosphere over Tomsk; the analysis revealed the periods of elevated aerosol content after a series of explosive eruptions of volcanoes of the Pacific “Ring of Fire” and Iceland in 2006-2011. For these relatively weak eruptions (which injected to the stratosphere no more than 2 Mt of sulfur dioxide, serving the source for the sulfur acid aerosol formation), the periods of elevated aerosol content had been from a few months to half-year. Since 2012, a background state of aerosol loading had been established in the stratosphere over Tomsk. The regional empirical model of background stratospheric aerosol, developed by us for 2000-2008, was corrected to include data of measurements from 2012 to 2016.
Analysis of ground-based and satellite observations of atmospheric gas pollutants over Tomsk region under smoke mist conditions during summer 2012
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The content of gaseous species of atmosphere (СО, СO2, NO2, O3, СН4) during the period of smoke haze caused by forest fires in the summer 2012 over Siberia is analyzed on the base of satellite and ground-based (Tomsk) measurements. The temporal evolution of the spatial distributions of carbon monoxide and aerosol optical thickness of the atmosphere over Tomsk region is discussed.
A technique for estimation of the aerosol optical constants and microphysical parameters from the data of scattering and extinction in visible and near IR wavelength range
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When solving the inverse problem for the data measured with nephelometer in the visible wavelength range, the complex refractive index of aerosol particles is determined with an accuracy up to n–κ. Joint analysis of the scattering and extinction coefficients allows to obtain n and κ separately and to extend the range of particle sizes where the size distribution function is retrieved reliably. Estimates of the errors in determining n and κ, as well as the sensitivity of the measured parameters and to particles of different sizes are presented.
Altitude dependence of intensity fluctuations of the laser beam crosses the rotating flame
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We investigated the vertical tornado flame obtained in a laboratory experiment. The results of laser sensing of the flame at several altitudes. Calculated spectral function of intensity fluctuations of a laser beam. For these functions are set depending altitude slopes in the high-frequency region.
Software complex for processing the lidar data obtained at small lidar station of IAO SB RAS
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The software complex is destined for processing the lidar signals at the Small Siberian Lidar Station of IAO SB RAS (SSLS). It is capable of retrieving the vertical profiles of aerosol, temperature, and density in the middle atmosphere. The results of operation of the complex are the tables, in which the results of calculation of the vertical profiles are presented in the numerical form and the graphic representation of the results as plots. The data processed are stored in the HDF5 format.
Validation of lidar measurements of temperature in the lower stratosphere using aerological and satellite data
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The vertical distributions of temperature in the lower stratosphere obtained from lidar, balloon, and satellite measurements, are compared. Raman and Rayleigh channels of detecting the scattered light at the wavelengths of 607 and 532 nm were used in the lidar measurements. Good qualitative and quantitative coincidence of the vertical profiles of temperature is obtained. The prospectiveness of the use of this combined method for measuring temperature in the stratosphere is shown.
Modeling of measurements of temperature in the middle atmosphere by spaceborne UV lidar
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The possibilities are estimated of measuring temperature by the method of elastic molecular scattering of light by a spaceborne lidar. The errors in lidar measurements of temperature in the middle atmosphere in UV spectral range are calculated. The solid-state Nd-YAG laser with irradiation at 3 and 4 harmonics with the wavelengths of 353 and 266 nm was taken as a transmitter of the lidar. The prospectiveness is shown of sounding by the laser at the wavelength of 353 nm, at which the height range from 10 up to 70 km over dark surface of the Earth is covered with measurements. Measurements by means of the laser with the wavelength of 266 nm in the middle atmosphere are practically impossible because of absorption of radiation by ozone.
Optical and microphysical properties of cirrus clouds retrieved from combined lidar and radar measurements
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In the problem of light scattering by ice crystals of cirrus clouds, a new quantity characterizing microphysics of the clouds is determined. This quantity appears at simultaneous use of lidar and radar signals reflected from the same cloud. The quantity is the ratio of the backscattering cross section averaged over a statistical crystal ensemble to the averaged crystal volume. It is shown that this new characteristics can be effective if it is used together with the color ratio for retrieving microphysics of quasi-horizontally oriented crystals
Integrated monitoring of the atmospheric boundary layer dynamics by remote sensing methods in June 2015 in Tomsk
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The dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer was observed at the IAO SB RAS experimental area in June 2015 with the use of remote sensing facilities: aerosol and Doppler lidars and Doppler sodar, temperature radiometer, radiozondes. The results of these combined observations are presented in the paper. The structure of the aerosol and wind fields in the period of convective mixing layer and frontal passage is shown. The appearance of internal gravity waves and low-level jet streams in the boundary layer is considered.
Information-algorithmic basis of a program complex for forest fire danger estimation
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Present work is devoted to the description of information and algorithmic support for creation of a program complex for an assessment of forest fire danger. The assessment of forest fire danger is made on the basis of algorithm for classification of the forest territory by vegetation conditions and the modified Nesterov's index. Meteorological data (air temperature and cloudiness) and also the data on thermal anomalies received from satellite measurements by MODIS spectroradiometer for the territory of the Timiryazevskiy forestry of the Tomsk region are used as information on the Environment state.
Climatology of ozone concentrations at separate altitude levels over Tomsk and Sodankylä according to Aura MLS data for 2005-2015
O. E. Bazhenov
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We studied a climatology of ozone concentrations at separate altitude levels over Tomsk and Sodankylä, calculated for 2005-2015 except the anomalous 2011 according to Aura MLS data. The seasonal ozone maximum at heights about 12 km is observed in April over Sodankylä and in May over Tomsk. It is explained by a significant photochemical ozone production due to anthropogenic sources of NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons. The dynamically driven maximum appears at approximately 24-km height in mid-March in Sodankylä and in late March in Tomsk. Later, starting from May-June, photochemical factors dominate at heights of about 30 km and higher. The contribution of circulation overweighs in the autumn, first in October at heights of 20-25 km, and then in November-December at heights of 25-35 km.
Estimate of microstructure parameters of the coarsely dispersed aerosol based on their statistical relationships with spectral measurements of the aerosol optical thickness
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Possibilities of estimating the microstructure parameters of the atmospheric aerosol from the regression equations describing their correlation with spectral measurements of the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) are considered. Special attention is given to the problem of estimating the volume concentration, total cross section, and average radius of particles of coarsely dispersed aerosol fraction. The necessity of solving this problem is caused by large errors in reconstructing these parameters using the direct AOT inversion method for insufficiently wide spectral range of measurements. In the report the coefficients of simple and multiple linear regression relations and the results of reconstruction on their basis of the parameters of coarsely dispersed aerosol from the data of solar photometry in Tomsk are presented.
Empirical algorithm for estimation of the optical constants of absorbing aerosol
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A technique is proposed for statistical estimation of the complex refractive index of absorbing aerosol using the data of field measurements of the optical characteristics of near-ground aerosol. The initial sub-array (165 realizations) of the refractive n(0.52) and absorption κ(0.52) indices of particulate matter is obtained from solution of the inverse problem for the wavelength of 0.52 μm. correlations of the obtained values n(0.52) and κ(0.52) with the optical parameters measured at the long atmospheric path and in the local volume are revealed. Iterative algorithm for estimation of the foregoing values separately for submicrometer and coarse aerosol is proposed. The errors in retrieval of the values n(0.52) and κ(0.52) are determined, they are δn=0,035 and δκ=0,016, respectively.
Construction and analysis of long-term series of aerosol microstructure parameters reconstructed from the data of solar photometry in Tomsk
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Results of investigations of the time variability of microstructure aerosol parameters reconstructed by inversion of spectral measurements of the aerosol optical thickness (АОТ) are presented. The input data were obtained at the IAO SB RAS using solar photometers of SP type in the observation periods 2003–2006 and 2011–2014. During the first period of measurement, the АОТ was measured at 13 wavelengths in the range 0.37–4 μm. During the second observation period, the upper limit of the spectral range of measurements was 2.14 μm. The total volume of the data processed included over 6 thousands hour-averaged spectra. The geometric aerosol cross section, volume concentration, and average particle radius are analyzed.
Humidity effect on occurrence of ozone anomaly in Arctic in April 2011 according to Aura MLS data
O. E. Bazhenov
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In March 2011, there were extremely low temperatures and ozone mixing ratios and extremely high water vapor mixing ratios in the Arctic stratosphere. The stratospheric temperatures sometimes dropped below ice formation point, possibly indicating the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and destruction of ozone, delivered to the Arctic latitudes by meridional transport. Based on Aura MLS data, it is shown that the content of water vapor, required to form PSC particles, grows with decreasing temperature in the stratosphere until the latter is above the water freezing point.
Investigations of the seawater beam attenuation distribution nearby wastewater discharge on the Herakleian Peninsula shelf
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The results of the beam attenuation spectra measurements performed in August and September 2015 in the area of wastewater discharge in the southern part of the Heracleian Peninsula of the Black Sea are presented. The studies were conducted by sounding beam attenuation meter, developed in the Department of Optics and Biophysics of MHI RAS. Methods of measurement allowed to detect the presence of flooded streams pollutants in water in a real time.
The first estimates of midges extinction coefficient of optical radiation for background conditions of summer of Western Siberia
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Midges contribution estimates to extinction of optical radiation for background conditions of summer of Western Siberia are received. The midges represent live organisms the sizes some millimeters, and include a gnat, a midge, a wood louse, a mosquito and a gadfly. From July 24 to August 13, 2014 the coefficient extinction of midges changed from 0 to 0.14 km-1, and its average value made 0.065 km-1. The daily course extinction coefficient of midges of has the pronounced morning maximum falling on 8 hours and an indistinct evening minimum - for 19 hours. For the received data file, probability of difference of their average values at 8 and 19 hours by t-criterion of Student made 96%.
Effect of superweak modulated IR radiation on vegetative regulation of heart rhythm of children with localized forms of pulmonary tuberculosis
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The effect of weak modulated infrared radiation on the indices of heart rate variability for children with localized forms of pulmonary tuberculosis during the standard medical treatment was studied.
The technique of synchronous solar radiation measurements while lidar sensing of Ci clouds
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The problem an estimation of influence the crystal orientation in the ice clouds on the radiation transmission is solved. The technique of synchronous measurements of total radiation with the calculation of the backscattering matrix cirrus clouds using lidar is provided.
Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols over background areas of the southern part of Western Siberia observed during the IAO Complex Atmospheric Radiation Experiment carried out in December 2015
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The study presents the data on the concentrations of chemical components measured in aerosol samples collected during the IAO complex atmospheric radiation experiment (organized by the V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics) carried out in December 22, 2015. Their vertical distributions derived from the sampling data performed with the use of “Optik” Tupolev-134 aircraft laboratory are reported. Both parts of the experiment were conducted on the same route over background areas of Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions in the daytime. General time duration of the flight was about 3,5 hours. Sampling was carried out on both routes onto Petryanov’s filters AFA-HP-20 in the following troposphere layers 7000-5500, 4000-3000, 2000-1500 and 1000-500 m. The differences in concentrations of carbon-free inorganic ions and chemical elements in the aerosols on the Tomsk and Ordynskiy routes are discussed in the paper. An altitudinal distribution of inorganic ions in both areas is very similar only for one ion - SO4 2-. The top layer is characterized by the smallest differences in the concentrations of the other components under consideration, and even almost complete coincidence of the total concentration of ionic macro components for both sensing areas. The trend in the vertical distribution of elements stored for 2/3 of them like ionic component. As many ionic components in the Tomsk region of sensing we observed inverse nature of the distribution of a large part of the element concentrations in the middle layers.
Dependence of polarization characteristics of the double scattering lidar return from liquid water content of clouds
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Interpretation of lidar data most often carried out using the lidar equation, but it limited small optical depth. However the multiple scattering in the clouds and dense haze significant impact on value and the polarization state of lidar return. Results of the calculation of polarization characteristics of double scattering lidar return from marine and continental clouds with different liquid water content using circularly and linearly polarized sensing radiation and multiple field of view lidar are discussed in this paper.
Using diffuse solar radiation for estimate of Cu cloud amount
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The technique of using diffuse solar radiation for primary "rough" checking of heap cloud amount computed by all-sky images is proposed.
LIDAR complex software
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Integrated automation software for remote lidar complex is developed within this work. The complexity of software is caused by the presence of the remote controls and measurement units in the lidar complex structure. This task is solved by the unification of all these devices into a single program for improving the efficiency of the operator and the lidar system as a whole. The software is fulfilled using LabView 2014 programming environment, it functionally contains a number of executable units for every element of the system.
Vertical structure of the aerosol fields of the atmosphere in the period of forest fires over Lake Baikal in 2015
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The paper presents the results of investigations of temporal variations of the vertical structure of aerosol fields in the mountain valley of Lake Baikal, in the presence of smokes from both far and local wildfires. The measurements were carried out using the "LOSA-M2" lidar arranged on the eastern coast of Lake Baikal, during the expeditions of 2013 and 2015, when the extremely high values of the aerosol content in the troposphere due to forest fires were observed. A significant difference exists between the spatial-temporal structure of the smoke aerosol fields of local forest fires in the lake water area and the case when the sources of admixtures are located at a considerable distance.
Investigation of a possibility of enhancement of Raman signals from gaseous medium due to plasmon resonance on the Al-grating
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A possibility of applying SERS effect to enhance the intensity of the Raman spectra of gaseous media is investigated. More than 6-fold increase in Raman signals of the main components of air has been experimentally recorded due to increasing the electromagnetic field near an aluminum holographic diffraction grating. The average gain of Raman signals in the 30-nm layer at the grating – gaseous medium boundary was ~ 3×103.
Element composition of solid airborne particles deposited in snow in the vicinity of gas-fired heating plant
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Local heating plants are the main pollution source of rural areas. Currently, there are few studies on the composition of local heating plants emissions. The article deals with the research results of air pollution level with solid airborne particles in the vicinity of local gas-fired heating plants of some districts of Tomsk region. The snow sampling was conducted for the purpose of solid airborne particles extraction from snow cover. The content of 28 chemical elements (heavy metals, rare earth and radioactive elements, aurum, argentum, bromine) in the samples was detected using instrumental neutron activation analysis. The mercury content was determined by the flameless atomic absorption. The results have shown that the dust load value corresponds to low pollution level and 3,5 times exceeds the background value. It was detected, the content of studied elements exceeds the baseline data, and level of pollution with these elements corresponds to the average pollution level. It is suggested, the income of solid airborne particles containing these elements is connected both with emission of gas-fired heating plant, and local and trans-border sources.
Long-term variations in submicron aerosol pollution in 2003–2015 in the atmosphere over Beijing
Alexandr S. Emilenko,
Mikhail A. Sviridenkov,
Vladimir M. Kopeikin,
et al.
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The optical measurements of submicron aerosol and black carbon (BC) surface concentrations during the falls of 2003– 2015 in Beijing are illustrated. The specific features of long-term variations in these impurities are discussed. The 2003, 2004, 2007, 2010 and 2013-2015 observations were performed simultaneously at the background regional station Xing Long and in the city. The results of comparison between data obtained in Beijing and at the background station showed that, in Beijing, during the falls of 2003—2015, the urban sources of anthropogenic emissions mainly contributed to the BC components, and these emissions decreased by a factor of three over these years. Such a decrease was due to a reduction of the urban primary emissions of submicron aerosol. A significant contribution to the total concentration of submicron aerosol in the city was made by a regional additive, whose value depends on meteorological conditions and anthropogenic activity in the sector located to the south of Beijing at a distance of 100 – 500 km from the capital of China. This additive exceeds the monthly mean concentrations of submicron aerosol from urban sources due to regular smog episodes in the atmosphere over Beijing.
Geochemical peculiarities of soils in Tomsk areas of industrial enterprises locations
L. V. Zhornyak,
N. A. Osipova,
E. G. Yazikov,
et al.
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The study of soil samples taken in regions of the industrial enterprises locations in Tomsk areas was performed. The instrumental neutron-activation analysis was used for determination of the chemical composition of samples. The accumulation levels of 26 chemical elements in soils, including rare and radioactive, were determined. The level values of all of the studied elements exceeded background concentrations. The observed elements concentrations exceeded the background ones by factor ranging from 1.1 for Rb (Artificial stone plant) up to 20 for Br (Borrow pit enterprise) to 28 for Ce (Ash dump of the heat power station). The pollution of all studied areas was estimated as high on the basis of calculated values of the total pollution index. The soil geochemical peculiarities in Tomsk are established by elements accompanying production in regions of industrial enterprises locations. The soil composition reflects the specificity of the urban area with various industrial enterprises, due to certain properties of the soil, which constantly accumulates pollutants of emissions from businesses shops and vehicles.
Boundary layer in western Siberia according to the data of lidar measurements in Tomsk
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The investigations are described of the boundary layer and the middle troposphere in Western Siberia in June 2015. The results are presented on the nighttime profiles of backscattering coefficients at three wavelengths of 355, 532, and 1064 nm and extinction coefficients at two wavelengths of 355+387 and 532+607 nm. The particle size distribution functions are considered, which were obtained by the modified Tikhonov method allowing to select the coarse particles greater than 0.6 μm.
Automation of processing and interpretation of experimental data on polarization laser sensing of high-level clouds
Show abstract
Technique and software for processing of experimental data obtained with the high-altitude polarization lidar developed at National Research Tomsk State University are described.
Dynamic topography of the vector beam profile at the atmospheric path output
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The facilities of the method of analysis of the vector beam intensity profile at the atmospheric path output are presented. This method is based on the second rank tensors for the discrete differences of the first and second orders intensity distributions. The synthesized distributions of the field values allow to describe the topology of the phase modulation, the contours of intensity variations alterations, to define the area of localization of the beam energy and to estimate the state of polarization. The discrete differential analysis of the time series structure for the intensity distributions is of information value for the meteorological control of wind and termic conditions of the path, sensing of the refraction inhomogeneities types as well as for the analysis of the media spatio-temporal optical activity.
Registration system pulse mode avalanche photodiode photon counting with RS-485 interface
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The paper summarizes the experience to create the counting of the registration system pulse avalanche photodiode. The authors suggested a technical solution that allows the hardware to carry out registration in both analog and in the photoelectron pulse registration regime. The paper substantiates the idea of how the use of modern microcontroller solutions, provides a flexible registration system with user-defined time parameters (or probe pulses) accumulation start timing cutoff near zone, sensing range, signal range resolution. Such a view would be of interest to specialists in the development of devices for receiving signals in lidar systems.
Pulsed light source for nephelometric with optimized parameters in the scattering volume
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In this paper we are talking about the possibility of increasing the accuracy of measurements of turbidity meter. The article analyzes the requirements of the light source being probed volume, as well as in calibration mode. Use as a pulsed light source of high power LEDs, collimator requires optimization which is devoted to this work. The main factor limiting the possibilities for creating the desired collimator are the dimensions of both the collimator, the one and only device. Considerable attention is paid to the uniformity of light-probed volume nephelometer.
Possibility of heating safety glasses in optoelectronic devices
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The paper deals with the problem of maintaining job opportunities optoelectronic devices in applications that require heating protective glasses. The author gives a comparison of different methods of heating for their efficiency and complexity in the design and manufacture of space heaters, as well as analyzes the characteristics of the products in the manufacture of both heaters and protective glasses themselves. This review will be of interest to designers and developers in the field of modern optoelectronic devices and systems with a wide range of temperatures during operation.
Possible to reduce the influence of the background in the measurement of atmospheric transparency nephelometry
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The paper deals with the problem of obtaining weak signals in terms of background noise and the possibility of reducing the influence of outside lighting probed volume nephelometer. The author offers a variety of ways: the use of the design features of a nephelometer, the restriction of the field of view of the system, the installation of hoods, the installation in the construction of light absorbers, the use of modulation of illumination, circuit solutions in the receiving part (active and passive filters), hardware and software solutions for the subtraction of the background portion of the signal from the received signal based on the previous state of the optoelectronic tract.
Imitation of several layers of clouds to calibrate ceilometer
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The article represents the description the problem of calibration meter height of cloud base in registration mode, multiple layers of clouds. The article provides an analysis of points of views of researchers on the possibility of creating a compact device to simulate several layers of clouds in the calibration meter height of the cloud base. The authors propose an original way to use fiber optic technology to simulate several layers of clouds. The paper describes the key benefits and features of this solution, as well as restrictions on the possibilities of its use.
Portable meter calibration meteorological visibility range
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Overview of calibration methods of small gauges meteorological visibility range. aerosol scattering, visibility, scattering indicatrix, calibration methods
Empirical orthogonal functions and its modification in the task of retrieving of the total amount CO2 and CH4 with help of satellite fourier transform spectrometer GOSAT (TANSO-FTS)
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The article describes the modification of the empirical orthogonal functions method for solving of the inverse task (retrieving of the total amount CO2) of the real data processing of the satellite instrument (Fourier transform spectrometer medium resolution) GOSAT. Presents the results of the processing of the GOSAT data for the USA territory monitoring stations Lamont and Park Falls (TCCON network).
Investigation of laser plasma temperature and spectral line broadening in femtosecond laser plasma on the surface of barium water solution
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The spectral lines broadening in femtosecond laser plasma generated by the 45 fs Ti:Sa laser pulses on the surface of the water solutions of Ba is investigated. The contribution of the Doppler broadening for spectral lines width is minimal and amounts 0.0022 nm for Ba. The main mechanism of Ba spectral line broadening in experimental conditions is resonance. The resulting values of resonance broadening constitute a 0.0349 nm for Ba I (413.24 nm), 0.0563 nm for Ba I (553.54 nm), 0.0241 nm for Ba II (455.41 nm), 0.0437 nm for Ba II (614.17 nm).
Lidar sensing atmosphere by gigawatt femtosecond laser pulses in the continent-ocean transition zone
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Created three modifications lidar systems based on Ti: sapphire laser with chirped power amplification (elastic scattering lidar, Raman lidar, white light lidar) and derived atmospheric lidar sensing data in a transition zone continent-ocean. Comparisons of the data with the results of conventional lidar based on the use of nanosecond laser pulses are presented. Possibilities and prospects created by femtosecond lidar modifications in the conditions of the transition zone continentocean.
An effect of uncertainties of input data on determining the thermodynamic parameters of high-temperature carbon dioxide by a polynomial approximation method
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The CO2 transmission function was calculated and compared with the experimental data in the spectral range of 450- 7600 cm-1. The spectral ranges suitable for a determination of temperature and concentration of CO2 were determined. The influence of polynomial degrees on errors of approximating the transmission function and the influence of a number of spectral regions on errors of determining the temperature and partial pressure were analyzed.
Seasonal and interannual variations of aerosol microphysical characteristics in the atmosphere of Primorskii krai, Russia in 2010-2015
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The analysis of results of aerosol microphysical properties measurements (particlulate size distribution function, number and mass concentrations, of aerosol and black carbon) in the lowermost part of atmosphere of Primorskii krai for the period of 2010-2015 are presented. In paper we analyse seasonal, interannual and diurnial variations of aerosol properties.
Seasonal and interannual dynamics of the optical characteristics of aerosol in the coastal region according to the photometric sensing for the period from 2010 to 2015
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The paper presents an analysis of the results of the photometric sensing of atmospheric aerosols in the vicinity of Vladivostok for the period from 2010 to 2015. We consider the seasonal and interannual course of the optical characteristics. The results are compared with the data of satellite remote sensing and measurement on AERONET station (Ussuriisk).
Investigation of Asian dust from spectral characteristics of solar radiation scattering and absorption in the atmosphere
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Asian dust appears in the atmosphere in spring, spreads over long distances, and affects significantly on the environment. Scattering and absorption of Asian dust can be observed in the atmosphere at different angles on the basis of diurnal movement of the Sun. For this purpose, we used a solar tracker, which provides the Sun pointing and tracking. We present an optimal optical model of the solar tracker for atmospheric spectroscopy. A solution of the problem of loss stability of еру tracker pointing at the Sun near the zenith is shown. Test results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed optimization methods.
Light-induced thermodiffusion in two-component liquid
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We have theoretically studied the optical transmittance response of thin cell with liquid containing absorbing nanoparticles in a Gaussian beam field. The transmittance spatial changing is caused by thermal diffusion phenomenon (Soret effect) which produces the variations of concentration of absorbing nanoparticles. The thickness of optical cell (including windows) is significantly less than the size of the beam. As a result, an exact analytical expression for the one dimensional thermal task is derived, taking into account the Soret feedback that leads to the temperature rising on the axis of a Gaussian beam. We have experimentally studied this phenomenon in carbon nanosuspension.
Results of synchronous measurements on meteorological parameter pulsations in the atmospheric surface layer
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Experiments with the help of multi-parameter meter of turbulent micropulsations of wind speed components, temperature, humidity, pressure, and concentration of aerosol particles for the purpose of an experimental study of the lower atmosphere were conducted. The meter is a compact device, which combines acoustic meter of three component of wind speed and temperature, optical infrared measurer of absolute humidity micropulsations, sensors of temperature, pressure, and relative humidity, and an one-angle nephelometer of open type for measurements of pulsations of the aerosol scattering coefficient and evaluation of pulsations in the concentration of atmospheric aerosol. Dispersion of fluctuations of optical and meteorological parameters; autospectra fluctuations of wind speed, temperature, humidity and scattering coefficient; turbulent flows of momentum, heat and aerosol particles; the spectra of turbulent flows were calculated.
The effect of droplet cloudy microstructure on the polarization characteristics of double scattering lidar return
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The work is devoted to remote sensing droplet clouds by coaxial lidar. The results of numerical modeling of the distribution of polarization ellipse parameters of lidar returns in the double-scattering approximation are discussed. It is shown that the half-width of the particle size distribution has a greater influence on the ellipticity of the polarization ellipse rather than a modal radius.
Determining the backscattering phase matrix of an aircraft condensation jet
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Results of observation of the dynamics of evolution and decay of an aircraft condensation jet are described. Polarization lidar is used to determine the upper and lower boundaries of the aerosol layer, its optical thickness, scattering ratio, and backscattering phase matrix.
A numeric estimate of the sensitivity of the land-based LIDAR echo signal to statistical variations of the aerosol scattering coefficient in a cloudless atmosphere
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Numerical data about the sensitivity of the echo-signal to variations in aerosol scattering coefficient define, as is well known, the possibility of solving the inverse problem of atmosphere laser sensing. In this work we analyze the influence of statistic fluctuations of the vertical distribution of the aerosol scattering coefficient on the time distribution of the LIDAR echo-signal in the case of a cloudless atmosphere. We obtain time distributions of intensity, averaged over random instances of aerosol scattering coefficient fields and the corresponding correlation coefficients.
A temporal stability study of calibration functions coefficients in the pure rotational Raman lidar technique during tropospheric temperature measurements
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We present a temporal stability study of the calibration coefficients of two nonlinear calibration functions which are used for temperature retrievals in the pure rotational Raman (PRR) lidar technique. These functions represent the special cases of the general calibration function that takes into account the collisional broadening of all N2 and O2 PRR lines in the troposphere. The coefficients stability is studied on the examples of vertical tropospheric temperature profiles (3–9 km) retrieved on 1, 6, 7, and 8 April 2015. The temperature profiles were retrieved from nighttime lidar measurements made in Tomsk (56.48° N, 85.05° E, Western Siberia, Russia) using the IMCES PRR lidar. The lidar was developed in the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IMCES SB RAS). The validity of usage of the calibration coefficients averaged over some period of monitoring for temperature profile retrievals is discussed.
LIDAR detector of explosive vapors
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The paper presents the results of studying the possibility of remote detection of explosive vapors in the atmosphere on the basis of the LIDAR principle with the use of the laser fragmentation/laser-induced fluorescence approach. A project of the mobile automated scanning high-performance UV LIDAR for remote detection of explosives is presented. Experimental data on the detection of vapors of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and mixture of hexogen (RDX) and TNT (Composition B) at a distance of 13 m are obtained. The sensitivity of the LIDAR detector of explosive vapors is estimated. For TNT vapors, the sensitivity limit of the LIDAR detector is estimated as 1×10-12 g/cm3 at the probability of detection of P= 97%.
Energy density of laser radiation as a factor limiting the sensitivity of the Raman-lidar method
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Factors limiting the sensitivity and determining the noise immunity of the Raman-lidar method are considered. Influence of the energy characteristics of laser radiation on the sensitivity of Raman lidar is examined. Parameters of the laser radiation are proposed that can increase the noise immunity of the Raman-lidar method using a source of radiation in the UV wavelength range.
Robust nonparametric estimates of spatiotemporal dynamics of wind velocity from data of minisodar measurements
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In the report the spatiotemporal dynamics of three components of wind velocity vector retrieved from Doppler minisodar measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer is analyzed. Robust nonparametric methods of data processing based on the weighed maximum likelihood method (WMLM) are used for analysis. It is demonstrated that the efficiency (mean square error, MSE) of the adaptive estimates of the parameters of wind velocity components measured by the sodar based on the WMLM is much higher that the efficiency of the classical parametric estimates based on the LSM.
Analysis of video for the passive method of wind estimations
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Passive sensing method is based on cross-correlation analysis of the spatiotemporal structure of turbulent distortions of incoherent video images of surrounding objects. In the process of implementation of the method temporary fluctuations of the local tilts of the wave front is recorded. The tilts fluctuations are estimated by the displacements of centroids of the selected areas of images. Then the estimates of their spatial displacement under the influence of wind transportation on the basis of selected spatial spacing are made. It is possible to use schemes of measurements on the basis of the spacing of the sources (selected pixels blocks of image) and on the basis of the spacing of the receiving lenses. The results of the simultaneous estimation of integral crosswind for the two schemes of the measurements and their combinations are presented in this report on the basis of experimental material.
DIAL-DOAS technique for laser sounding of the gaseous composition of the atmosphere
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A technique is developed for lidar measurements of atmospheric gases on the basis of differential absorption lidar and differential optical absorption spectroscopy. The DIAL-DOAS technique is tested for possibilities of lidar sounding of trace atmospheric gases. Simulation results of lidar measurements of trace atmospheric gases in the 3–4 μm range are described.
Siberian lidar station: instruments and results
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Siberian Lidar Station created at V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS and operating in Tomsk (56.5° N, 85.0° E) is a unique atmospheric observatory. It combines up-to-date instruments for remote laser and passive sounding for the study of aerosol and cloud fields, air temperature and humidity, and ozone and gaseous components of the ozone cycles. In addition to controlling a wide range of atmospheric parameters, the observatory allows simultaneous monitoring of the atmosphere throughout the valuable altitude range 0–75 km. In this paper, the instruments and results received at the Station are described.
AOO16 - Atmospheric Physics and Climate
Targeted monitoring strategy based on variational data assimilation and decomposition of processes scales
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We discuss an adaptive strategy of targeted monitoring for “real time” estimating the atmospheric situation as well as the air quality changes. To this goal, we develop some theoretical aspects related to mathematical modeling of investigated processes based on observations of their actual behavior fulfilled with monitoring tools. The concept of combined analysis of the solutions of direct and adjoint problems, sensitivity and uncertainty functions is described. We use the obtained information to detect the domains of the high-energy activity and increased uncertainty in the results of prognoses to place the additional mobile tools of observation in them and (or) to configure the remote sensing instruments.
Ozone anomaly of 2011 in the northern hemisphere
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In this work we have studied the appearance of analogue of the Antarctic ozone hole in the Northern hemisphere in March 2011. The study is based on AURA satellite data. Possible reasons of this phenomenon were the low temperature in the polar region and intense solar flares. The solar activity led to changes in the atmospheric circulation. As a result, in the stratosphere for a while have any rotating circumpolar vortex in the form of a ring in mid-latitudes and low ozone content in the polar region. Our studies revealed a redistribution of ozone mass between the inner and outer part of the vortex with decreasing the total ozone content in the inner part and increases in the outer. A model of the formation of the circumpolar vortex based on atmospheric physics is proposed.
Airglow intensity variations affected by acoustic-gravity waves at high latitudes
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The observatory Lovozero (68.0N, 35.0E, Polar Geophysical Institute) carries out regular observations of aurora. During the aurora observations in some cases the luminescence of the night sky had a wavy structure with the wavelengths of several tens kilometers and with the temporary periods about 15-30 minutes. For two cases comparisons with data of the radar of partial reflections in the observatory Tumanny have been carried out. Maxima of reflection amplitudes of the radar took place at the heights of 80-90 km and amplitudes at these heights had the periods similar to the periods of fluctuations of luminous intensity of the sky. It allows assuming that the wave structures in the luminescence were caused by acoustic-gravity waves.
To the theory of influence of the convection currents on the temperature distribution in the Earth's atmosphere
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It is assumed, that the main factor, influencing on temperature distribution near the earth’s surface to the atmosphere it’s the convective heat flux. Due to the solution of nonlinear systems of gas-dynamic differential equations the behavior of the temperature T (z) found. It is noted, that the obtained result not bad agree with the meteorological measurements dates.
Study of forest fires seasonal dynamics in Yakutia on remote sensing data
Oleg A Tomshin,
Vladimir S. Solovyev
Show abstract
Forest fires dynamic in boreal forests of Yakutia (Eastern Siberia) and its relations with short-term weather history and atmospheric aerosol unhomogeneties and CO perturbations during May-September 2001-2014 were studied on remote sensing data. It is clarified, that temperature anomalies in May-June (comparing to long-term mean) preceded to occurrence of large-scale forest fires. Significant growth of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol index (AI) is observed during maximum (July-August) of seasonal variations of forest fires. Total emissions of CO2, CO, CH4 were calculated.
Generation of emissions in red and green lines of atomic oxygen with due regard to energetic electron precipitation in the night time mid-latitude ionosphere
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A numerical model of the ionosphere has been used to study the dependence of night airglows in red and green lines of atomic oxygen on characteristics of precipitating electrons which can substantially affect conditions in the mid-latitude ionosphere during magnetic storms. It has been established that the precipitations are able to indirectly generate airglow in red and green lines of atomic oxygen by increasing rates of ion formation and heating of thermal electrons, which causes an increase in the rate of dissociative recombination and thermal-electron-collision excitation of the 1D and 1S levels.
Anomalies of acoustic and electromagnetic fields in a seismically active region
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Radiation anomalies in acoustic emission and in electromagnetic field were registered in Kamchatka one day before earthquakes with the magnitude of MLH>5. Such anomalies were not observed on other days when there were no seismic events. An example of record of acoustic and electromagnetic radiations is given for September 1, 2013 when such anomalies occurred. The cause of the anomalies is likely to be the intensification of deformation processes during earthquake preparation
Magnetically oriented irregularities of the ionosphere and super dual auroral radar network (SuperDARN)
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The paper considers a possibility of investigation of magnetically oriented irregularities in the ionosphere using a SuperDARN system. To determine the parameters of such irregularities, the authors suggest applying backscattering of decameter waves. As a rule, scattering on magnetically oriented irregularities of the ionosphere is considered to be an aspect one directed along the Earth magnetic field lines. It is shown that under certain conditions, such as propagation path orientation along the Earth magnetic field lines, polarization and frequency of the emitted wave, not only aspect but also resonance backscattering of decameter waves is possible. Results of experimental observations of such scattering on magnetically oriented irregularities of the ionosphere in Kamchatka are presented.
Lightning according to electromagnetic field observations in Buryatiya
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Main seasonal and diurnal variations registered from lightning radiation were obtained on the basis of the data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) and the data of the Earth natural pulse electromagnetic field (ENPEMF) registered on Buryatiya territory. Possible relation of the radiation recorded on Buryatia territory with local and world lightning sources is shown.
Algorithm of search for possible areas of lightning activity affecting whistler occurrence in a defined region
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Topical problems of monitoring and analysis of lightning activity are considered. The paper also presents monthly distributions of lightning discharges over the globe. The instrumentation applied in VLF signal registration is described. An algorithm of search for possible areas of lightning activity affecting whistler occurrence in a defined region is suggested. The algorithm compares each detected whistler with the data of the World Wide Lightning Location Network. It also may be used to analyze different time intervals of the world lightning activity from the moment of whistler formation.
Study of NDVI vegetation index in East Siberia under global warming
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Study of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) in Eastern Siberia was carried out on long-term (1982-2014) satellite data. 15-days average NDVI data (GIMMS project) was used to create the maps of NDVI trends distribution and correlation of NDVI with air temperature and precipitation. Using NDVI daily data (NOAA CDR Program data) over three test sites (in Yakutia), phenological parameters of tundra vegetation and deciduous needleleaf forests were calculated. It is shown, that for past three decades there is a positive NDVI trend in Eastern Siberia. Analysis of phenological parameters shows a tendency of an earlier SOS (start of season) and later EOS (end of season) for deciduous needleleaf forests and tundra vegetation. Air temperature is the major factor that defines positive trend of NDVI vegetation index under conditions of low precipitation.
Understanding of counter-gradient heat flux in lower atmosphere based on the second order RANS-approach
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The nonlocality of the mechanism of turbulent heat transfer in the atmospheric boundary layer over a rough surface manifests itself in the form of bounded areas of countergradient heat transfer, which are diagnosed from analysis of balance items in the transport equation for the variance of temperature fluctuations and from calculation of the coefficients of turbulent momentum and heat transfer invoking the model of gradient diffusion. It is shown that countergradient heat transfer in local regions is caused by turbulent diffusion or by the term of the divergence of triple correlation in the balance equation for the temperature variance.
Mesoscale structure of tropical cyclones in the northwestern part of the Pacific ocean according to the data of the WWLLN
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The paper investigates lightning activity in the region of tropical cyclones (TC), its structure and changeability during the process of TC development and attenuation according to the data of the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) as well as the relation with ocean surface wind fields according to the ASCAT scatterometer data. Distribution of lightning discharges in TC regions and discharge density fields drawn up from them allowed us to detect TC structure elements, such as mesovortexes, eyewalls, cloud bands and spirals, and to trace their change in space and time.
Correlation of annual average seasonal values of temperature within the atmospheric boundary layer and amount of stratiform low clouds
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The work presents the results of the evaluation of the correlation degree of annual average seasonal temperature within the atmospheric boundary layer (at heights of 0, 400, 800, 1600 m) and the amount of low stratiform clouds (Sc, St, Ns) for the period from 1969 to 2013 performed according to the data from 6 typical weather stations of the Siberian region (Dickson, Tiksi, Salekhard, Omsk, Yakutsk, Chita). It is shown that the significant correlation (positive in winter, spring, autumn and negative in summer) between annual average seasonal values of the amount of low stratiform clouds and the temperature of the atmospheric boundary layer prevailed in Siberia during the study period. And the values of correlation coefficients (in absolute value) are more than 0.75 almost everywhere, and ones reach a maximum (0.84-0.88) at the altitude of 400 m.
Long-term changes in average seasonal surface air temperature over Siberia
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The work presents the results of the study of long-term changes in average seasonal surface air temperature in the Siberian region for the last 43 years (from 1973 to 2015), as well as for the periods from 1973 to 2005 (when there was the most intense global warming) and from 2006 to 2015 (the period of global warming slowdown or even a cooling in some regions). It is shown that winter and spring seasons have made major contribution to the rise in surface air temperature over the territory of Siberia during the period from 1973 to 2015. A cooling in the Arctic regions of Siberia in the winter season as well as a cooling in the Western Siberia and in the south-western part of Eastern Siberia in the autumn season made the greatest contribution to reducing the intensity of the warming over the last decade.
New cross-platform control software for Brewer Spectrophotometer
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The current control software for the Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer was created over 30 years ago for MS-DOS computers and has poor compatibility with modern software and hardware platforms. The new cross-platform software for controlling the Brewer is able to run on actual operating system for computers, tablets and smartphones, and at the same time has a one codebase. The observation data and configuration constants of the spectrophotometer are stored in the embedded relational SQLite database. The core of the application is written in C++ based cross-platform Qt framework, and the observation routines is implemented in Qt script interpreted scripting language and is integrated into the core of the application.
Simulation of solar radiative transfer in the earth atmosphere taking into account the underlying surface anisotropy
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Natural land cover is not a perfect orthotropic surface reflecting sunlight. Most types of natural surfaces to a greater or lesser extent have the anizotropic properties. The assumption of a Lambertian reflectance can lead to biases in calculated radiative characteristics. We developed Monte Carlo three-dimensional radiative transfer code that allow for considering the detailed directional scattering properties of reflectance by land and ocean surface. The article deals with a number of semi-empirical and physically based models of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) that determine the angular characteristics of reflection for snow, vegetation, soil and ocean cover and describes shortly principles of the radiance reflection simulation and the specifics of surface-atmosphere radiative interaction.
Lidar investigations of the scattering of the upper and middle atmosphere
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The results of two-frequency lidar investigation of the atmosphere scattering are presented. The observations were carried out at the wavelength of 561 and 532 nm. The radiation band of lasers covers two emission lines of atomic oxygen (561.106 and 561.346 nm) and three emission lines of atomic nitrogen (532.020, 532.087 and 532.095 nm). The lines correspond to the transitions between the exited states of ions of atomic oxygen or nitrogen. The possibility of application of the lidar method for ionosphere investigations is discussed. The physical basis of such method may be the resonance scattering on upper atmosphere ions. The authors discuss the conditions when the impact of the resonance scattering into the lidar signal at the mesosphere heights is observed.
Influence of lightning discharges and geomagnetic activity variation rate on currents in buried pipelines and “pipe-ground” potential
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The measurements of electric currents flowing through pipelines buried in permafrost during lightning discharge terminating to ground near pipelines in Yakutia are presented. In addition, there are measurement results of telluric current flowing through pipelines during geomagnetic storms. The influence of a direct current flowing through the metallic pipe on the “pipe-ground” potential variation in the piece of pipeline with length of 150 m and diameter of 110 mm.
Calculation of wind profiles using satellite imagery of smoke plumes
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The method to calculate the wind fields in the low atmosphere based on the use of satellite images of smoke plumes from the chimneys of industrial plants various heights is proposed. The model is based on Ekman layer equations. The results of calculations of the vertical profiles of wind velocity components and the coefficient of the turbulent exchange are given for the city of Omsk, an example. Possibilities of using approach to analyze the processes of pollution of urban atmosphere are discussed.
On the thermal influence of thermokarst lakes on the subsea permafrost evolution
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A one-dimensional model for the heat transfer with a phase change is proposed to simulate the dynamics of the subsea permafrost on the Laptev Sea shelf. By now we investigate the evolution of the subsea permafrost since the last glacial maximum, taking into account a possible development of the thermokarst lakes. This paper also discusses the permafrost-related gas hydrate stability zone. The permafrost within most of the Laptev Sea shelf (≤ 50 m water depth) is estimated as 440 - 560 m given a heat flow of 60 mW/m2, and 178 - 265 m given a heat flow of 100 mW/m2 . The thermokarst lakes play an important role in the heat exchange between the atmosphere and sediments. The subsea permafrost evolution also depends on thermokarst lakes existence. Scenarios show that the permafrost thawing from top to bottom leads to the formation of the closed talik. The effect of a heat flux for fault zones results in higher sediment temperatures and in a more rapid destruction of the permafrost and hydrate zone. The proposed model predicts the development of open taliks at the shelf sites with water depths of 10 – 20 m in active tectonic faults.
Specialized aerosol solver for calculation of photophoretic motion characteristics of soot aggregates
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The results of the specialized aerosol solver development for calculation of optical and microphysical parameters and motion characteristics of aerosol particles in the stratosphere in the field of atmospheric radiation, temperature and wind are presented. This solver will include various parts for calculating the optical and thermal characteristics of the particles (for homogeneous spherical and fractal-like particle models); unit for calculation of atmospheric radiation field (incident shortwave and outgoing thermal radiation); unit for the wind field calculation for the standard atmospheric models; unit for calculation of particle motion characteristics for different altitudes in stratosphere and mesosphere. Application of the software package should significantly ease the time-consuming calculations of the stratospheric aerosol dynamics and allow to use it as a standard tool in future studies.
Local inhomogeneity of the magnetic field as a possible factor of influence on the human
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The results of expeditionary studies in August 2013 at the Chui region of the earthquake epicenter (2003), in the area, characterized by an abnormal performance of the spatial distribution of the geomagnetic field vector values are presented. The adaptive response of the human body by analyzing the variability of the cardiovascular system activity in a short stay in the area of natural character geomagnetic anomalies is investigated. It is shown that a person entering the zone with abnormal magnetic field gradient levels can disrupt adaptive human body reaction that is accompanied by an increased level of the cardiovascular system functioning after visiting zone and increasing the power spectral density of oscillations several RR intervals of heart rate in the range of 0,04 -0,15 Hz and 0,5-1 Hz while in a zone.
Analysis of polar stratospheric cloud observations at Tomsk in January 2016
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In 26-28 January 2016 aerosol scattering peaks were registered in the stratosphere above Tomsk. On the basis of air-mass back trajectory calculations and the analysis of temperature data along these trajectories it was assumed that the observed aerosol characterized as polar stratospheric clouds. This report presents a preliminary interpretation of the observations.
Dynamic parameters of the troposphere at occurrence of hazardous weather phenomena in the Black Sea region
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This paper presents an analysis of the dynamic and energetic characteristics of the troposphere at occurrence of hazardous weather phenomena associated with cyclonic activity in the Black Sea Region. Formation of a powerful convection takes place at the presence of jet streams in the upper troposphere as well as wind velocity and direction shears in the lower and mid-troposphere. Peak values of kinetic energy are characteristic for the upper troposphere. Characteristic for catastrophic phenomena is a simultaneous combination of a number of conditions: a high moisture content of air masses at the condensation level and above it, convergence of air streams in the lower troposphere, the area leading to increase in ascending motions. In the lower troposphere, a clockwise wind rotation is observed which provides warm advection; in the upper troposphere, a counterclockwise wind rotation occurs. In cases of a tornado, the upper wind shear was observed near the lower level of increase in wind, in the 700-600 hPa layer.
The features of modeling of radiation forcing on the climate in the Arctic region
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We are talking about the achievements in the theory of radiation transfer in natural environments and in developing the modern Russian scientific potential, which adequately provides the methodological basis of theoretical and computational studies of radiative processes and radiation fields in the Arctic region, using supercomputers and massively parallel. There is no doubt that the solution to such a massive task as the development of the Arctic without prejudice to the planet requires the interdisciplinary research by modeling of “forecasting scenarios” and expertise and international cooperation, including all Arctic countries - Russia, the USA, Canada, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Sweden Finland.
The influence of solar activity on the seasonal variation of the temperature of high latitude mesopause over Yakutia
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The analysis of changes in temperature of mesopause region based on fluctuation measurements of rotational temperature and intensity of molecular emission of hydroxyl OH (6,2) excited at ~87 km altitude is presented. Observations were carried out at the Maimaga station (63°N, 129.5°E), at a distance of 150 km to the north from Yakutsk. Parameters of seasonal variation was defined based on the data received from 1999 to 2015. Measurements were conducted with a digital infrared spectrograph. The temperature was determined from the distribution of the emission intensity in the different branches of the molecular hydroxyl band. Data from the radiometer SABER v.2.0 installed on the satellite NASA TIMED was used in the research. 2320 midnight temperature values of hydroxyl OH (6,2) suitable for determining the parameters of the seasonal variation were obtained at the Maimaga station over 16 years of measurements. The seasonal temperature variations of mesopause region were investigated in the form of annual, semiannual and a terannual component. Annual harmonic variations range from 18.2K to 64.7K, and the semiannual harmonics range from 6.8K to 26.6K. The dependence of the annual and semiannual harmonics from the solar activity was detected. Probably the dependence indicates a strengthening of the circulation of the upper atmosphere during periods of maximum solar activity.
Spatial and temporal variations of lightning activity in North Asia in 2009-2014
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The analysis of temporal-spatial variations of daily lightning strike number over territory with borders of 40-80 N, 60- 180 E was made using the World wide lightning location network data. As expected, daily lightning strike number increases to middle of summer (July) and decreases to August. Lightning strike number redistributes inside the considered territory between two areas with high lightning activity during all years of observation and during season. Center of high lightning activity area shifts northward by 2 degrees on average during summer season.
Estimation smoldering front parameters located on the peat surface using methods of thermography
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The paper describes the use of IR thermography methods in the investigation of peat fires. The temperature distribution on the peat surface was obtained using a local source of ignition in the form of a glowing spiral located under the sample in the laboratory conditions. These data can be used to determine the horizontal propagation of the peat fire front.
Features of the elemental composition of snow cover in the area of production primary aluminum emissions
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The selection of snow samples was performed in Mongolia (the slope of Mount Munku-Sardyk), Buryatia (ulus Ulbugay), Bratsk (Padun district) and in Irkutsk (Mount «Snow»). Element’s content in the samples of snow melt water was determined with the quadrupole ISP-MS mass spectrometer of Agilent 7500 ce. Determination of content of chemical elements (cations) in a filtrate of melted water of snow cover is carried out by a mass spectrometry method with the inductively coupled plasma (ISP-MS). The concentrations of about 70 elements have been defined. Also it has been determined that the side of Mount Munku-Sardyk (Mongolia) and ulus Ulbugay (Buratia) are the clearest ecological areas. The concentrations of some elements in the snow cover in Bratsk exceed the background concentration five times and more. The high coefficients of pair correlation between pairs of elements Al, Li, Be, Tl, V, F and the dependence of change of concentrations from the distance from the smelter has been established. It has been defined, that there is no exceeding in the residential area.
Probable nature of Chizhevsky’s "Z-factor" on example of a rare solar event
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The results of the ambulance call data analysis, during one of the most powerful disturbances in the history of geomagnetic disturbances observations in 2003 are presented. The effect of the X-rays flux and the local geomagnetic disturbances in Tomsk on the ambulance calls frequency was investigated. It was found that patients with diseases of the cardiovascular and central nervous systems are characterized by a high sensitivity to variations of heliogeophysical parameters. It was found that variations of epidemiological indicators related both to the influence of geomagnetic perturbations every, and the influence of the X-ray flux absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere.
Methane emission from Western Siberia’s wetland ecosystems in the first half of the XXI century
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Interannual variability of methane (CH4) emission from wetland ecosystems of Western Siberia in 2000-2050 has been investigated. Calculations of CH4 emission were performed using an approach, in which the total daily methane flux was determined by degree days of the soil and its moisture content as well as available supply of organic substance. Required characteristics of the soil were obtained using the Community Land Model (CLM4.5), coupled with the Regional Climate Model (RegCM4). The model was driven by the data of NCEP-DOE Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project reanalysis (NCEP-DOE AMIP-II (R2)) and Hadley Global Environment Model 2 - Earth System (HadGEM2- ES) within the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP 4.5) and RCP 8.5 radiative forcing scenarios as initial and lateral boundary conditions. It was found that the average value of the emission in 2000-2013 is 4.34 Tg/yr. Expected increase of methane emission in 2041-2050 relative to the 2001-2010 period is 0.58 Tg/yr with 0.18±0.06 Tg/10 yrs trend for the RCP 8.5 scenario. For the scenario RCP 4.5, increase of methane emission is negligible.
Remote detection of raised radioactivity in gasoaerosol release from Beloyarsk nuclear power plant
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The comparative analysis of injected radionuclides into the atmosphere from nuclear power plant with advanced fast neutron reactor is carried out. On example of Beloyarsk nuclear power plant, the problem of remote detection of radioactivity in the atmospheric pollution is examined.
Forecast of icing zones using possibilities of hydrodynamic simulation for the atmospheric boundary layer
Marina A. Volkova,
Alexander V. Starchenko,
Irina V. Kuzhevskaya,
et al.
Show abstract
This paper presents the results of the analysis and forecast of meteorological conditions that promote icing of aircrafts in the atmospheric boundary layer. The forecasting results were obtained using the mesoscale meteorological model TSU-NM3. The Godske method, the NCEP method, and the statistical method of the Hydro-meteorological Centre of Russia were used as the criteria of aircraft icing probability during take-off or landing. The numeric forecast results were compared with pilot reports. The forecast accuracy rates, the probability of false detection, and the Peirce's skill score confirm the prospects of the proposed approach for the sphere of forecasting aircraft icing zones. On the basis of this technology, a regional method for forecasting aircraft icing can be developed.
Natural and forced under-ice convection
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Ice is highly transparent to solar energy; therefore, the spring heating of the water begins under the ice before melting. As the water temperature near the lower edge of the ice is less than the temperature of maximum density at this depth, the heat flux launches the natural convection in the upper water layer. At the same time, the forced convection may occur in the lake. We associate the origin of forced convection with random events of ascent and dissociation of methane hydrates. Using mathematical models, we study the processes of natural and forced convection beneath the ice in a deep lake under the specific conditions of Lake Baikal. The results of numerical experiments have shown that the natural convection under the ice intensifies the process of forced convection.
Electric quantities of surface atmosphere in adverse weather conditions
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The analysis and the quantitative assessments have been made for consistent variations in potential gradient, polar electrical conductivity, parameters of falling hydrometeors, the spectrum and the aerosol concentration in adverse weather conditions during such events as heavy precipitation, squall, mist/ fog.
Modelling consideration of amplitude variations of signals of lightning discharges with the availability of disturbances in the earth-ionosphere waveguide
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Modelling consideration of amplitude -spectral variations of the low-frequency signals extending in the earth-ionosphere wave guide at occurrence of seismic disturbances on the top wall of wave guide ( the lower ionosphere) is carried out. By results of a comparison with experimental data of VLF-signal observation, possible characteristics of seismic disturbances in the lower ionosphere causing observable amplitude variations of signals are considered.
Assessment of changes in hydrology of Siberia in the XXIst century
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This paper deals with the study of possible changes in the Siberian rivers in the XXIst century. The initial data are the results of calculations for the six models of CMIP-5 IPCC Programme . The calculations include the INM model (Russia), the CNRM (France), the GFDL (the USA), the MIROC5 (Japan), the HadGEM2 (United Kingdom) and the MPI-ESM (Germany). The calculations reveal that the interannual variability of a streamflow in the XXIst century has shared positive trends in a variety of models with significant variations in the influx of fresh water into the Arctic Ocean. The next step was to analyze the hydrological components forming the river flow. The Reasons for the observed fluctuations in hydrological characteristics of the river basins of Siberia, are associated with the Arctic Oscillation, which is confirmed by the correlation links.
Investigation of variability of the vertical stratification of background aerosol over Tomsk in 2015
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Experimental data on variability of the aerosol vertical-temporal structure obtained by the lidar complex of the Siberian Lidar Station of the Institute of atmospheric optics SB RAS in 2015 are analyzed in this paper. The initial data for analysis comprised the data array of 84 total signals collected in some nights. The height interval was from 15 till 50-60 km, the spatial resolution was 192 m, the time of the total signal accumulation was 2 hours. High aerosol content in the lower stratosphere was observed in November and especially in December in comparison with other previous years.
Scenario studies of local atmospheric circulations in the Krasnoyarsk region
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This paper presents a meso-scale non-hydrostatic model of atmospheric dynamics and some scenario calculations on formation of the local atmospheric circulations near the city of Krasnoyarsk. The results of numerical experiments are presented for summer and winter meteorological scenarios performed as a study of mesoclimates of the city and its surroundings. Using the numerical model it was possible to reproduce the processes of formation and development of the surface and elevated temperature inversions in the atmosphere of the territory in question. Experiments with basic state winds have shown that the orographic and thermal inhomogeneities of the underlying surface considerably transform the large-scale basic state flux.
Lidar investigations of thermal regime of the stratosphere over Tomsk in 2015
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One of the important applications of lidar techniques is the study of thermal regime of the atmosphere. Such investigations in monitoring mode were started at the Institute of atmospheric optics since 1994 and are continued to date. The main attention is paid for the study of the unexpected disturbances in the middle stratosphere caused by winter stratospheric warming (SW). One can acquire with the results on this field of research in [1–6]. In this paper we present the results of the study of the vertical distribution of temperature over Tomsk in disturbed and calm periods of 2015.
Numerical study of direct variational algorithm for assimilation of atmospheric chemistry data into transport and transformation model
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The performance of variational data assimilation algorithm for in situ concentration measurements for transport and transformation model of atmospheric chemical composition is studied numerically in the case of indirect measurements. The algorithm is based on decomposition and splitting methods with direct solution of data assimilation problems for splitting stages. This design allows avoiding iterative processes and working in real-time. In the numerical experiments we study the sensitivity of data assimilation results to variations of measurement data quality and quantity.
Vertical ozone flux in background area of Tomsk region
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In this work presented calculations results of vertical ozone flux in atmospheric surface layer. This flux was calculate, using measurement data from vertical mast located on the territory of the observatory Fonovy since September 2015 until March 2016. Significant daily flux dynamics was record in September, February and March. Minimal flux observed at nighttime, then maximal flux observed at daytime and reached: -3.8, -3.2, -3.4, μg/(m22s) month relatively. For the October, November, December, and January significant daily dynamic is absent, daily value ux were -2.3 ± 0.2, -1.6 ± 0.2, -1.5 ± 0.3, -0.7 ± 0.3 μg/(m22s) relatively.
Interaction of smoldering branches and pine bark firebrands with fuel bed at different ambient conditions
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This paper provides the results of the laboratory studies the interaction of smoldering firebrands (pine bark and branches) with fuel bed that is a litter of pine needles. The wind speed and the density of fuel bed were varied during the experiments. The results have shown that the increase in the wind speed leads to the increase in the probability of the fuel bed ignition by firebrands of the same size, and the increase in the density of fuel bed leads to the decrease in the probability of that. The probability of ignition of fuel bed by the branches, all other things being equal, is found to be higher compared to the bark firebrands due to the combustion heat.
Evaluation of satellite data on soil moisture in the southwest region of the Baikal
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The present paper presents characteristics of correlation between soil moisture observations obtained from a satellite and direct observations during the warm period of 2011 and 2012 in the area of the Tunka Basin. The factors influencing the relationship are considered. It is shown that the updated satellite data on moisture of the upper soil layer and those of direct observations at a depth of 15 cm have a satisfactory relationship.
Thematic virtual research environment for analysis, evaluation and prediction of global climate change impacts on the regional environment
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Presented is a recently started Russian Science Foundation project “Virtual computational information environment for analysis, evaluation and prediction of the impacts of global climate change on the environment and climate of a selected region” aimed at development of accessible in Internet a computation and information environment providing unskilled in numerical modeling and software design specialists, decision-makers and stakeholders with reliable and easily used tools for in-depth statistical analysis of climatic characteristics, and instruments for detailed analysis, assessment and prediction of impacts of global climate change on the environment and climate of the targeted region. Two actively discussed nowadays problems are addressed by the project. The first one is a development of an environment in which scientists from different disciplines, stakeholders and decision makers, regardless of their geographical position, can freely access various data resources and processing services through a Web browser. Since progress in development of so called virtual research environment is based on information-computational technologies it will be discussed in this paper in more details. The second problem belongs to basic and applied climatology and will be discussed here rather briefly. It is a provision of interested parties with detailed climatic and ecological characteristics of targeted region and tools allowing get scientifically solid data necessary for the study of regional economic, political and social consequences of global climate change.
Effects of atmospheric inversion and stratification in the simulation of gravity currents over steep terrain
M. S. Yudin
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In the present paper, a preliminary investigation is carried out with a 2D finite-element model based on triangular elements .The model is used to simulate the phenomenon of cold front propagation over an idealized trapezoidal obstacle .The results of calculations are compared with measurements taken in a wind tunnel at neutral thermal stratification. The front surface is explicitly described by a special equation. A time filter is used to suppress the non-physical oscillations. The influence of an inversion layer introduced above an obstacle in the atmosphere on the propagation of gravity currents such as a well formed cold atmospheric front is investigated as well .The study is performed at stable stratification in and beyond the inversion layer. It is shown that the introduction of the inversion later produces some specific effects that lead to a significant decrease in the front speed both for the currents over the obstacle and those over flat orography.
Estimation the height of ozone formation in the atmospheric boundary layer
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Calculation results with algorithm reconstitution of vertical ozone source profile, shows that in inside daily period, in background areas of West Siberia, photo-chemical ozone formation prevailing above ozone inflow process from overlying stratum.
The analysis of influence of atmospheric stratification on the emission plume from operated Beloyarsk NPP
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The paper examines location of operated Beloyarsk nuclear power plant and atmospheric stratification, various types of terrain, using gauss model of impurity propagation. In addition, the problem connected with location of radiometric system for monitoring of raised radioactive emission is discussed.
The forecast of the spatial position of convective cells using a data by global SL-AV NWP model
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The article presents a forecast of dangerous convective phenomena using one of the indices of instability (Total Totals index). The index values were calculated by Semi-Lagrangian Absolute Vorticity Numerical weather prediction (SL-AV NWP) model for the south of Western Siberia on 13 July 2014. The simulation result was compared with the Total Totals index values retrieved from product MOD07_L2 of spectroradiometer MODIS (the space platform "Terra"). Synoptic conditions and dangerous weather phenomena weather report for the selected date are also given in this study.
Estimation of the average values of the vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient for areas with different natural and climatic conditions
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In this study, the mean values of the vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient for areas with different natural and climatic conditions were estimated using the mathematical process of distribution curves of pollutants measured along any direction from a point high-rise source. It has shown that diffusion coefficients, depending on the climatic conditions of the area, may differ in order of magnitude.
Validation of the RegCM4/CLM4.5 regional climate modeling system over the Western Siberia
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Validation results of the atmospheric and radiation blocks of the Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) coupled with the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) over Western Siberia for 1995-2015 are presented. Model validity was verified by comparing results of RegCM4/CLM4.5 modeling system, driven by the Era-Interim reanalysis, with the global archive of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU3.23) and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AIRS/AMSU) aboard NASA's Aqua satellite. It was found that for annual T2m air temperature and annual precipitation anomalies model bias is 0.5-0.8 °С and 15- 20 %, respectively. OLR model and the AIRS/AMSU-Aqua observations minimal difference about 1-5 W/m2 is in the summer and fall months. In the winter and spring months this difference may reach 10-15 W/m2.
Threshold values of characteristics of atmosphere instability during thunderstorms
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The peculiarities of the development of strong convection in the atmosphere of Western Siberia, Gorny Altay and the Far East were studied on grounds of some characteristics. First of all, it is dynamics of parameters describing temperature stratification of the atmosphere up to the height of 5 km. The integrated characteristics, which, in addition to temperature stratification, include the estimation of humidity of different atmospheric layers, make up the second group. The third group of characteristics is indices evaluating the energy of convective potential of atmosphere. The forth group comprises indices describing vertical and horizontal flows in the atmosphere. The threshold values of some indices at which the thunderstorms are formed are defined.
Atmospheric CH2O and NO2 contents during severe heat waves and wildfires in European Russia in 2010 and Siberia in 2012
S. A. Sitnov,
I. I. Mokhov
Show abstract
Using data from the OMI (Aura) satellite instrument, the changes in the atmospheric contents of formaldehyde (CH2O) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), associated with the extreme summer heat waves and wildfires in European Russia (ER) in 2010 and in Western Siberia (WS) in 2012 were investigated. Marked increase of the regional CH2O contents, up to 1.7⋅1016 molec/cm2 over ER (an increase by 72%) and up to 1.4⋅1016 molec/cm2 over WS (55%), was revealed. The regional CH2O contents positively correlate with the number of active fires in ER and WS, and also with the surface temperature. The regional NO2 contents have slightly increased during the wildfires - up to 1.4⋅1015 molec/cm2 (4%) over ER and up to 1.0 ⋅1015 molec/cm2 (6%) over WS, however over the clusters of intense fires the growth in tropospheric NO2 in separate days reached tens percent.
Radio wave propagation over sea ice covering with varying thickness
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Results of the modeling of the propagation of LF-MF radio waves over radio path with variable surface impedance were considered. Formulas to convert the spatial dependence of ice thickness in the spatial dependence of the surface impedance at a fixed frequency of LF-MF ranges were offered. The calculation of the field magnitude was carried out using the program of calculation of field of an attenuation function W by the method of the Hufford’s integral equation. Results of calculations of surface impedance, an attenuation function and field magnitude on a frequency of 518 kHz on a 400 kilometers section of the radio path “Tiksi - North pole”.
Multilevel ultrasonic complexes for monitoring of meteorological and turbulent parameters in the ground atmosphere
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The multilevel ultrasonic complexes created in IMCES SB RAS for automatic monitoring of meteorological and turbulent parameters in the ground atmosphere are described in this article. The results of measurements which demonstrate their opportunities for scientific research of the atmosphere are given in this article as well.
Frequency structure infrasound signals from terrestrial explosions low power
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The paper presents the results of the wavelet analysis of infrasound signals from ground-based low-power explosions. It was found that in most cases, the spectral structure of the infrasound signal has the character of a monotonic decrease of the oscillation period. For these types of signals from the explosion with the power tab order of 0.01 × 10-3 kT at a distance of up to 300 km infrasound signal spectral structure has the character of a linear decrease of the period of pressure fluctuations from time to time according to the law T = Т0 - B × t, where the most probable values of the initial period Т0 take values from 0.97 and index decreasing in the period - 0.25.
Seasonal-daily changes in the parameters of the infrasonic pressure fluctuations in a suburban area
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The article describes the results of studies of infrasound pressure oscillations in the frequency range from 0.0001 to 10 Hz in the suburban area. In this frequency range are analyzed changes infrasonic pressure oscillations infrasonic background in the suburban area. Showing daily and seasonal changes in the infrasound pressure oscillation parameters.
Preliminary results of a comparison of the rotational temperature of the hydroxyl at the height mesopause measured at two different latitudes
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The report presents a comparison of the rotational temperatures of OH band (3, 1) at an altitude of about 87 km measured by two spectrographs installed at the optical stations: Maimaga (63.04 ° N, 129.51 ° E), which is located 120 kilometers north of Yakutsk and Tiksi (71.6 ° N, 128.7 ° E).
Meteorological optical range predictability with the use of high resolution mesoscale models
Alexander V. Starchenko,
Nadegda K. Barashkova,
Lubov I. Kizhner,
et al.
Show abstract
The report describes and argues in favor of the data base for numerical experiments with hydrodynamic and photochemical atmospheric models with the purpose of the meteorological visibility forecast. The obtained results demonstrate methodological potential of this approach.
Analysis of temporal dynamics of the standard deviation of three wind velocity components from the data of acoustic sounding
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In the report the spatiotemporal dynamics of standard deviation of three wind velocity components measured with a minisodar in the atmosphere boundary layer is analyzed. During 5-day measurements, the variance changed for the x- and y-components of the wind velocity from 1 to 12 m/s, and for the z-component from 0.2 to 0.4 m/s in the morning hours and in the evening from 2 to 10 m/s for the x- and y-components and from 0.6 to 0.9 m/s for the z-component. An analysis of the vertical profiles of the standard deviations of the three wind velocity components demonstrates that the increase of σx and σy with altitude is well described by a power-law dependence with the exponent changing from 0.22 to 1.3 depending on time of a day, and σz increases by a linear law. Approximation constants are found and errors of their application are estimated. The established physical regularities and the approximation constants obtained allow the diurnal dynamics to be described and can be recommended for application in the ABL models.
Satellite data assimilation in global numerical weather prediction model using Kalman filter
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This paper examines the application of the Kalman filter for assimilation of satellite soil moisture measurement data into the SL-AV global numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. This technique allows to consider soil moisture data in areas with available satellite observations. Single-assimilation numerical experiments based on the Kalman filter revealed a reduction of errors in the initial surface layer soil moisture data.
Geoecological assessment of mercury load in the impacted area of the thermal power plant of Seversk
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The article deals with the experimental data, on which base the mercury level and modes of occurrence are detected in the insoluble fractions of aerosol in snow and in snowmelt water in the impacted areas of Seversk thermal power plant. The geochemical indices were calculated, the value of mercury load on the snow cover in the conventionally near field and far field impacted areas of fuel and energy complex enterprise was defined.
Global meteorological forecast data and instrumental measurement application for simulation of mesoscale atmospheric boundary layer processes
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The accuracy of the results of numerical modeling of local atmospheric processes, in particular those in the ground layer, to a great extend depends on the input data characterizing the initial state of meteorological parameters within the area of research or their variation at the boundary. The paper considers a mesoscale model of atmospheric ground layer where medium-range weather prediction data calculated with the help of the global SL-AV model of the Hydrometcenter of the RF are applied as the initial and boundary conditions. Besides, the results of measurements carried out in the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems, SB RAS (IMCES) with the help of meteorological stations and temperature profiler are used for quality improvement.
Application of different parameterization schemes of heat and moisture exchange into the underlying surface for the mesoscale model
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Two approaches to the modeling of heat and moisture exchange in the underlying surface were developed for a mesoscale meteorological model. The first approach is based on the solution of the one-dimensional heat equation in soil layer from the surface of the Earth, where we know the value of the heat flow, to a fixed depth, the temperature of which is assumed known and does not change over time. In the second approach we use parameterization scheme ISBA developed by Noilhan and Planton [12], including ordinary differential equations for the soil heat content and the soil moisture content.
Evaluation of the complex influence of natural gradient magnetic fields on the dynamics of human brain electrical activity
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The results of the field research of the functional state of the human brain, located within the zone of active geological fault with a gradient magnetic field and under normal geomagnetic field in magnetically quiet days are presented. Installed effect of increasing the amplitude and synchronization of activity indicators of individual regions of the human brain.
Detecting the small-scale ionospheric irregularities based on GNSS data
V. V. Demyanov,
Yu. V. Yasyukevich,
T. V. Kashkina
Show abstract
Small-scale ionospheric disturbances can bring additional information about earthquakes and tsunami parameters. On the other hand such weak disturbances hardly can be detected by GNSS-TEC measurements. Being using of S4 and σφ indices we can count on reliable detecting of such events. However both of these indices do not have enough sensitivity too. We suppose that the second-order derivative of the GNSS signal phase is a high-sensitive parameter for the small-scale ionospheric disturbances detection. This report devotes to the problem of how to utilize the second-order derivative of the GNSS-signal phase as a sensitive mean to detect the weak small-scale ionospheric disturbances.
Do the processes in near-earth space influence weather and climate?
S. V. Pobachenko,
B. M. Vladimirskiy,
P. E. Grigoriev
Show abstract
The validity of the point of view about predominance of the influence of solar activity on the Earth's climate is shown. Complex and spatially inhomogeneous meteoparameters dynamic changes including temperature, correlate with Space weather parameters. A straight dependence of the surface temperature from Solar activity, as it was in epochs of Grand Minima of Solar activity, allows us to construct the temperature prediction in accordance with solar activity forecast for the XIX century. It leads to the conclusion about soon next temperature decrease period on a global scale, in contrast to the predictions global warming.
Territorial peculiarities of aircraft icing for Tomsk and Novosibirsk International airports
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It is shown that the maximum frequency distribution of icing pireps at the Novosibirsk International Airport in January 2015 was accounted for the height layer from 0 to 1 km. With the increasing height aircraft icing is less common and, starting at 5 km, it is not recorded. Maximum frequency distribution for the Tomsk International Airport in winter 2014 – 2015 was also recorded at these altitudes, but it is not so pronounced, and from 4 km icing has not been reported. Altitude dependencies of frequency distribution for Novosibirsk and Tomsk airports are significantly different from that in the continental United States [1] and from the results published in [2].
The development of algorithms for atmospheric methane distribution retrieval from IASI/METOP spectra and their validation with MACC/ECMWF reanalysis data
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The algorithm for atmospheric methane distribution retrieval in atmosphere from IASI spectra has been developed. Wellknown Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is expanded for the case of absence of a priori statistics for methane vertical profiles. A modified technique for iterative calculation of averaging kernels and a posteriori errors for every spectrum is suggested. Levenberg-Marquardt method parameter selection for methane (XCH4) retrieval from IASI/METOP spectra is presented in this work. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data provided by ESRL (NOAA, Boulder, USA) were taken as initial guess. Surface temperature, air temperature and humidity vertical profiles are retrieved before methane vertical profile retrieval. The data of Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium- Range Weather Forecasts (МАСС/ECMWF) were used for the validation of the method and results of methane retrieval from IASI/METOP.
Methane content in the mid-upper troposphere of Western Siberia in 2003-2015: results of the AIRS/AMSU-Aqua
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Seasonal cycle and interannual variability of methane content in the mid-upper troposphere has been investigated over Western Siberia domain in 2003-2015. This region concentrates significant sources of CH4 of both natural (wetland) and anthropogenic (gas and oil extraction and distribution) types. The study was based on the measurements of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AIRS/AMSU) aboard NASA's Aqua satellite. It was found that mixing ratio of methane has a maximum in winter (January-February) and in summer-autumn (July- September) in every year cycle for the period mentioned above. It was shown that methane content in mid-upper troposphere over Western Siberia increased with the rate of ~4.7 ppbv/yr in this period.
Investigation of temperature inversions in the atmospheric boundary layer based on data by temperature profilemer MTP-5
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Statistic characteristics of temperature inversions (frequency, duration, intensity, etc.) with high temporal and vertical resolution were extended based on the measurements by the temperature profilemer MTP-5 in Tomsk. The obtained data were compared with the investigations of thermal structure for the study territory. The characteristics of inversions in the atmosphere boundary layer were found to differ significantly from the characteristics recieved in earlier investigations.
Impact of Atlantic multidecadal variability on anomalous temperature regimes formation in the Northern Eurasia
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The impact of Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) on anomalous regional temperature regimes formation in the Northern Eurasia during the year is investigated. We study the influence of AMO on the formation of the anomalous regional regimes of near-surface temperature for different seasons. To estimate AMV contribution, we analyzed numerical simulations with the atmospheric general circulation model (ECHAM5) coupled to the thermodynamic model of the upper mixed ocean layer using anomalous ocean heat convergence fluxes associated with the AMV. The results of the model experiment showed that AMV-related anomalous heat fluxes have a significant impact not only on changes in mean temperature, but also they can lead to an increase in the occurrence of regimes with anomalously low and high near-surface temperature deviations. It is found that anomalous heat fluxes may lead to an increase by more than two times of the probability of anomalously low temperatures in winter and spring with increasing mean temperature. An increase by 2-3 times of anomalously hot summer temperatures and anomalously low near-surface autumn temperatures in the Northern Eurasia is also observed.
Registration of ionospheric response to operation of the engine of spacecraft "Progress" according to GNSS data
A. B. Ishin,
S. V. Voeykov
Show abstract
The paper presents some results of the detection of ionospheric response to the operation of the engines of transport and cargo spacecrafts “Progress” during experiments of 2006-2014. The detection of ionospheric effects was carried out according to the total electron content (TEC) data obtained on GPS/GLONASS stations. We used both standing and specially deployed stations for the duration of the experiments. Although the response detection is complicated by a number of factors, it was found that the response represents a decrease of TEC with duration of 3-10 minutes and amplitude of 0,03-0,16 TECU. The analysis of ionospheric points movements allowed to estimate the transverse dimension of the area disturbed by engine operation. It was about 12-30 km.
Electrophysical characteristics of water of the rivers of Siberia and Altai
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The results of measurements of the complex permittivity at the range of 100 MHz - 40 GHz and the conductivity of the water out of the reservoirs of Tomsk and Kemerovo regions and the Altai Territory are presented in the article. The method of the open-end-coaxial was applied. The conductivity was measured with LCR-meter at a frequency of 100 kHz. All the measurements were performed at temperatures of 10°C and 23°C. The samples are varied significantly in the values of conductivity, which is related to the geographical sampling place. Differences in permittivity values are greater at the low temperature and low frequencies and at the same time they are also significant at the high temperature and at high frequencies. The results of this study in order to improve the reliability of the analysis of the pollution degree and water salt content of natural water reservoirs should be taken into account the measurement made at wide frequency range.
The reflective properties of marsh vegetation at microwave frequencies
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Reflection and transmission coefficients of marsh vegetation such as mosses, grasses, shrubs, were measured using coaxial line at the range of 100 MHz – 18 GHz. Weight moisture content of the samples varied from 3 to 100%. The measurement results show that the absolute value of the reflection coefficient for marsh vegetation samples dependent on both moisture content and frequency of the electromagnetic wave, and also on the plant species. The study results will be used in the next step – the development of a mathematical model of the complex permittivity for the determination of marsh vegetation species in order to monitor of climate changing.
The linear dependence of Fm leaves of plants from the ratio of the total chlorophyll concentration to carotenoid concentration
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From presents own experimental data and literature analysis it follows that in cases where the maximum fluorescence intensity (Fm) of plant leaves was determined using the PAM fluorimeter (Walz, Germany), the dependence of Fm on the relation of total chlorophyll concentration to carotenoid concentration (which was determined according to Wintermans I. F., De Mots A, 1965; D. Wettstein, 1957) is characterized by a linear equation.