To significantly increase the stability of the digital holographic microscope, some common-path configurations with a piece of glass plate, Lloyd mirror and lensless structure are introduced in digital holographic microscopy to make up several compact experiment systems. Meanwhile, dual-wavelength technique and some numerical algorithms are also employed to improve the measurement accuracy. As examples, we apply these configurations to measure a mouse osteoblastic cell, laser ablated pit specimen and silicon wafer. The experiment results show the feasibility of the proposed configurations.

As a specific digital holographic microscopy system, optical scanning holography (OSH) is an appealing technique that makes use of the advantages of holography in the application of optical microscopy. In OSH system, a three-dimensional object is scanned with a Fresnel zone plate in a raster fashion, and the electrical signals are demodulated into a complex hologram by heterodyne detection. Then the recorded light wavefront information contained in the hologram allows one to digitally reconstruct the specimen for multiple purposes such as optical sectioning, extended focused imaging as well as three-dimensional imaging. According to Abbe criterion, however, akin to those conventional microscopic imaging systems, OSH suffers from limited resolving power due to the finite sizes of the objective lens and the aperture, i.e., low numerical aperture. To bypass the diffraction barrier in light microscopy, various super-resolution imaging techniques have been proposed. Among those methods, structured illumination is an ensemble imaging concept that modulates the spatial frequency by projecting additional well-defined patterns with different orientation and phase shift onto the specimen. Computational algorithms are then applied to remove the effect of the structure and to reconstruct a super-resolved image beyond the diffraction-limit. In this paper, we introduce this technique in OSH system to scale down the spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit. The performance of the proposed method is validated by simulation and experimental results.

Self-interference digital holography enables holographic recording of object illuminated with spatially incoherent light. While Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) has great potential in super-resolution microscopic imaging, structured illumination can be implemented simultaneously to further improve the imaging resolution. In this paper, the imaging characteristics of FINCH with structured illumination are investigated in detail. The basic principle of FINCH with structured illumination is discussed. Effects of characteristics of structured light pattern, such as the period, orientation and modulation depth on lateral-resolution are investigated. The potential of structured illuminated FINCH in three-dimensional super-resolution imaging was demonstrated in the paper.

High resolution is always a pursuing target in the imaging field, as a new prospective technique in imaging applications, digital in-line holography has become a very active field for compactness, more information and low-cost. However, for compact system, the resolution is often limited by sensor pixel size. To overcome this problem, we propose an iterative reconstruction method with data interpolation based on the grating illumination. In our method, the Talbot self-image of a Ronchi grating is exerted in the sample plane as a priori constraint which lead to the convergence of the iteration, the iteration between the sample plane and the sensor plane can provide some extra information with interpolation in the sensor plane based on the a priori constraint, furthermore, the iteration reconstruction can also eliminates the twin-image to improve the image quality. Numerical simulation has been conducted to show the effectiveness of this method. In order to make a further verification, we have developed a lensless in-line holographic microscope with a compact and wide field-of-view design. In our setup, the sample was under the Talbot image illumination of the Ronchi grating, which was illuminated by a collimated laser beam, and holograms were recorded by a digital imaging sensor. We can shift the grating laterally to get a wide-field image. We demonstrated the resolution of our imaging system by using the USAF resolution target as a sample, and the results shown the resolution improvement of the image.

In this paper, two novel hologram image processing issues, i.e., hologram decomposition and hologram inpainting, are briefly reviewed and discussed. By hologram decomposition, one hologram can be decomposed into several subholograms and each sub-hologram represents one individual item in the 3D object scene. A Virtual Diffraction Plane based hologram decomposition scheme is proposed based on Otsu thresholding segmentation, morphological dilation and sequential scan labelling. Hologram decomposition can be employed for focus distance detection in blind hologram reconstruction. By hologram impainting, a damaged hologram can be restored by filling in the missing pixels. An exemplar and search based technique is applied for hologram inpainting with enhanced computing speed by Artificial Bee Colony algorithm. Potential applications of hologram inpainting are discussed.

Digital holography can reconstruct 3-D data cube from a 2-D hologram for the tomographic imaging. Digital one-shot inline holography (DOIH) maintains the maximal space-bandwidth product compared with off-axis holography and keeps both amplitude and phase in the interference pattern. DOIH often suffers from intrinsic defects such as twin-image interruption and squared noise. In this work, compressive sensing is applied in the tomographic reconstruction to overcome the defects. The designed algorithm based on compressive DOIH demonstrates the feasibility in removing the squared noise from a single 2-D in-line hologram.

Edge extraction has found applications in various image processing fields, such as in pattern recognition. In this paper, a new method is proposed for edge extraction of three-dimensional objects in optical scanning holography (OSH). Isotropic and anisotropic edge extraction of 3D objects is simulated using spiral phase plates in OSH operating in an incoherent mode. We propose to use a delta function and a spiral phase plate as the pupil functions to realize isotropic and anisotropic edge extraction. Our computer simulations show the capability of extracting the edges of a given 3D object by spiral phase filtering in OSH.

Holographic imaging is degraded severely by the speckle or incoherent noise. In this work, resampling mask method based on phase-shifting digital holography is proposed to reduce the reconstruction noise. The zero-order and the conjugate term of the hologram can be eliminated with four-step phase-shifting digital holography (PSDH). The complex amplitude of the object after propagation can be calculated by the phase-shifting algorithm. A phase-only spatial light modulator is used to realize PSDH in the experiment. The complex amplitude is encoded into several parts by resampling masks. A high quality reconstruction image with low noise is achieved through the superposition of the individually reconstruction of coded complex amplitudes. The experiment data go well with the asymptotic function. This method can be used for digital holographic imaging of the biological samples and microstructures. Experimental results prove the feasibility of this proposed method.

We report a new holographic microscope using pixel super-resolution algorithm. In our method, a sequence of low resolution images are acquired by a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor in digital inline holography system and the resolution is limited by the sensor pixel size. Then the super-resolution algorithm is applied to the low resolution images to get the image with much higher resolution that beyond the Nyquist criteria. We perform both numerical simulation and experiments to demonstrate our method with US Air Force Target used as the sample. The sample is randomly moved in the sample plane and a set of holograms are captured by the camera in inline holographic system. We use two methods to reconstruct the sample image. In the first method, super-resolution algorithm is applied with the low resolution holograms to get the high resolution hologram. Then the high resolution hologram is reconstructed using auto-focusing algorithm to get the high resolution sample image. In the second method, the raw holograms are directly reconstructed to get a set of low resolution sample images, then the super-resolution algorithm is applied to get the high resolution sample image. We observed that the above mentioned two methods can get similar results in both numerical stimulation and experiments. We believe that the combination of pixel super-resolution algorithm and digital in-line holography can be very useful to implement a compact low-cost microscope with high resolution.

The paper considers the use of holographic interferometer for hologram recording of the wide spectrum from the comb – generator of the femtosecond laser was applied for illuminating of Michelson interferometer with atomic vapor. The behavior of spectral interference fringes on the exit slit of spectrograph reflects the behavior of nonlinear refractive index. The method of holographic interferometry with increasing sensitivity using phase modulator was applied for digital hologram processing.

In this paper, thermal expansion measurement of thermoelectric materials has been done using digital holography technique. In the experimental setup, a diode laser, a digital camera and a sample on a hot plate were put in the same alignment, so it is call Digital in-line Holography (DIH). A laser beam was expanded parallel and then propagated through a thermoelectric sample which would be heated by a hot plate from a room temperature to 224 °C. The images of a TE sample were recorded by a digital camera and analyzed data by numerical image reconstruction. From our experimental measurement result, thermoelectric material was expanded with temperature slightly, and its thermal expansion coefficient (COE) was found equal to α_TE = 2.25 × 10^-6 °C^-1.

A head-mounted compressive three-dimensional (3D) display system is proposed by combining polarization beam splitter (PBS), fast switching polarization rotator and micro display with high pixel density. According to the polarization state of the image controlled by polarization rotator, optical path of image in the PBS can be divided into transmitted and reflected components. Since optical paths of each image are spatially separated, it is possible to independently focus both images at different depth positions. Transmitted p-polarized and reflected s-polarized images can be focused by convex lens and mirror, respectively. When the focal lengths of the convex lens and mirror are properly determined, two image planes can be located in intended positions. The geometrical relationship is easily modulated by replacement of the components. The fast switching of polarization realizes the real-time operation of multi-focal image planes with a single display panel. Since it is possible to conserve the device characteristic of single panel, the high image quality, reliability and uniformity can be retained. For generating 3D images, layer images for compressive light field display between two image planes are calculated. Since the display panel with high pixel density is adopted, high quality 3D images are reconstructed. In addition, image degradation by diffraction between physically stacked display panels can be mitigated. Simple optical configuration of the proposed system is implemented and the feasibility of the proposed method is verified through experiments.

We developed a volumetric display with holographic two- and multi-photon excitations using a computer-generated hologram displayed on a liquid crystal spatial light modulator. The holographic technique has advantages of increasing the number of voxels of the volumetric graphics per unit time, increasing the total input energy to the volumetric display because the maximum energy incident at a point in the display material is limited by the damage threshold, and controlling the size, shape and spatial position of voxels. We demonstrated a volumetric display with stacked multi-color fluorescence plates.

A focus-tunable multi-view holographic three-dimensional (3D) display system with a 10.1 inch 4K liquid crystal device (LCD) panel is presented. In the proposed synthesizing method, computer-generated hologram (CGH) does not require calculations of light diffraction. When multiple rays pass through one point of a 3D image and enter the pupil simultaneously, the eyes can focus on the point according to the depth cue. Benefiting from the holograms, the dense multiple perspective viewpoints of the 3D object are recorded and combined into the CGH in a dense-super-view way, which make two or more rays emitted from the same point in reconstructed light field into the pupil simultaneously. In general, a wavefront is converged to a viewpoint with the amplitude distribution of multi-view images on the hologram plane, and the phase distribution of a spherical wave is converged to the viewpoint. Here, the wavefronts are calculated according to all the multi-view images and then they are summed up to obtain the object wave on the hologram plane. Moreover, the reference light (converging light) is adopted to converge the central diffraction wave from the liquid crystal display (LCD) into a common area in a short view distance. Experimental results shows that the proposed holographic display can regenerate the 3D objects with focus cues: accommodation and retinal blur.

The three-dimensional(3D) displays based on binocular parallax have drawn increasingly interests. The light splitting element, which presents separate images to the viewer’s left and right eyes, plays an important part in the auto-stereoscopic display. Lenticular lenses are widely used as the light splitting elements. However, the crosstalk resulted from the unsatisfied splitting may reduce the 3D experience.

It was determined that the most suitable cross sectional shape for lenticular lenses is elliptical. Firstly, the formula of the surface is derived based on the ellipse expression and the requirement of the 3D display system, that is y²+0.5651x² − 303.4768=0. Secondly, one axial source and 4 off-axial sources placed at the heights of 2.5mm, 5mm, 7.5mm and 8mm are used to analyze the beam splitting quality of the cylindrical and elliptical lens element, respectively. The spot of elliptical lens is smaller which means a better beam splitting quality. Thirdly, Monte Carlo Non-Sequential Ray tracing algorithm is used to simulate the luminance distribution on the viewing plane, the narrower width of vertical stripes means that the aberration is suppressed. Finally, the shape of elliptical can reduce the processing difficulty with the 10μm minimum step width. In a word, the optimization of the surface has a significant effect on the improvement of stereoscopic depth and the reduction of ghost images.

The optical scheme of holographic printer for obtaining of holographic stereograms with an increasing field of view is proposed. Conventional holographic printers allow obtaining holographic stereograms with the field of view up to 90°. Proposed scheme allows increasing field of view up to 120°. The optical scheme is based on a diffuser and a diffraction optical element, the high-aperture diffractive lens. The experience of using the composite holographic lens and the amplitude diffractive lens based on a binary Fresnel zone plate as a high-aperture diffractive lens is described. Samples of high-aperture diffractive lens with f-number f/0.3 are obtained and investigated. Samples of holographic stereograms are obtained using samples of high-aperture diffractive lens.

Holography is an ideal three-dimensional (3D) display technique, because it produces 3D images that naturally satisfy human 3D perception including physiological and psychological factors. However, its electronic implementation is quite challenging because ultra-high resolution is required for display devices to provide sufficient screen size and viewing zone. We have developed holographic display techniques to enlarge the screen size and the viewing zone by use of microelectromechanical systems spatial light modulators (MEMS-SLMs). Because MEMS-SLMs can generate hologram patterns at a high frame rate, the time-multiplexing technique is utilized to virtually increase the resolution. Three kinds of scanning systems have been combined with MEMS-SLMs; the screen scanning system, the viewing-zone scanning system, and the 360-degree scanning system. The screen scanning system reduces the hologram size to enlarge the viewing zone and the reduced hologram patterns are scanned on the screen to increase the screen size: the color display system with a screen size of 6.2 in. and a viewing zone angle of 11° was demonstrated. The viewing-zone scanning system increases the screen size and the reduced viewing zone is scanned to enlarge the viewing zone: a screen size of 2.0 in. and a viewing zone angle of 40° were achieved. The two-channel system increased the screen size to 7.4 in. The 360-degree scanning increases the screen size and the reduced viewing zone is scanned circularly: the display system having a flat screen with a diameter of 100 mm was demonstrated, which generates 3D images viewed from any direction around the flat screen.

Optical Scanning Holography (OSH) is a scanning-type digital holographic recording technique. One of OSH’s most important properties is that the OSH can record an incoherent hologram, which is free of speckle and thus is suitable for the applications of holographic display. The recording time of a scanning hologram is proportional to the sampling resolution. Hence the viewing angle as well as the resolution of a scanning hologram is limited for avoid too long recording. As a result, the viewing angle is not large enough for optical display. To solve this problem, we recorded two scanning holograms at different viewing angles. The two holograms are synthesized to a single stereoscopic hologram with two main viewing angles. In displaying, two views at the two main viewing angles are reconstructed. Because both views contain full-depth-resolved 3D scenes, the problem of accommodation conflict in conventional stereogram is avoided.

Three dimensional Identification Card, with its three-dimensional personal image displayed and stored for personal identification, is supposed be the advanced version of the present two-dimensional identification card in the future [1]. Three dimensional Identification Card means that there are three-dimensional optical techniques are used, the personal image on ID card is displayed to be three-dimensional, so we can see three dimensional personal face. The ID card also stores the three-dimensional face information in its inside electronics chip, which might be recorded by using two-channel cameras, and it can be displayed in computer as three-dimensional images for personal identification. Three-dimensional ID card might be one interesting direction to update the present two-dimensional card in the future. Three-dimension ID card might be widely used in airport custom, entrance of hotel, school, university, as passport for on-line banking, registration of on-line game, etc...

To provide accurate three-dimensional (3-D) data for production and processing, 3-D surface measurement is always an essential step to the production of glass. Profilometry and Interferometry are traditional measurement apparatus, referring to different procedures. Although more precise, Interferometry cannot be used in milling procedure, owing to the scattering property of rough glass. While as a widely used Profilometry, Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) employs a probe for measuring by contacting surface directly. It should be noted that such a time-consuming machine is not practical for measuring large-sized rough glass, so a novel designed method called temporal speckle is introduced to a non-contact binocular 3-D measurement system for measuring. Specifically, N band-limited binary patterns are sequentially projected to rough glass from a pattern generation device, such patterns have been proved to depress scattering properties of rough surface. The whole binocular 3-D measurement system can finish a single measurement in one second with a standard deviation less than 73.44um. This system performs fast and accurate 3-D surface measurement for large-sized rough glass block.

We review our experimental investigations of photopolymerizable nanoparticle-polymer composites (NPCs) for holography and diffractive optics. Various types of hyperbranched polymer (HBP) were systhesized and used as transporting organic nanoparticles. These HBPs include hyperbranched poly(ethyl methacrylate) (HPEMA), hyperbranched polystyrene (HPS) and hyperbranched triazine/aromatic polymer units (HTA) whose refractive indices are 1.51, 1.61 and 1.82, respectively. Each HBP was dispersed in (meth)acrylate monomer whose refractive index was so chosen that a refractive index difference between HBP and the formed polymer was large. Such monomer-HBP syrup was mixed with a titanocene photoinitiator for volume holographic recording in the green. We used a two-beam interference setup to write an unslanted transmission volume grating at grating spacing of 1 μm and at a wavelength of 532 nm. It is shown that NPC volume gratings with the saturated refractive index modulation amplitudes as large as 0.008, 0.004 and 0.02 can be recorded in NPCs incorporated with HPEMA, HPS and HTA at their optimum concentrations of 34, 34 and 25 vol.%, respectively. We show the usefulness of HBP-dispersed NPC volume gratings for holographic applications such as holographic data storage and diffractive optical devices.

A printable color filter based on the photonic micro-cavity incorporating a nanostructure is proposed, which consists of a nano-metallic grating, a dielectric layer and aluminum (Al) film. According to the resonance induced by different dielectric depths of the micro-cavity, two dielectric heights for the same resonant wavelength are chosen to form the grating heights relative to the Al film. With the contribution of the cavity resonance and the surface plasmon resonance, the proposed structure performs enhanced broadband filtering characteristics with good angular tolerance up to 48° compared to the one of the micro-cavity as well as the one of the metallic grating. Therefore, reflective filters for RGB colors are designed incorporating the proposed structure. Furthermore, for the proposed structure shows great polarization dependence even at normal incidence, it can also be utilized as an anticounterfeiting certificate.

Diffractive membrane imaging can be widely used in infrared band due to its longer minimum linewidth and loose requirement of RMS to fabricate more easily and reduce production period and manufacturing cost than used in visible band. A deployable infrared diffractive membrane imaging system was designed, consisting of Φ200mm imaging aperture (actual aperture is Φ500mm) and deployable structure that supports the infrared membrane under tension. Its spectral band width is >1.2μm, field of view is >1°, and diffractive efficiency can be >60%. Stowed size is 150mm×150mm×400mm. Research result of this project can promote the application of diffractive membrane imaging in infrared band and provide an effective and feasible means for achieving extremely large optical primary mirror from compact, lightweight payload.

Soft x-ray varied line spacing grating (VLSG), which is a vital optical element for laser plasma diagnosis and spectrometry analysis, is conventionally fabricated by holographic lithography or mechanical ruling. In order to overcome the issues of the above fabrication methods, a method based on electron beam lithography-near field lithography (EBL-NFH) is proposed to make good use of the flexibility of EBL and the high throughput of NFH. In this paper, we showed a newly designed soft x-ray VLSG with a central groove density of 3600 lines/mm, which is to be realized based on EBL-NFH. First, the optimization of the spatial distribution of line density and groove profile of the VLSG was shown. As an important element in NFH, a fused silica mask plays a key role during NFH in order to obtain a required line density of VLSG. Therefore, second, the transfer relationship of spatial distribution of line densities between fused silica mask and resist grating was investigated in different exposure modes during NFH. We proposed a formulation about the transfer of line density to design of the groove density distribution of a fused silica grating mask. Finally, the spatial distribution of line densities between the fused silica mask, which is to be fabrication by using EBL, was demonstrated.

With the development of micro- & nanofabrication technology, micro- & nanostructures have been widely used in many fields, including spectroscopy, coding, sensor, subwavelength element, etc. With phase masks realized by a combination of electron beam lithography (EBL), near field lithography (NFH) has great potential to fabricate versatile nanostructures, because it combines the advantages of both lithographic methods. Currently, subwavelength structures attract much attention due to their various functions, such as antireflection, polarization beam splitter and filter. In this presentation, aiming at reducing the interface reflection of a fused silica mask of NFH at a wavelength of 441.6 nm and incidence angles of either 0° or 32°. First, we will compare the difference of antireflection property of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) subwavelength structures with line density of 3600 lines/mm by simulation. Then, the optimized 1D and 2D subwavelength structures with 3600 lines/mm will be fabricated by using EBL-NFH method. Finally, the antireflection property of these 1D and 2D subwavelength structures will be characterized at the wavelength of 441.6 nm.

Fabrication of a new type hybrid plane optics, Grating-Fresnel (G-Fresnel) lens for miniature spectrometer is presented in this research. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based soft lithography technology is employed. In this method, the grating surface and Fresnel surface of the G-Fresnel lens are formed simultaneously by sandwiching the PDMS layer between a reverse Fresnel mold and a grating. Surface anti-adhesive treatment method has been proposed to solve the innate adhesion of PDMS layers. A fabrication system is constructed and a G-Fresnel with grating line spacing of 1.11μm (900 lines/mm) and Fresnel lens with a diameter of 25.4 mm and a focal length of 25 mm was successfully fabricated. Three-dimensional surface profilometry has been performed to examine the device quality. Measured results show that replicas remain high fidelity to its primary master mold. A miniature spectrometer system was constructed to evaluate the performances of this fabricated G-Fresnel lens. Experimental results show that the spectrometer can provide about 2 nm resolutions at wavelengths of 450nm, 532 nm, and 650 nm, which verified the effectiveness of this fabrication method.

The paper reviews two types of organic-inorganic hybrid structures: electro-optically addressed and all optically addressed that can be used as spatial light modulator devices, operating in a transmission mode. Both hybrid devices are assembled by inorganic Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ (BSO) crystals and organic liquid crystals (LC). The electro-optically controlled device demonstrates very high beam-amplification values at Raman–Nath regime of diffraction whereas all optically controlled device operates at Bragg matched regime of diffraction allowing sub-micron spatial resolution. Phase modulation ability has been demonstrated supporting possibilities for applications in adaptive optics, information processing and display technologies.

We present a hybrid Poincaré sphere, whose eigenstates are defined as a pair of circularly polarized fundamental-mode Gaussian beam and a Laguerre-Gaussian beam, to describe the so-called full Poincaré beam. We also show that any desired full Poincaré beam over the hybrid Poincaré sphere via modulating the incident polarization state of light and two cascaded half-wave plates. This research provides an alternative way for charactering and manipulating the full Poincaré beam and an effective method to control the polarization state of light.

To produce large scale gratings by Scanning Beam Interference Lithography (SBIL), a light spot containing grating pattern is generated by two beams interfering, and a scanning stage is used to drive the substrate moving under the light spot. In order to locate the stage at the proper exposure positions, the period of the Interference pattern must be measured accurately. We developed a set of process to obtain the period value of two interfering beams at picometer level. The process includes data acquisition and data analysis. The data is received from a photodiode and a laser interferometer with sub-nanometer resolution. Data analysis differs from conventional analyzing methods like counting wave peaks or using Fourier transform to get the signal period, after a preprocess of filtering and envelope removing, the mean square error is calculated between the received signal and ideal sinusoid waves to find the best-fit frequency, thus an accuracy period value is acquired, this method has a low sensitivity to amplitude noise and a high resolution of frequency. With 405nm laser beams interfering, a pattern period value around 562nm is acquired by employing this process, fitting diagram of the result shows the accuracy of the period value reaches picometer level, which is much higher than the results of conventional methods.

Spatial light modulator (SLM) has various of applications in the field of imaging, beam shaping, adaptive optics and so on. While SLM is used as an aberration correction element in super-resolution microscopy, the surface flatness of SLM could affect the imaging performance of the system due to the higher sensitivity to aberrations of these kind microscopic techniques. In this paper, the optical surface flatness of SLM is measured experimentally by employing the image plane digital holography. The topography of SLM is retrieved from the captured hologram. Aiming to the application of SLM as an adaptive correction element in super resolution microscopy, the aberrations introduced by the surface flatness of SLM are further evaluated and corrected in the same optical system.

A novel method of displacement measurement based on a high density grating pair is proposed. When a laser beam is incident normal to a closely placed high density grating pair, efficiencies of transmission diffraction orders will change periodically along with the relative displacement of the two gratings in the grating period direction. The period of efficiency changing is equal to the grating period, thus measurement of displacement in the grating period direction can be achieved by detecting the power of diffraction orders.

Large-sized gratings are essential optical elements in laser fusion and space astronomy facilities. Scanning beam interference lithography is an effective method to fabricate large-sized gratings. To minimize the nonlinear phase written into the photo-resist, the image grating must be measured to adjust the left and right beams to interfere at their waists. In this paper, we propose a new method to conduct wavefront metrology based on phase-stepping interferometry. Firstly, a transmission grating is used to combine the two beams to form an interferogram which is recorded by a charge coupled device(CCD). Phase steps are introduced by moving the grating with a linear stage monitored by a laser interferometer. A series of interferograms are recorded as the displacement is measured by the laser interferometer. Secondly, to eliminate the tilt and piston error during the phase stepping, the iterative least square phase shift method is implemented to obtain the wrapped phase. Thirdly, we use the discrete cosine transform least square method to unwrap the phase map. Experiment results indicate that the measured wavefront has a nonlinear phase around 0.05 λ@404.7nm. Finally, as the image grating is acquired, we simulate the print-error written into the photo-resist.

A grating interferometer is presented based on the quasi-Littrow configuration. We mainly use a plane mirror to make the measuring light reflect and diffract between the mirror and grating scale for several times. According to the grating Doppler shift, the more times that measuring light diffracted, the higher optical subdivision can be obtained. As an example, a grating interferometer with an optical subdivision factor of 1/12 is designed. This work provides a technique to increase the resolution of the grating interferometer, which should be interesting for high precision measurement.

Displacement laser interferometers and grating interferometers are two main apparatus for the micron-nanometer displacement measurement over a long range. However, the laser interferometers, whose measuring scale is based on the wavelength, are very sensitive to the environment. On the contrast, the grating interferometers change the measuring scale from wavelength to grating period, which is much stable for the measurement results. But the resolution of grating interferometer is usually lower than that of laser interferometer. Therefore, further investigation is needed to improve the performance of grating interferometer. As we known, the optical subdivision is a main factor that affects the measurement resolution. In this paper, a grating interferometer with high optical subdivision is presented based on the Littrow configuration. We mainly use right angle prisms accompanied with plane mirrors to make the measuring lights diffracted by the grating scale for many times. An optical subdivision factor of 1/24 can be obtained by this technique. A main difficulty of this technique is that the grating scale should be with high diffraction efficiency. Fortunately, the measuring light is incident on the grating scale at the Littrow angle, the grating scale can be designed with very high efficiency easily in this condition. Compared with traditional grating interferometers, this kind of grating interferometer can greatly increase the measuring resolution and accuracy, which could be widely used in nanometer-scale fabrications and measurements.

A highly efficient reflective 1×3 splitting grating with triangular structure operating in 1.064μm wavelength under normal incidence for TE polarization is designed. The schematic of the grating has four layers. The first layer with SiO2 is triangular structure. Rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) and Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm are adopted to design and analyze the properties. The theoretical efficiency is nearly about 99%. The bigger error tolerance is also analyzed by rigorous coupled wave analysis. These reflective gratings as splitters should be useful optical elements in the field of high-power laser as well as other reflective applications.

Diffractive optical imaging is a new method to realize high-resolution imaging from geostationary orbit(GEO). Technical advantages of diffractive optical imaging is analyzed in the field of space optics. For application of super large diameter space optical system, the system scheme and a new achromatic method is proposed. An imaging system is developed and tested, the result of optical system wavefront is 0.169λ(RMS), optical system MTF is 0.85, and the imaging system MTF is 0.19. Test results show the new achromatic method is feasible. The above conclusions have reference significance for the development of super large diameter diffractive optical imaging system.

The 38.5 W spectral combined beam of a 19-element 940 nm diode laser bar has been demonstrated in the spectral beam combining experiment by using a Beam Transformation System (BTS). The outputs had a diffraction-limited beam quality in the fast axis and M²=10.5 in the slow axis. Spectral beam combining was achieved by using an external cavity including a transmission diffraction grating.

The objective measurement of facial skin color and its variance is of great significance as much information can be obtained from it. In this paper, we developed a new skin color measurement procedure which includes following parts: first, a new skin tone color checker made of pantone Skin Tone Color Checker was designed for camera colorimetric characterization; second, the chromaticity of light source was estimated via a new scene illumination estimation method considering several previous algorithms; third, chromatic adaption was used to convert the input facial image into output facial image which appears taken under canonical light; finally the validity and accuracy of our method was verified by comparing the results obtained by our procedure with these by spectrophotometer.

Many areas of optical science and technology require fast and accurate measurement of the radiation wavefront shape. Today there are known a lot of wavefront sensor (WFS) techniques, and their number is growing up. The last years have brought a growing interest in several schematics of WFS, employing the holography principles and holographic optical elements (HOE). Some of these devices are just the improved versions of the standard and most popular Shack-Hartman WFS, while other are based on the intrinsic features of HOE.

We present a technique for generating zoomable three-dimensional (3-D) computer-generated holograms (CGHs) using layer-based shifted Fresnel diffraction. The 3-D scene is sliced into multiple parallel layers according to the depth information. Shifted Fresnel diffraction is implemented in calculating the propagations from different layers to the hologram plane with adjustable sampling rates. The proposed method provides an efficient way for zooming 3-D CGHs without optical zoom module. Optical experiments have been performed, which demonstrate the proposed method can reconstruct quality 3-D images with different scale factors.

We propose using the Abbe transform to design binary computer-generated hologram (CGH). We consider the edges of the apertures as the basic diffraction elements and the diffraction pattern of the entire CGH as a coherent summation of all the light diffracted from all the edges. The Abbe transform computes the diffraction of polygonal apertures by the analytical formula with computation time independent of the size of the apertures. We globally optimized the apertures in the CGH using the Genetic Algorithm with local search, followed by an optimization of floating co-vertices of the elementary apertures and obtained high performance CGHs.

Computer generated holography plays a main role in the contents generation for holographic displays and digital archiving of three-dimensional objects. The fully analytic mesh based computer generated holography finds exact complex optical field for each triangular mesh of the three-dimensional objects for given sampling interval in the hologram plane without any approximation, enhancing the quality of the reconstruction. The mesh based processing rather than conventional point based one makes it compatible with most computer graphics techniques and efficient especially for large objects. In this paper, we present a few recent progress on fully analytic mesh based computer generated holography techniques including the dark line artifact removal, continuous shading of each mesh surface, the implementation of the angular reflectance distribution of the object surface and application of the texture map.

The achromatic diffractive optical element (DOE) was numerically studied. The light intensity distribution in the focal plane was studied by the vectorial diffraction theory, then the radially symmetric DOE to enable broadband achromatic focusing with low sidelobe intensity ratios and uniform central intensities were optimized by the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. The plane wave with wavelength of 486nm, 588nm, and 656nm were used in our optimization and numerical research. Three DOEs with 60, 80, and 100 transition points were obtained. Numerical results shown that the sidelobe intensity suppression ratios of focal spots of these wavelengths are all less than 0.12, the principal peaks’ intensities differences and spots’ sizes differences of these focal spots are all less than 5% and 10%, respectively. The designed DOEs were polarization insensitive.

Holographic memory systems provide such advantages as long data storage term, high data density and do not need a power supply. But traditional holographic systems require vibration isolation and are rather complicated. So computer generation of Fourier holograms (CGFH) is proposed. Instead of recording interference pattern, it is calculated on computer. High information density is reached in new method by multiplexing 1D Fourier Holograms. Optical equivalent of the 1D Fourier holograms computer synthesis is listed. Different spatial light modulators are analyzed for displaying CGFH. System for hologram recording is described. Results of recovering information CGFH are also listed.

The method of security hologram quality inspection, in which the relief phase parameters are determined by registering results of the intensity distribution in diffraction orders, is known. The profile of relief as a harmonious distribution is represented. Distortion of the ideal relief profile, another words phase relief noise, influence on the accuracy of this method. In the paper, on the assumption of homogeneity of the phase relief noise, the mathematical expressions for evaluating the influence of the phase relief noise on the intensity distribution in the diffraction orders are represented. Parameters of the correlation functions approximation describing the phase relief noise are determined. The dependence of the intensity values from the standard deviation of the phase relief noise is represented.

The microsphere has great potential to improve the resolution of the system. The high frequency information of the object can be collected by the microsphere to enhance the imaging resolution. However, the unavoidable chromatic dispersion exists in the microsphere incoherence imaging, which reduces the image quality. In this paper, the microsphere microscopy system is designed with the coherent light. The polystyrene (PS) microspheres with the diameter of 50μm and 90μm are applied, and their refractive index is 1.59. The object is a transmission grating with a cycle of 1.2μm and line spacing of 600 nm. The result indicates that the grating can be clearly detected, and the magnification of the microsphere with the diameter of 50μm and 90μm is 2.33 and 1.96 respectively. Comparing with the traditional white light microscopy, the imaging contrast has been improved though the speckle noise is introduced for coherent light. Therefore the microsphere has the potential to improve the resolution of the phase-contrast imaging.

Speckle plays an important role in the optical field. Optical vortices which exist in random speckle fields usually contain useful phase information. The distribution of speckle field is determined by these optical vortices. In order to study speckle vortices quantitatively, we established a micro-holes array model based on the law of Archimedes’ spiral arrangement. Speckle vortices can be generated by the random diffuse reflection points (spiral micro-holes). In the experiments, the gray image of Archimedes’ spiral micro-holes are displayed on the screen of liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM), and the output optical field is captured by a CCD camera. The numerical simulations and experimental results show that the model can be used to generate speckle vortices.

With the increasing demand for linearly polarized elements with high performance in many fields and applications, design and fabrication of sub-wavelength metallic linear polarizer have made tremendous progress in recent years. In this paper, we proposed a novel structure of a silicon-based linear polarizer working in the infrared (3-5μm) waveband with a double-layered metallic grating structure. A two-layer metallic grating with a transition layer of low refractive index is fabricated on a silicon substrate. In contrast to those conventional single layer metallic polarizing grating, the multilayer polarizing structure has the advantages of easy fabrication and high performance. Numerical simulation results show that an extinction ratio of linear polarization can be up to 58.5dB and the TM-polarized light transmission is greater than 90%. The behaviors and advantages of the proposed multilayer polarizer are compared with that of a traditional single-layer metallic grating. The proposed silicon-based linear polarizer will have great potential applications in real-time polarization imaging with high extinction ratio and high transmission.

In this paper, we report that normal incidence transmission of different circularly polarized waves through the 2D Archimedes’ nanoscale spirals is asymmetric. The structures consist of raised spiral ridge and two layers metal film covered on the substrate and the ridge. The finite difference time domain method was used to design the structure and perform the simulation. The device can distinguish the different circularly polarized wave across the transmission intensity compare with the common Archimedes’ nanoscale spirals which just exhibit the bright or dark modes in the light field. We confirmed that the device provide about 10% circular dichroism in 3.85um-6.0um broadband region. The circular dichroism in the wavelength 3.95 um can reach 13%. This ultracompact device could prove useful for remote sensing and advanced telecommunication applications.

Digital holographic microscopy has been widely used for the imaging of micro-objects and biological samples. Lensless in-line digital holographic microscopy is capable of wide field-of-view imaging. However the spatial resolution of the reconstructed images is limited by the pixel size of the detector. The relative position shift between the sample and the detector can effectively improve the resolution in the traditional sub-pixel shifting method, but it requires a high precision of translation stage. To overcome this problem, we propose a method based on the point source scanning to realize sub-pixel shifting. High precision sub-pixel shifting is achieved easily by using the geometric between point source and detector. Through moving the point source, multiple holograms with sub-pixel shifts are captured. These holograms are merged together to obtained a high resolution hologram by a synthesizing algorithm. Then, the high resolution reconstructed image of the object can be obtained by the angular spectrum algorithm. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulation and experiments. A USAF resolution test target was used as the object. Compared with the traditional digital holography, a higher resolution reconstructed image is obtained by our method. The proposed method has the advantages of simple recording setup and lower precision requirement of the translation stage. It can achieve the wide field-of-view and high resolution imaging.

The paper presents the practical results of recording holographic stereograms. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for producing holographic stereograms using diffusers with different indicatrices scattering of the radiation in the object branch and without the use of a diffuser are presented. A new security element - multi-color microtext, is presented. Shows how to use multi-color microtext as a hidden security element. The method of multi-color microtext visualization is shown. The work was partially funded under the Agreement with the RF Ministry of Education and Science no. 14.577.21.0197, grant RFMEFI57715X0197.

Computer-generated hologram(CGH) can encode the picture. The image, which equals the original object of traditional optics, can be divided into two parts. A portion of it encoding into Fourier computer generated hologram(CGH), while the remaining are coded into Fresnel computer generated hologram. So in the processing of information transmission, the possibility of being stolen details can be greatly reduced. When the image is coded into the Fourier CGH and Fresnel CGH and reached the receiving end, the original image should be obtained by the reconstruction of the two computer generated holograms. This article presents three important things. Firstly, it provides the recording and reconstruction - both of them consist of the holographic technique - of the source program of Fresnel CGH and Fourier CGH in MATLAB. MATLAB(Matrix Laboratory) is the abbreviation of Laboratory Matrix and commercial mathematical software produced by the United States company. Secondly, it isolates the original image and the conjugate image in regeneration of Fourier CGH by using all zero matrix. Even though the original image and the conjugate image can be separated, the two of them also prevent us to acquire the original message. For reserving the most important image, we should apply the window function to filter one of them. Finally, in the coding of Fourier CGH and Fresnel CGH, this passage describes several functions to decrease the noise of the original image which is encoded into program. The function can be available in Fourier CGH and Fresnel CGH.

The chirped-pulse amplification system plays a critical role in the process of achieving high-peak ultrashort pulses. Chirped-pulse amplification technology performance mainly depends on the pulse compression gratings. Diffraction efficiency is the critical parameter of the pulse compression gratings, and optimization of grating shape can achieve higher diffraction efficiency. If the photoresist grating mask bottom is not clean, the side walls would not be steep and duty cycle would be too big or too small, thus pulse compression grating diffraction efficiency would decrease. Solving these problems is the key to improve the diffraction efficiency. In this paper, oxygen etching methods are used to reduce the photoresist mask duty cycle, and PDMS pressing method is used to increase the duty cycle of photoresist mask, and aperture up to 100 mm×100 mm. Best photoresist grating mask parameter could be obtained by effectively combining the above two methods. Based on above techniques, a number of pulse compression gratings with line densities of 1740 lines∕mm was achieved. The diffraction efficiency at the-1st order was greater than 99% for TE polarized light. A qualitative judgments for graphic transfer of ion beam etching is received through the picture before and after etching which is get from the SEM. These experimental results proved the accuracy, stability, and success rates of the technique.

We propose an ultrathin, high-performance quarter waveplate with extreme bandwidth in the near-to-mid infrared wavelength range based on a metasurface consisted of Ag fence-type gratings. The broadband quarter waveplate is realized by optimizing the anisotropic response of the metasurface via changing the geometric dimensions of the fence-type gratings to tailor the interference of light at the subwavelength scale. The near-constant phase difference between two perpendicular electric fields within the broad bandwidth is achieved by manipulating the dimensions of the fence-type gratings along two perpendicular directions in which localized plasmonic resonances along the two directions dominate. Compared to previously reported metasurface-enabled waveplates, the phase retardation of the electric components of the transmitted wave of the proposed structure can be fixed at ~π/2 across a broad wavelength range rather than merely limited within a narrow bandwidth near the resonant wavelength of the metasurface building blocks. Simulation results indicate that a function of quarter waveplates can be realized from 2000nm to 4500nm with the control of polarization orientation of a linearly polarized incident light. Our work gives intriguing possibilities for novel metasurface-enabled optical components with broad bandwidth for photonics devices.

Virtual view-point generation is one of the key technologies the three-dimensional (3D) display, which renders the new scene image perspective with the existing viewpoints. The three-dimensional scene information can be effectively recovered at different viewing angles to allow users to switch between different views. However, in the process of multiple viewpoints matching, when N free viewpoints are received, we need to match N viewpoints each other, namely matching C ²_N = N(N-1)/2 times, and even in the process of matching different baselines errors can occur. To address the problem of great complexity of the traditional virtual view point generation process, a novel and rapid virtual view point generation algorithm is presented in this paper, and actual light field information is used rather than the geometric information. Moreover, for better making the data actual meaning, we mainly use nonnegative tensor factorization(NTF). A tensor representation is introduced for virtual multilayer displays. The light field emitted by an N-layer, M-frame display is represented by a sparse set of non-zero elements restricted to a plane within an Nth-order, rank-M tensor. The tensor representation allows for optimal decomposition of a light field into time-multiplexed, light-attenuating layers using NTF. Finally, the compressive light field of multilayer displays information synthesis is used to obtain virtual view-point by multiple multiplication. Experimental results show that the approach not only the original light field is restored with the high image quality, whose PSNR is 25.6dB, but also the deficiency of traditional matching is made up and any viewpoint can obtained from N free viewpoints.

Research on the characteristic of the autostereoscopic LED display (ALEDD) using DOEs sheet is of prime importance to the widely application of the (ALEDD). In this paper, the effects caused by the assembling errors between the LED display and DOEs sheet are theoretically and experimentally analyzed. The results show that, the tolerance assembling errors are | Δ z |≤ 1mm , and, Δθ Δθ ≤ 1°, respectively. This conclusion will benefit a lot in instructing the installation of the autostereoscopic three-dimensional LED display system to reduce the crosstalk and improve the quality of 3D perception.

In this article analysis the possibility of using ion-plasma technology for etching the diffractive optical elements (DOE) directly in the glass, not in a layer of photosensitive material is described. Experimental samples on the light guide substrates for displays and signs-symbolic information indicators are obtained, as well as their basic parameters, such as the depth and shape of the surface topography and the diffraction efficiency are investigated. The experimental results showed the fundamental possibility of manufacturing the DOEs directly on the glass for the display of information systems.

We propose a continuous tuning SPPs interference photolithography using hybrid Kretschmann and Otto structures. The patterns are formed by the interference of two kinds of SPPs excited by Kretschmann structure and Otto structure respectively, and the tuning capability is implemented by changing the angle between the two kinds of SPPs beams and varying the amplitude and phase of corresponding incident beams. Numerical results show the flexibility and convenience in tuning of interference patterns and resolutions with high contrast, both one and two dimension periodic patterns can be generated and tuned easily. This proposed method is possible to develop a new tunable SPPs photolithography technique for fabrication of periodic nanostructures.

In this paper, a method to measure the flow speed based on microfluidic chip by digital holography in real-time is demonstrated experimentally. The injection pressure of microfluidic device is changed to create different flow rate in microfluidic channels. On this basis, the phase distributions within the microfluidic channels can be reconstructed by using digital holographic microscopy, and then flow rate can be obtain by measuring the phase distributions of cross section. The experiment results show that digital holographic phase image is an effective and real-time detection means for the characteristic parameters of micro-fluid such as flow rate and injection pressure. In addition, the chip calibration is made to ensure the validity of the experimental results.

In this paper, a real-time measurement of liquid concentration changing in a Y-type microfluidic chip by digital holography is presented. In the experiments, the different concentrations of salt solution are injected into two channels of the Y-type microfluidic chip as a target object, and then the digital holograms related to the target solutions are recorded. The refractive index of the solution can be obtained from the reconstructed phase image. The experiment results show that the real-time changing of liquid concentration in microfluidic chip can be effectively measured by digital holographic microscopy.

Integral imaging is known as a promising 3D display method for its ability to reconstruct the light field of the scene. However, integral imaging suffers from low spatial resolution and narrow viewing angle due to the limited spatial bandwidth product of LCD, which prevents its commercial application. In conventional integral imaging display, spatial resolution and viewing angle are two vital factors that should be considered, and many previous research focuses on the two factors. A novel integral imaging 3D display system with large viewing angle about 35° and high spatial resolution for HVS is presented. The method is composed of a high definition 5K LCD panel, a macro lens array and a light shaping diffusor. One point of the method different from conventional integral imaging in which micro lens array is used, a macro lens array with elemental lens diameter 1cm is employed in our method to ensure a large viewing angle, however, this may result in low spatial resolution for HVS. And the other point is a light shaping diffusor is placed in front of the lens array with proper distance, and lifelike 3D reconstruction is obtained. Experimental results with full parallax, large viewing angle and high resolution 3D images are shown to verify the validity of the proposed system.

In this work, we present a method for generating vector vortex beams with metasurfaces. A Jones calculation is employed to theoretically analyze the phase and polarization transformation from metasurfaces. The experimental results are shown to agree well with our theoretical calculation. Lastly, as a geometrical representation, the hybrid-order Poincaré sphere is proposed to describe the evolution of polarization state and phase of light wave propagating in metasurfaces. The hybrid-order Poincaré sphere can intuitively demonstrate the change of polarization state and. So it can also become an effective tool to provide help in designing metasurfaces.

Direct search with random trajectory (DSRT) method applied to the task of minimization of kinoform synthesis error is similar to direct binary search method for binary holograms synthesis. Main difference is that used method is designed to process arrays with multiple phase levels. First, kinoform is generated with conventional method such as Gerchberg-Saxton. Then, elements of kinoform are sequentially switched to obtain lower synthesis error value. This process goes on until minimum error value is reached. Analysis of performance of the DSRT method depending on kinoform size and number of phase levels is conducted. Results of numerical experiments are presented.

Digital holography allows reconstruction of amplitude and phase 3D-scenes. For this interference pattern should be formed, registered by digital camera and processed. For speed up of holograms transmission and reducing of memory volumes for it storing, it is possible to compress holograms. Compression of holographic data is important for security systems, tomography, and etc. Standard methods of compression of digital images (for example, JPEG) are less applicable for the holograms. Therefore in this paper common scalar and vector methods of digital holograms compression are considered. Quality of objects reconstruction, diffraction efficiency and computational resources were compared.

Generally, there is a depth of field (DOF) constraint for each kind of auto-stereoscopic display owing to the limited angular resolution, which restricts the depth of display. Device-specific blurring will occur if the depth of object exceeds the DOF boundary. A novel depth-perception preserved three-dimensional (3D) content remapping method is presented to meet the DOF constraint of a target 3D display, by using a nonlinear global operation followed with local depth contrast recovery. Apparent depth is dominated by the distribution of depth contrast rather than an absolute depth value. The framework can be divided into two steps. Firstly, a nonlinear operation is adopted to remap the reference depth map of image to fit into the DOF limitation. Secondly, the depth contrast is recovered by decomposing the reference and remapped depth map into multi-frequency bands, calculating the difference for each band, and then the remapped depth map is used to add the scaled difference of depth map of top levels’ frequency bands. A warping-based view synthesis method is adopted to retarget the light field according to the modified depth map. The experimental results show that the modified light field is sharp while the original perception of depth is maximally preserved.

Electrical Speckle Shearing Phase-shifting Pattern Interferometry (ESSPPI) has been used in the fields of nondestructive testing (NDT) and stress field analysis as a precise deformation measuring method. The general fixed-step phase extracting algorithms of ESSPPI, such as three-step algorithms, four-step algorithms, five-step algorithms, and their corresponding errors are analyzed. It is proved that the phase accuracy of ESSPPI with different algorithms are mainly affected by linear error of phase-shifting. Therefore the modified four-step phase-shifting extracting algorithm that isn’t sensitive to linear error of phase-shifting is adopted in the paper. The filtering algorithm should be employed to reduce the influences of speckle noise and wrong data caused by errors during measurement. Then the least-squares phase-unwrapping algorithm based on fast discrete cosine transform (LPABFDCT) is adopted to search the least-squares solutions between phase difference value of adjacent pixels and unwrapped phase difference value of the pixels and the real phase distribution caused by object deformation is obtained. The Electrical Speckle Shearing Phase-shifting Pattern Interferometric images are captured with four-step phase-shifting method and the real phase distributing image is achieved with modified four-step phase-shifting extracting algorithm, denoising filter and the least-squares phase-unwrapping algorithm based on fast discrete cosine transform. It is proved with experiment results that the real phase distributing images are effective achieved by mean of combination of average filter and the least-squares phase-unwrapping algorithm based on fast discrete cosine transform.

All optical fields undergo random fluctuation and the degree of coherence defined as the normalized correlation function of optical fields has played a fundamental role as an important manifestation of the underlying random fluctuations. For randomly varying electromagnetic waves, the usual treatment of polarization based on the well-known Stokes parameters or polarization matrices is not adequate and a unified theory of coherence and polarization of random electromagnetic beams has been proposed by Wolf to elucidate the changes of polarization and coherence as the beam propagate. In this paper, a novel optical geometry is proposed based on the polar-interference law of electromagnetic beams with its unique capability to visualize the mutual coherence tensor directly. Note the fact that wave equations govern the propagation of mutual coherence tensor, which can be regarded as a tensor wave. After retrieval of the complex functions for all the elements of coherence tensor from the recorded interferograms, we obtain the magnitude and the unit direction tensor for the coherence tensor wave and demonstrate the degree of coherence for stochastic electromagnetic fields with partial polarization and partial coherence experimentally for the first time.

In this paper, we propose a bilayer metasurface which is capable of launching helicity-inverted wave only in the forward direction. In order to obtain directional scattering characteristics of individual cells, we employed two layers of thin metasurfaces that are separated by a dielectric spacer. Multiple scattering analysis is used to derive design conditions for single metasurface reflectances for each polarization and it was shown that such target reflectances are realizable with split-ring aperture. The unit cell structure optimized for forward-only scattering of cross-polarization component is shown to have power extinction ratio as high as 32. The proposed structure can potentially form a supercell with reflective cells so that geometric phases of transmitted light and reflected light can be independently controlled. The proposed scheme is expected to pave a way to new types of metasurfaces with multiplexed optical functions.

Laser speckle has received extensive studies of its basic properties and associated applications. In the majority of research on speckle phenomena, the random optical field has been treated as a scalar optical field, and the main interest has been concentrated on their statistical properties and applications of its intensity distribution. Recently, statistical properties of random electric vector fields referred to as Polarization Speckle have come to attract new interest because of their importance in a variety of areas with practical applications such as biomedical optics and optical metrology. Statistical phenomena of random electric vector fields have close relevance to the theories of speckles, polarization and coherence theory.

In this paper, we investigate the correlation tensor for stochastic electromagnetic fields modulated by a depolarizer consisting of a rough-surfaced retardation plate. Under the assumption that the microstructure of the scattering surface on the depolarizer is as fine as to be unresolvable in our observation region, we have derived a relationship between the polarization matrix/coherency matrix for the modulated electric fields behind the rough-surfaced retardation plate and the coherence matrix under the free space geometry. This relation is regarded as entirely analogous to the van Cittert-Zernike theorem of classical coherence theory. Within the paraxial approximation as represented by the ABCD-matrix formalism, the three-dimensional structure of the generated polarization speckle is investigated based on the correlation tensor, indicating a typical carrot structure with a much longer axial dimension than the extent in its transverse dimension.

An autofocusing method is proposed that utilizes cosine score of inner angle between the vectors resulted from vectoring the axial adjacent reconstructed images in digital holography. It is based on the fact that the images near the focus contain more regular features of object than in the defocused region, therefore, the neighboring reconstructed images are more similar to each other at the focus position than defocused and a cosine score is employed to evaluate such similarity. However, the cosine scores between the axial adjacent amplitude images are so close that it is difficult to distinguish the extremum. Therefore, a modified cosine algorithm is presented to offset such problem on consideration of the correlation of the elements, by subtracting the inner product term from the denominator of the cosine algorithm. The cosine and modified cosine score based autofocusing method procedure is first introduced, and then it is utilized in simulation and real holographic data. In simulation, it precisely judges out the actual recording distance and the focus curve shows good focus function criteria, which verifies the method as an ideal circumstance. In real experiment, it can easily search out the focus distance from the focus curve, and it shows good focus judgement ability than most traditional focus metrics selected. Therefore, the feasibility and validation of the proposed autofocusing method are proved by simulation and experiment results.

We report a high-performance photonic temperature sensor by exploiting a silicon photonic crystal (PC) cavity. Since the PC cavity’s spectra are very sensitive to the refractive index change, we observe remarkable variations of its resonant wavelength and output power under varying temperature levels. In a PC cavity with Lorentzian resonance lineshape, the sensor exhibits a linear spectrum-sensitivity of 70 pm/ ℃ , and the power-variation presents a high sensitivity as 1.28 dB/℃. In addition, the Fano resonance lineshape generated by the PC cavity has also been employed to measure the temperature, which shows improved power sensitivity as 2.94 dB/ ℃. The demonstrated PC cavity-based sensor offers great potentials for low-cost, high sensitivity homogeneous sensing in chip-integrated devices.

A small exit-pupil restricts the application of the Retinal Scanning Display (RSD) in the intelligent head-mount display (HMD). In this paper, we use the microlens array to solve this problem. A new thermal reflow process was designed and a circular-type microlens array with 70% fill factor in the form of a hexagonal close-packed arrangement by melting photoresist was prepared. The aperture size of every lens is 14μm and the period is 16μm. The gap is filled by a metal film to reflect off the beam which will not be modulated by the microlens. This achieves a more uniform exit-pupil expansion. We study the effect of different defects of the microlens array on the pupil expansion. The result shows that the NA and expansion angle of the microlens array are 0.38 and 45°, respectively.

The army's combat training is very important now, and the simulation of the real battlefield environment is of great significance. Two-dimensional information has been unable to meet the demand at present. With the development of virtual reality technology, three-dimensional (3D) simulation of the battlefield environment is possible. In the simulation of 3D battlefield environment, in addition to the terrain, combat personnel and the combat tool ,the simulation of explosions, fire, smoke and other effects is also very important, since these effects can enhance senses of realism and immersion of the 3D scene. However, these special effects are irregular objects, which make it difficult to simulate with the general geometry. Therefore, the simulation of irregular objects is always a hot and difficult research topic in computer graphics. Here, the particle system algorithm is used for simulating irregular objects. We design the simulation of the explosion, fire, smoke based on the particle system and applied it to the battlefield 3D scene. Besides, the battlefield 3D scene simulation with the glasses-free 3D display is carried out with an algorithm based on GPU 4K super-multiview 3D video real-time transformation method. At the same time, with the human-computer interaction function, we ultimately realized glasses-free 3D display of the simulated more realistic and immersed 3D battlefield environment.

Ray Tracing Algorithm is one of the research hotspots in Photorealistic Graphics. It is an important light and shadow technology in many industries with the three-dimensional (3D) structure, such as aerospace, game, video and so on. Unlike the traditional method of pixel shading based on ray tracing, a novel ray tracing algorithm is presented to color and render vertices of the 3D model directly. Rendering results are related to the degree of subdivision of the 3D model. A good light and shade effect is achieved by realizing the quad-tree data structure to get adaptive subdivision of a triangle according to the brightness difference of its vertices. The uniform grid algorithm is adopted to improve the rendering efficiency. Besides, the rendering time is independent of the screen resolution. In theory, as long as the subdivision of a model is adequate, cool effects as the same as the way of pixel shading will be obtained. Our practical application can be compromised between the efficiency and the effectiveness.

A high speed synchronized rendering of multi-view video for 8K×4K multi-LCD-spliced three-dimensional (3D) display system based on CUDA is demonstrated. Because the conventional image processing calculation method is no longer applicable to this 3D display system, the CUDA technology is used for 3D image processing to address the problem of low efficiency.The 8K×4K screen is composed of four LCD screens, and accurate segmentation of the scene is carried out to ensure the correct display of 3D contents and a set of controlling and the host software are optimally implemented to make all of the connected processors render 3D videos simultaneously. The system which is based on the master-slave synchronization communication mode and DIBR-CUDA accelerated algorithm is used to realize the high resolution, high frame rate, large size, and wide view angle video rendering for the real-time 3D display. Experimental result shows a stable frame-rate at 30 frame-per-second and the friendly interactive interface can be achieved.

A virtual reality shooting and display system based on multiple degrees of freedom camera is designed and demonstrated. Three-dimensional scene display and the wide angle display can be achieved easily and quickly through the construction with the proposed system. The range of the viewing scene can be broaden with the image stitching process, and the display in the demonstrated system can achieve the effect of wide angle for applications of image mosaic. In the meantime, the system can realize 3D scene display, which can effectively reduce the complexity of the 3D scene generation, and provide a foundation for adding interactive characteristics for the 3D scene in the future. The system includes an adjustable bracket, computer software, and a virtual reality device. Multiple degrees of freedom of the adjustable bracket are developed to obtain 3D scene source images and mosaic source images easily. 5 degrees of freedom are realized, including rotation, lifting, translation, convergence and pitching. To realize the generation and display of three-dimensional scenes, two cameras are adjusted into a parallel state. With the process of image distortion eliminating and calibration, the image is transferred to the virtual reality device for display. In order to realize wide angle display, the cameras are adjusted into "V" type. The preprocessing includes image matching and fusion to realize image stitching. The mosaic image is transferred for virtual reality display with its image reading and display functions. The wide angle 3D scene display is realized by adjusting different states.

Three-dimensional (3D) displays provides valuable tools for many fields, such as scientific experiment, education, information transmission, medical imaging and physical simulation. Ground based 360° 3D display with dynamic and controllable scene can find some special applications, such as design and construction of buildings, aeronautics, military sand table and so on. It can be utilized to evaluate and visualize the dynamic scene of the battlefield, surgical operation and the 3D canvas of art. In order to achieve the ground based 3D display, the public focus plane should be parallel to the camera’s imaging planes, and optical axes should be offset to the center of public focus plane in both vertical and horizontal directions. Virtual cameras are used to display 3D dynamic scene with Unity 3D engine. Parameters of virtual cameras for capturing scene are designed and analyzed, and locations of virtual cameras are determined by the observer’s eye positions in the observing space world. An interactive dynamic 3D scene for ground based 360° 3D display is demonstrated, which provides high-immersion 3D visualization.

A-Star (A*) algorithm is a heuristic directed search algorithm to evaluate the cost of moving along a particular path in the search space, which can get the shortest path. Here, path planning between any two points on the map is carried out. The STAGE tool is used to manually add way points on the map and determine their spatial location. The adjacent waypoint with a waypoint ID is connected by the line segment to form the navigation graph. A* algorithm can search the navigation graph to find the shortest path from a starting point to the destination. The A* algorithm can restart searching for path from a certain point, and the complex path can be divided in a plurality of frames. Since the navigation graph consists of the movable space, it is considered the obstacle formed by static objects in the scene, and collision detection between the character and static objects is not considered. A-star algorithm based path planning is experimentally demonstrated on a glasses-free three-dimensional display equipment, so that 3D effect of path finding can be perceived.

Smectic A liquid crystal is one of the most promising material for smart glass application due to infinite bistability and low haze at clear state. Voltage is needed to switch from scattering to transparent and it is likely for dielectric breakdown to occur. In order to reduce the probability of dielectric breakdown to occur, a dielectric insulating coating is usually employed. In this work we have compared electrical and optical properties of SiO₂ thin films with thickness up to 500 nm coated by flexographic printing and reactive magnetron sputtering. IV characteristics and dielectric breakdown values show sputtered coatings to have higher dielectric strength. For sputtered coatings with thickness >240 nm also self-healing effect can be observed.

Color asymmetry is a common phenomenon in 3D displays, which can cause serious visual discomfort. To ensure safe and comfortable stereo viewing, the color difference between the left and right eyes should not exceed a threshold value, named comfortable color difference limit (CCDL). In this paper, we have experimentally measured the CCDL for five sample color points which were selected from the 1976 CIE u'v' chromaticity diagram. By human observers viewing brief presentations of color asymmetry image pairs, a psychophysical experiment is conducted. As the color asymmetry image pairs, left and right circular patches are horizontally adjusted on image pixels with five levels of disparities: 0, ±60, ±120 arc minutes, along six color directions. The experimental results showed that CCDLs for each sample point varied with the level of disparity and color direction. The minimum of CCDL is 0.019Δ_{u' v'} , and the maximum of CCDL is 0.133 Δ_{u' v'}. The database collected in this study might help 3D system design and 3D content creation.

Laser speckle on the screen of laser display system is due to the strong coherence characteristic of laser. In order to eliminate the influence of the speckle on image quality, the method of laser speckle reduction based on MEMS two-dimensional scanning mirror is proposed in this paper. The experimental results show that the speckle contrast can be reduced to 3.7%, which meets the requirement of laser display. And this system could be used in laser display field and improve the display performance.