Recently, there has been a lot of interest in electromagnetic analogues of general relativistic effects. Using the techniques of transformation optics, the material parameters of table-top devices have been calculated such that they implement several effects that occur in outer space, e.g., the implementation of an artificial event horizon inside an optical fiber, an inhomogeneous refractive index profile to mimic celestial mechanics, or an omnidirectional absorber based on an equivalence with black holes. In this communication, we show how we have extended the framework of transformation optics to a time-dependent metric-the Robertson-Walker metric, a popular model for our universe describing the cosmological redshift. This redshift occurs due to the expansion of the universe, where a photon of frequency ω_em emitted at instance tem, will be measured at a different frequency ω_obs at time t_obs. The relation between these two frequencies is given by ω_obsa(t_obs) = ω_ema(t_em), where a(t) is the time-dependent scale factor of the expanding universe. Our results show that the transformation-optical analogue of the Robertson-Walker metric is a medium with linear, isotropic, and homogeneous material parameters that evolve as a given function of time. The electromagnetic solutions inside such a medium are frequency shifted according to the cosmological redshift formula. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that a finite slab of such a material allows for the frequency conversion of an optical signal without the creation of unwanted sidebands. Because the medium is linear, the superposition principle remains applicable and arbitrary wavepackets can be converted [V. Ginis, P. Tassin, B. Craps, and I. Veretennicoff Opt. Express 18, 5350-5355 (2010)1].

Date Published: 9 September 2011
PDF: 7 pages
Proc. SPIE 8093, Metamaterials: Fundamentals and Applications IV, 80931M (9 September 2011); doi: 10.1117/12.894065

Published in SPIE Proceedings Vol. 8093:
Metamaterials: Fundamentals and Applications IV
Allan D. Boardman; Nader Engheta; Mikhail A. Noginov; Nikolay I. Zheludev, Editor(s)