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Written from a systems engineering perspective, this Field Guide covers topics in optical radiation propagation, material properties, sources, detectors, system components, measurement, calibration, and photometry. Appendices provide material on SI units, conversion factors, source luminance data, and many other subjects. The book's organization and extensive collection of diagrams, tables, and graphs will enable the reader to efficiently identify and apply relevant information to radiometric problems arising amid the demands of today's fast-paced technical environment.
- Glossary of Symbols and Acronyms
- Introduction to Radiometry
- The Electromagnetic Spectrum
- The Basics
- Propagation of Optical Radiation
- Plane and Solid Angles
- Projected Area and Projected Solid Angle
- f/# and Numerical Aperture
- Radiometric Quantities Summarized
- Photon Quantities
- Spectral Radiant Quantities
- Radiance, Radiant Exitance, and Intensity
- Exitance-Radiance Relationship
- Intensity
- Isotropic and Lambertian Sources
- Inverse Square Law of Irradiance
- Cos3 and Cos4 Laws of Irradiance
- Throughput and its Invariance
- Area and Solid Angle Products
- Basic Radiance and Radiance Invariance
- The Equation of Radiative Transfer
- Configuration Factors
- Power Transfer: Point Source
- Power Transfer: Extended Source
- Power Transfer: Field Lens Added
- Irradiance from a Lambertian Disk
- Irradiance from a Lambertian Sphere
- The Integrating Sphere
- Camera Equation and Image Plane Irradiance
- Radiometric Properties of Materials
- Overview of Material Properties
- Transmission
- Reflection
- Absorption and the Conservation of Energy
- Emission
- Specular Transmissivity and Reflectivity
- Single-Surface Illustrations
- More on Specular Propagation
- Transmission: Absorbing and Reflecting Materials
- Materials as Targets
- Optical Materials Selection Considerations
- Generation of Optical Radiation
- Planck's Law
- Stefan-Boltzmann and Wien Displacement Laws
- Rayleigh-Jeans and Wien Approximations
- Radiation Laws in Terms of Photons
- Kirchoff's Law
- Natural Sources
- Lambert-Bouguer-Beer Law and Langley Plot
- Artificial Sources
- Luminescent Mechanisms
- Some Luminescent Sources
- Detectors of Optical Radiation
- Detector Types
- Detector Definitions
- More Detector Definitions
- Detector Figures of Merit
- Noise Concepts and Definitions
- The Most Unpleasant Noises
- More Unpleasant Noises
- Thermal Detectors
- Thermoelectric Detectors
- The Bolometer
- Pyroelectric Detectors
- Photon Detectors
- Photoconductive Detectors
- Photoemissive Detectors
- Photovoltaic Detectors
- Photovoltaic Current and Performance
- Detector Interfacing
- Single and Multiple Detectors
- Detector Array Architectures
- Choosing a Detector
- Radiometric System Components
- Choppers and Radiation References
- Baffles and Cosine Correctors
- Spectral Separation Mechanisms
- Prisms and Gratings
- Filters
- Calibration and Measurement
- Radiometric Calibration Basics
- Radiometric Calibration Philosophy
- Distant Point Source Calibration
- Collimators and the Distant Small Source
- More on Collimators
- Extended Source Calibrations
- Other Calibration Methods
- The Measurement Equation
- Errors in Measurements
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Measurement Error
- The Range Equation
- Radiometric Temperatures
- Photometry
- Photometric Quantities
- Human Visual Response
- Color
- Sources and the Eye's Response
- Appendices
- SI Base Quantities, Prefixes, and Uncertainty Reporting
- Physical Constants: 2010 CODATA Recommended Values
- Source Luminance Values
- More Source Values
- Solid Angle Relationships
- Rays, Stops, and Pupils
- Diffraction
- Action Spectra and Optical Radiation Regions
- Equation Summary
- References
- Bibliography
- Index
Preface
Based on the SPIE bestseller The Art of Radiometry by James M. Palmer and Barbara G. Grant, this Field Guide provides a practical, hands-on approach to the subject that the engineer, scientist, or student can use in real time. Readers of the earlier work will recognize similar topics in condensed form, along with many new figures and a chapter on photometry.
Written from a systems engineering perspective, this book covers topics in optical radiation propagation, material properties, sources, detectors, system components, measurement, calibration, and photometry. Appendices provide material on SI units, conversion factors, source luminance data, and many other subjects. The book's organization and extensive collection of diagrams, tables and graphs will enable the reader to efficiently identify and apply relevant information to radiometric problems arising amid the demands of today's fast-paced technical environment.
I gratefully acknowledge the contributions to my education and career from three professors of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona, gentlemen all. They are the late Jim Palmer (1937-2007), who mentored me in radiometry for many years and provided the opportunity for me to complete The Art of Radiometry; Emeritus Professor Phil Slater, who selected me as a graduate student and trained me in remote sensing, and who continues to encourage and support me; and Eustace Dereniak, who generously shared his knowledge from the very first, provided me my first opportunities to teach, and has strongly supported my career for more than twenty years. To all, my heartfelt thanks.
This book is dedicated to my family and particularly to the memory of my father, William Grant of Chicago, Illinois, a US Navy veteran of WWII who taught me to play the "Garryowen" as soon as my fingers could reach a piano keyboard.
Barbara G. Grant
October 2011
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