Spie Press Book
Low-Level Light Therapy: PhotobiomodulationFormat | Member Price | Non-Member Price |
---|---|---|
Pages: 388
ISBN: 9781510614154
Volume: TT115
Table of Contents
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 General
- 1.2 Light Sources
- 1.3 Physics and Tissue Optics
- 1.4 Irradiation Parameters
- 1.5 Penetration Depth
- 1.6 Research in PBM/LLLT
- 1.7 Present Status
- 1.8 Clinical and Biomedical Applications of PBM
- References
- 2 History of LLLT and Photobiomodulation
- 2.1 History of Photomedicine
- 2.2 Development of the Laser
- 2.3 Discovery of Photobiomodulation
- References
- 3 Molecular Mechanisms of LLLT
- 3.1 Chromophores
- 3.1.1 Cytochrome c oxidase
- 3.1.2 Retrograde mitochondrial signaling
- 3.1.3 Light-sensitive ion channels
- 3.1.4 Direct cell-free light-mediated effects on molecules
- 3.2 Signaling Molecules
- 3.2.1 Adenosine triphosphate
- 3.2.2 Cyclic AMP
- 3.2.3 Reactive oxygen species
- 3.2.4 Calcium
- 3.2.5 Nitric oxide
- 3.3 Activation of Transcription Factors
- 3.3.1 Nuclear factor kappa B
- 3.3.2 RANKL
- 3.3.3 Hypoxia-inducible factor
- 3.3.4 Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway
- 3.3.5 Akt/mTOR/CyclinD1 pathway
- 3.3.6 ERK/FOXM1
- 3.3.7 PPARy
- 3.3.8 RUNX2
- 3.4 Effector Molecules
- 3.4.1 Transforming growth factor
- 3.4.2 Oxidative stress
- 3.4.3 Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines
- 3.4.4 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- 3.4.5 Vascular endothelial growth factor
- 3.4.6 Hepatocyte growth factor
- 3.4.7 Basic fibroblast growth factor and keratinocyte growth factor
- 3.4.8 Heat-shock proteins
- References
- 4 Cellular Mechanisms
- 4.1 Inflammation
- 4.2 Cytoprotection
- 4.3 Proliferation
- 4.4 Migration
- 4.5 Protein Synthesis
- 4.6 Stem Cells
- References
- 5 Tissue Mechanisms
- 5.1 Muscles
- 5.2 Brain
- 5.3 Nerves (Repair and Pain)
- 5.4 Healing (Bones, Tendons, and Wounds)
- 5.5 Hair
- 5.6 Skin
- 5.7 Fat
- 5.8 High-Fluence Low-Power Laser Irradiation
- References
- 6 Biphasic Dose Response
- 6.1 Dose Dependence and Dose Rate Effects: The Biphasic Curve
- 6.2 Biphasic Response: Irradiance
- 6.3 Biphasic Response: Time or Energy Density
- 6.4 Beam Measurement Reporting Errors
- 6.5 Biphasic LLLT Dose Response Studies
- 6.5.1 in vitro activation of NF-kB
- 6.5.2 Mouse wound healing
- 6.5.3 Rat arthritis
- 6.6 Possible Explanations for Biphasic Dose Response in LLLT
- 6.6.1 Excessive ROS
- 6.6.2 Excessive NO
- 6.6.3 Activation of a cytotoxic pathway
- 6.7 Summary and Conclusion
- References
- 7 Pre-conditioning
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Mechanisms of IPC
- 7.3 Other Modalities for Pre-conditioning
- 7.4 Similarities between IPC and LLLT
- 7.5 Skeletal Muscle Pre-conditioning through Light
- 7.6 Improving Inflammation and the Analgesic Effect
- 7.7 Reducing Damage after Heart Attack
- 7.8 Protecting Cells from Toxins
- 7.9 Wound Healing
- 7.10 Central Nervous System
- 7.11 Protecting Skin from Ultraviolet Damage
- 7.12 Conclusion
- References
- 8 Low-Level Laser Therapy and Stem Cells Qi Zhang, Tingting Dong, and Chang Zhou
- 8.1 Effects of LLLT on Stem Cells
- 8.1.1 Hematopoietic stem cells
- 8.1.2 Mesenchymal stem cells
- 8.1.3 Adipose-derived stem cells
- 8.2 Clinical Applications of LLLT for Stem Cells
- 8.2.1 Stem-cell transplantation
- 8.2.2 Wound healing and skin restoring
- 8.2.3 Neural regeneration
- 8.2.4 Treating hair loss
- References
- 9 Edema and Lymph Flow
- References
- 10 Augmenting Wound Healing with Photobiomodulation Therapy Asheesh Gupta
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Light-Based Healing Therapy: Photobiomodulation
- 10.3 Mechanisms of PBM Action
- 10.4 PBM Therapy for Acute and Chronic Wound Healing
- 10.4.1 Acute wound healing
- 10.4.2 Chronic wound healing
- 10.5 Pre-conditioning with PBM Therapy before Surgery
- 10.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
- References
- 11 Photobiomodulation in Human Muscle Tissue for Better Sports Performance
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Literature Review
- 11.2.1 Acute responses in exercises with biceps brachii muscles
- 11.2.2 Acute responses in exercises with quadriceps femoris muscles
- 11.2.3 Acute responses during exercise on a treadmill
- 11.2.4 Chronic responses in clinical trials
- References
- 12 Photobiomodulation in Bone: Studies in vitro, in vivo, and Clinical Applications Cleber Ferraresi, Fernanda Freire, and Michael R. Hamblin
- 12.1 Photobiomodulation in Bone
- 12.2 in vitro Studies with Bone Cells
- 12.3 Bone Injury in Animal Models
- 12.3.1 Laser versus ultrasound
- 12.3.2 Osteoporotic rats
- 12.3.3 Biomaterials
- 12.3.4 Gene expression
- 12.3.5 Diabetic rats
- 12.4 Bone Healing in Clinical Trials
- References
- 13 Photobiomodulation in Cartilage: in vitro, in vivo, and Clinical Trials Cleber Ferraresi, Fernanda Freire, and Michael R. Hamblin
- 13.1 Photobiomodulation in Cartilage
- 13.2 in vitro Studies with Cartilage-Related Cells
- 13.3 Cartilage Injury in Animal Models
- 13.3.1 Osteochondral injury
- 13.3.2 Arthritis and osteoarthritis
- 13.4 Cartilage Healing in Clinical Trials: Arthritis and Osteoarthritis
- References
- 14 Photobiomodulation in Tendons: Effects in vitro, in vivo, and Clinical Use Cleber Ferraresi, Fernanda Freire, and Michael R. Hamblin
- 14.1 Photobiomodulation in Tendons
- 14.2 in vitro Studies with Tendon Cells
- 14.3 Achilles Tendon Injury in Animal Models
- 14.3.1 Achilles tendon healing in diabetic rats
- 14.4 Tendon Healing in Clinical Trials
- References
- 15 Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine Applications
- 15.1 Effects of LLLT on Skin
- 15.1.1 Skin rejuvenation
- 15.1.2 Acne
- 15.1.3 Herpes virus infections
- 15.1.4 Vitiligo
- 15.1.5 Pigmented lesions
- 15.1.6 Hypertrophic scars and keloids
- 15.1.7 Burns
- 15.1.8 Psoriasis
- 15.2 LLLT for Treatment of Hair Loss
- 15.2.1 Hair and types of hair loss
- 15.2.2 Existing treatments
- 15.2.3 Androgenetic alopecia
- 15.2.4 Alopecia areata
- 15.2.5 Chemotherapy-induced alopecia
- 15.3 LLLT for Fat Reduction and Cellulite Treatment
- 15.3.1 Lipoplasty and liposuction
- 15.3.2 Fat reduction and cellulite treatment
- 15.3.3 Combination treatments including LLLT
- 15.3.4 LLLT for treating cellulite
- 15.4 Conclusion
- References
- Bibliography
- 16 Dental Applications
- 16.1 Musculoskeletal Pain: Temporal Mandibular Joint Disorder
- 16.2 Neuropathic Pain
- 16.3 Post-extraction Pain, Swelling, and Trismus
- 16.4 Nerve Injuries
- 16.5 Orthodontic Pain
- 16.6 Orthodontic Tooth Movement
- 16.7 Dentine Hypersensitivity
- 16.8 Herpes Simplex Infection
- 16.9 Cancer Therapy Side Effects
- 16.10 Post-operative Wound Healing
- 16.11 Endodontics
- 16.12 Analgesia
- 16.13 Lichen Planus
- 16.14 Stem Cells
- References
- 17 LLLT Treatment of Pain: Clinical Applications Roberta Chow
- 17.1 Background
- 17.2 Pain
- 17.3 Types of Pain and Mechanisms
- 17.4 Mechanisms Underlying Pain Relief
- 17.4.1 Neural blockade
- 17.4.2 Reduced inflammation
- 17.4.3 Reduced edema
- 17.4.4 Reduced muscle spasm
- 17.4.5 Tissue repair
- 17.4.6 Release of neurotransmitters
- 17.5 Conditions in which LLLT is Used, and Evidence
- 17.5.1 Reviews of LLLT and pain
- 17.5.2 Evidence for specific conditions
- 17.6 Pre-treatment Pain Relief
- 17.7 Unique Effects of LLLT on Pain
- 17.8 Practical Considerations
- 17.8.1 Example: treating knee osteoarthritis
- 17.8.2 Factors influencing outcomes
- 17.9 Laser Factors
- 17.9.1 Wavelength
- 17.9.2 Correct dose
- 17.9.3 Application technique
- 17.9.4 Treatment protocol
- 17.9.5 Length of treatment
- 17.10 Patient Factors
- 17.11 Disease Factors
- 17.12 Goals of Treatment
- 17.12.1 Monotherapy versus adjunctive treatment
- 17.13 Patients Unresponsive to LLLT
- 17.14 Practice Points
- 17.15 "Tip of the Iceberg" Principle
- 17.16 Prognostic Factors
- 17.17 Side Effects of Treatment
- 17.18 Conclusion
- References
- 18 Applications to the Central Nervous System
- 18.1 Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation in the Central Nervous System
- 18.2 Human-Skull Transmission Measurements
- 18.3 PBM for Stroke
- 18.3.1 Stroke
- 18.3.2 PBM application
- 18.3.3 PBM for stroke in animal models
- 18.3.4 Clinical trials for acute stroke
- 18.4 PBM for Traumatic Brain Injury
- 18.4.1 Introduction
- 18.4.2 Studies of PBM for TBI in mice
- 18.4.3 Effect of different laser wavelengths in PBM for TBI
- 18.4.4 Effect of pulsing PBM for TBI
- 18.4.5 Effects of PBM regimen for TBI
- 18.4.6 PBM has more effect on IEX knockout mice
- 18.4.7 PBM in combination with metabolic inhibitors
- 18.4.8 PBM increases neuroprogenitor cells
- 18.4.9 PBM increases BDNF and synaptogenesis
- 18.4.10 PBM in humans with TBI
- 18.5 PBM for Neurodegenerative Diseases
- 18.5.1 Neurodegenerative diseases
- 18.6 PBM for Psychiatric Disorders
- 18.7 Conclusion
- References
- 19 Intravascular Laser Irradiation of Blood Daiane Thais Meneguzzo, Leila Soares Ferreira, Eduardo Machado de Carvalho, and Cássia Fukuda Nakashima
- 19.1 Introduction
- 19.2 History of ILIB
- 19.3 Antioxidant Action of ILIB
- 19.4 Modified ILIB Techniques
- 19.4.1 Intranasal irradiation
- 19.4.2 Wrist skin irradiation
- 19.5 ILIB Side Effects and Contraindications
- References
- 20 Future Directions and the Path Forward
- 20.1 Disappointment at Current Lack of Progress
- 20.2 New Indications
- 20.2.1 Stem cells
- 20.2.2 Transcranial LLLT for brain disorders
- 20.2.3 Ophthalmology
- 20.2.4 Autoimmune diseases
- 20.2.5 Lung disease
- 20.2.6 Performance enhancement
- 20.3 New Light Sources
- 20.3.1 Wearable LLLT devices: bandages and clothing
- 20.3.2 Implantable LEDs for brain and spine
- 20.3.3 Swallowable battery-powered LED capsule for GI diseases
- 20.4 Marketing Hype
- 20.5 Negative Publication Bias
- 20.6 The Path Forward
- References
- Appendix: Review of LLLT Applications
Preface
For almost 50 years, the medical therapy formerly known as "low-level laser therapy" and now known as "photobiomodulation" has had a somewhat checkered history. This approach has been promoted by some of its aficionados with almost missionary zeal, while doubters and skeptics have regarded it as "junk science" and "alternative and complementary medicine." This Tutorial Text intends to convey to the contemporary scientific reader that photobiomodulation is becoming increasingly well-founded based on the accepted principles of photochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiology. The text covers in some detail the basic mechanisms of action of photobiomodulation at the cellular and molecular level because we have found that by far the question posed most often by scientists outside the field is "How does it really work?" The well-known biphasic dose response is covered because we believe that failure to take account of this phenomenon contributes to many of the negative studies that have been published. The ability of photobiomodulation to be used as a pre-conditioning regimen before some medical or surgical procedure or for performance enhancement is intriguing. This Tutorial Text (larger than most) includes original and previously published material. The majority of the book focuses on a critical analysis of the various diseases and disorders of different human and animal tissue and organ systems that can be beneficially treated by photobiomodulation therapy. Chapters cover well-established applications in muscles and orthopedic conditions (bone, tendon, cartilage). Applications of photobiomodulation in dentistry have historically been important because dentists are accustomed to using lasers and light sources in their clinical practice. In addition to the foregoing, more systemic disorders are addressed, such as stem cells, lymph flow and edema, and laser irradiation of blood. One of the most important growing areas of medical application is photobiomodulation to the brain. Many common disorders - such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, psychiatric diseases, and dementia - may all benefit. Finally, one of the commercially successful areas of photobiomodulation involves its applications to aesthetic medicine, including skin appearance, hair regrowth, and fat removal.
Michael R. Hamblin
Cleber Ferraresi
Ying-Ying Huang
Lucas Freitas de Freitas
James D. Carroll
December 2017
© SPIE. Terms of Use
