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Conference 13144
Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXXII
18 - 20 August 2024
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Session 1:
IR Planetary and Earth Science I
18 August 2023 • 1:30 PM - 3:10 PM PDT
Session Chairs:
Jean Dumoulin, Univ. Gustave Eiffel (France), Jörn Helbert, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (Germany)
13144-1
18 August 2023 • 1:30 PM - 1:50 PM PDT
Show Abstract +
The DLR Planetary Spectroscopy Laboratory (PSL) is the only planetary science infrastructure in the world to measure spectra of solid and powdered materials, in air/vacuum, from low to very high T (-200° to 1000°C), over an extended spectral range (0.3 to > 100 µm).
In a climate-controlled room. PSL operates 3 Bruker VERTEX 80V Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometers (FTIR), equipped with internal and external chambers, to measure emissivity, biconical and hemispherical reflectance and transmittance simultaneously with the same setup. In addition a Bruker Hyperion 2000 microscope allows imaging micro-spectroscopy from the visible to the near infrared range.
PSL currently supports a wide range of planetary missions include the ESA EnVision, BepiColombo and JUICE missions as well as the NASA VERITAS mission and the JAXA Hayabusa 2 and MMX missions. PSL also performs measurements for industry on optical components (entrance windows, filters, radiators, reference surfaces), and materials for industrial uses (3D-printing, ceramics).
13144-2
18 August 2023 • 1:50 PM - 2:10 PM PDT
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We report on first results for characterizing imaging sensors for space applications obtained using a new laboratory setup. Quantum efficiency, linearity, pixel response non-uniformity, and dark current will be discussed for selected sensors.
13144-3
18 August 2023 • 2:10 PM - 2:30 PM PDT
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The Mercury Radiometer and Thermal Infrared Spectrometer (MERTIS) is part of the ESA BepiColombo science payload en-route to Mercury. On April 10th 2020, BepiColombo flyby the Earth and obtain data from the Moon surface at a spatial resolution of 500 km. The MERTIS thermal-infrared spectrometer (TIS) has been designed to observe the surface of Mercury at a spatial resolution more than 1000 times better and at temperatures 2 times greater than that of the Moon. In this study, we present the performance of the MERTIS instrument and the quality of the data obtained during the Moon flyby.
13144-4
18 August 2023 • 2:30 PM - 2:50 PM PDT
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The 4-8 µm intermediate infrared (IMIR) wavelength range has two unique capabilities that make it critical to studies of the Moon and planetary science. First, the IMIR range uniquely enables the identification of olivine and pyroxene and the quantitative determination of their Mg# using well-defined, mineralogically-diagnostic spectral bands. Second, this wavelength range enables H2O trapped in volcanic and impact-generated material to be directly detected and distinguished from OH using the ~6.05 µm feature unique to H2O. We describe the design of an Intermediate Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (IIRIS), an F/2.5 Dyson imaging spectrometer measuring a spectral range of 4-8 µm with 20 nm spectral sampling. Key components developed at JPL include an electron-beam lithography fabricated grating, slit, light trap, and an antimonide type-II superlattice (T2SL) detector with a customized cutoff wavelength of 8 μm. The IIRIS instrument concept maintains low volume, mass, and power while providing state of the art performance in terms of spectral and spatial uniformity to address fundamental science knowledge gaps related to the nature and distribution of H2O.
13144-5
18 August 2023 • 2:50 PM - 3:10 PM PDT
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Using the on-board image as the data source, we apply atmospheric correction inversion to obtain the target's actual reflection and infrared radiation characteristics. We extract the target's geometric parameters based on the high-resolution visible image, establish a three-dimensional model of the target, and combine it with three-dimensional rendering technology to achieve flexible simulation of the target's infrared image.
Break
Coffee Break 3:10 PM - 3:40 PM
Session 2:
IR Planetary and Earth Science II
18 August 2023 • 3:40 PM - 5:30 PM PDT
Session Chairs:
Jean Dumoulin, Univ. Gustave Eiffel (France), Jörn Helbert, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (Germany)
13144-6
18 August 2023 • 3:40 PM - 4:00 PM PDT
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The Earth-observing Photonic Integrated Circuit (EPIC) Multispectral Aerosol Polarimeter (MAP) mission was developed at the Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (ATC) to investigate the properties of aerosol and greenhouse gases (GHG) from a constellation of orbiting PIC sensors. Each sensor in the EPIC MAP constellation is a tiny imaging spectro-polarimeter that is sensitive to multiple wavelength bands from the visible through the infrared. Light is collected by pairs of millimeter-sized lenslets that couple the light into the circuit on the wafer. Each pair of lenslets on the PIC is analogous to a pair of radio dishes and serve as a baseline for the imager. EPIC MAP is currently planned as a constellation of 3U cubesats where each payload is on a dedicated satellite, however the sensors could also be hosted payloads on a commercial constellation. The NASA Earth Science Technology Office has partnered with LM ATC to develop and test the PIC instrumentation that is fundamental to the EPIC MAP mission.
13144-7
18 August 2023 • 4:00 PM - 4:20 PM PDT
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By using remote sensing and machine learning techniques, this study explores two decades of rapid coastal urbanization in the Arabian Gulf driven by significant coastal mega-developments and associated infrastructure projects, encompassing the creation of artificial islands and waterfront cities. Covering the entire Gulf coastal zone across eight countries, this research utilizes Landsat imagery from 2001 to 2021 to create detailed land use and land cover maps. The study identifies three key urban subclasses (marine structures, buildings, and transportation facilities) and maps their evolution as a unified urban class. 'From-To-Change' maps showcase the transformation of main coastal urban centers over the period. The approach, successfully applied here, offers a robust method for monitoring and managing coastal development, providing insights into the driving forces behind urbanization in the Gulf region.
13144-8
18 August 2023 • 4:20 PM - 4:40 PM PDT
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Hyperspectral imaging and its derived products are an in-demand, robust, and a highly informative source for a growing number of commercial and government applications. A higher quality and consistency of data products are essential to maximize the information delivered by applied analytics and machine learning techniques. A consistent data product also allows our GHOSt constellation to achieve signature stability over time and across different sensor payloads and sensitivities. This presentation provides an overview of Orbital Sidekick’s launched GHOSt constellation hyperspectral payload and of the calibration and characterization of these sensor(s) in orbit. These methodologies and results include discussion of RadCalNet spectral and radiometric calibration; as well as an overview of the GHOSt optical, image stability, and signal-to-noise characterizations.
13144-9
18 August 2023 • 4:40 PM - 5:00 PM PDT
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Wildfires increasingly endanger people and property due to the growing population in the wildland urban interface, drought, and climate change. In the Western United States in 2023 over 1,000,000 acres burned with no fire encompassing over 100,000 acres and in Hawaii the Lahaina Fire caused the deaths of over 100 people. MIT Lincoln Laboratory has developed three technologies that are applicable to this problem: the Chrisp Compact VNIR/SWIR Imaging Spectrometer (CCVIS) that can be modularly implemented for a wide field, digital focal plane array (DFPA) technology with large well depths to avoid signal saturation, and the TeraByte InfraRed Delivery (TBIRD) space-to-ground optical link that has a maximum data rate of 800 Gbps enabling the downlink of large data volumes for in depth analysis.
13144-10
Monitoring of transport infrastructures using ground-based infrared thermography: results, progress, challenges, and perspectives
(Invited Paper)
18 August 2023 • 5:00 PM - 5:30 PM PDT
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Technological progress in uncooled infrared focal plane array sensors have contributed significantly to the broadening of the application of this sensing technique in many fields: Leisure, Manufacturing, Process Control, Building insulation diagnostic, Civil Engineering, Road works, etc. A review of in-situ experiments studied on transport infrastructures over the past decade, advances in measurement system architectures and processing approaches are presented and discussed. Challenges with current uncooled infrared sensor performance and computational requirements are presented and discussed in the context of few selected use cases. Finally, conclusions and perspectives are proposed.
Sunday Evening Plenary
18 August 2024 • 6:00 PM - 7:25 PM PDT
Session Chair: Jennifer Barton, The Univ. of Arizona (United States)
6:00 PM - 6:05 PM:
Welcome and Opening Remarks
6:00 PM - 6:05 PM:
Welcome and Opening Remarks
13123-501
A perovskite paved pathway to multi-terawatt scale photovoltaics
(Plenary Presentation)
18 August 2024 • 6:05 PM - 6:45 PM PDT
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This talk will consider the future of metal halide perovskite (MHP) photovoltaic (PV) technologies as photovoltaic deployment reaches the terawatt scale. The requirements for significantly increasing PV deployment beyond current rates and what the implications are for technologies attempting to meet this challenge will be addressed. In particular how issues of CO2 impacts and sustainability inform near and longer-term research development and deployment goals for MHP enabled PV will be discussed. To facilitate this, an overview of current state of the art results for MHP based single junction, and multi-junctions in all-perovskite or hybrid configurations with other PV technologies will be presented. This will also include examination of performance of MHP-PVs along both efficiency and reliability axes for not only cells but also modules placed in context of the success of technologies that are currently widely deployed.
13111-501
Plasmonics for sustainable technologies and green energy: from advancing materials to machine-learning assisted designs
(Plenary Presentation)
18 August 2024 • 6:45 PM - 7:25 PM PDT
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The recent advent of robust, refractory (having a high melting point and chemical stability at temperatures above 2000°C) photonic materials such as plasmonic ceramics, specifically, transition metal nitrides (TMNs), MXenes and transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) is currently driving the development of durable, compact, chip-compatible devices for sustainable energy, harsh-environment sensing, defense and intelligence, information technology, aerospace, chemical and oil & gas industries. These materials offer high-temperature and chemical stability, great tailorability of their optical properties, strong plasmonic behavior, optical nonlinearities, and high photothermal conversion efficiencies. This lecture will discuss advanced machine-learning-assisted photonic designs, materials optimization, and fabrication approaches for the development of efficient thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems, lightsail spacecrafts, and high-T sensors utilizing TMN metasurfaces. We also explore the potential of TMNs (titanium nitride, zirconium nitride) and TCOs for switchable photonics, high-harmonic-based XUV generation, refractory metasurfaces for energy conversion, high-power applications, photodynamic therapy and photochemistry/photocatalysis. The development of environmentally-friendly, large-scale fabrication techniques will be discussed, and the emphasis will be put on novel machine-learning-driven design frameworks that leverage the emerging quantum solvers for meta-device optimization and bridge the areas of materials engineering, photonic design, and quantum technologies.
Session 3:
Venus Spectroscopy I
19 August 2024 • 9:00 AM - 10:30 AM PDT
Session Chairs:
Jörn Helbert, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (Germany), Nathan A. Hagen, Utsunomiya Univ. (Japan)
13144-11
19 August 2024 • 9:00 AM - 9:30 AM PDT
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A new era in the study of Earth-like planets in exosolar systems has provided a fundamental and new impetus for understanding the evolution of planetary systems, placing traditional comparative planetology focused on our own system in a much broader context and a wide range of possible variability. Against this background, the study of our sister planet Venus in comparison to Earth is becoming increasingly important. Venus provides a laboratory for comparative planetology, with important insights into the sensitive effects of stellar environmental conditions on the evolution of habitable planets. A number of space missions to Venus, planned and under development, reflect this approach to comparative planetology in the Solar System and its application to understanding global stellar planetary systems. This article evaluates and classifies the planned Venus investigations using infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy in terms of their ability to answer these questions. The article is based on known data from missions such as Venera 15/PMV (RU), VIRTIS, SPICAV and SPICAV-SOIR/VEx (ESA), and MERTIS (ESA), as well as many others in which the authors have been involved. We report on the ke
13144-12
19 August 2024 • 9:30 AM - 9:50 AM PDT
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In the framework of ESAs EnVision mission, the VenSpec instrument consortium consisting of three spectrometers, shares a central control unit to leverage synergies during technological development and facilitate collaborative planning and operation at Venus, thereby laying the groundwork for optimal scientific collaboration. Teams from Germany (DLR), France (LATMOS), and Belgium (BIRA) collaboratively plan, develop, and operate the instruments while minimizing organizational overhead. This paper discusses challenges in guiding geographically, financially and institutionally separate projects toward the common goal, namely the integration the scientific and engineering teams. This paper lays out how the VenSpec consortium is organized and explains how close collaboration and the leveraging of synergies can be balanced with independent activities and tailored strategies throughout the entire life-cycle of the project.
13144-13
19 August 2024 • 9:50 AM - 10:10 AM PDT
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The VenSpec suite for ESA's EnVision Mission to Venus aims to create a clean, simple and robust interface between the spacecraft and the three spectrometers. This is achieved through the Central Control Unit (CCU), which harmonizes power and data communication and provides an abstraction layer. The CCU consists of two electrical subsystems, the data handling unit (CCU-DHU) developed by MPS and IDA and the power supply unit (CCU-PSU) developed by IAA-CSIC, both managed by DLR-PF. In 2023, an extensive trade-off analysis was conducted to optimize the system, resulting in a single power and data interface as the most suitable and reliable solution taking into account numerous considerations. This paper explores the suggested options and the chosen architecture for the VenSpec suite.
13144-14
19 August 2024 • 10:10 AM - 10:30 AM PDT
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EnVision, recently adopted, is ESA’s upcoming mission to Venus with a launch scheduled in 2031. One of the payloads on board is the VenSpec suite [1], containing three spectrometer channels, one of which is VenSpec-H. VenSpec-H (Venus Spectrometer with High resolution) performs absorption measurements in the atmosphere of Venus in four infrared spectral bands. VenSpec-H is developed under Belgian management and builds on heritage from instruments on Venus-Express and TGO. Techniques used in these precursor instruments are improved and complemented with new technologies to comply with the scientific goals of the EnVision mission.
In this presentation we will discuss the design of the instrument and its main characteristics. Also the technical challenges are highlighted and the instrument specific components that had to be developed. In particular the development of the free form corrector plate will be highlighted.
References
[1] J. Helbert et al., “The VenSpec suite on the ESA EnVision mission to Venus”, Proc. SPIE 11128, Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXVII, 1112804 (2019).
Break
Coffee Break 10:30 AM - 11:00 AM
Session 4:
Venus Spectroscopy II
19 August 2024 • 11:00 AM - 12:00 PM PDT
Session Chairs:
Jörn Helbert, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (Germany), Nathan A. Hagen, Utsunomiya Univ. (Japan)
Show Abstract +
EnVision, ESA's upcoming Venus orbiter, seeks to comprehensively understand the planet's evolution, building on the success of Venus Express. It will map Venus's interior, surface and atmosphere with unprecedented detail, enhancing insights into its geological evolution. VenSpec-H is focusing on the atmosphere both below and above the clouds as it will analyze volcanic plumes, as well as complementing surface and subsurface observations. The results are foreseen to support the research teams of BIRA-IASB and ETH Zürich in understanding commonalities and differences between the planetary evolutions of Venus and Earth.
This spectrometer uses an echelle grating to diffract uniform light for detailed compositional analysis. The cold spectrometer section is preceded by a band selection based on a combination of a filter wheel and a fixed horizontal double stripe filter.
This paper focusses on the needs for the filters for VenSpec-H as well as the development approach of the Filter Wheel Mechanism (FWM) and its drive electronics. It also gives insights in the tests that were/are performed with a detailed breadboard built within Phase B1 of the project.
13144-16
19 August 2024 • 11:20 AM - 11:40 AM PDT
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We report on the current Venus Emissivity Mapper (VEM) instrument design and development status onboard NASAs Venus Emissivity, Radio science, InSAR, Topography, And Spectroscopy (VERITAS) and ESAs EnVision orbiters. The VEM instrument is a push broom multispectral imager that comprises an optical system based on a sophisticated filter assembly with 14 spectral bands and an InGaAs detector with integrated thermoelectric cooler. A turn window mechanism and a two-staged baffle in front of the optics protect the instrument against contamination and straylight. The instruments nominal mass is approximately 6 kg. VEM opens the path for mapping Venus with a global coverage of >70%.
13144-17
19 August 2024 • 11:40 AM - 12:00 PM PDT
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We report on the proton irradiation qualification of the vSWIR InGaAs detector utilized in both Venus Emissivity Mapper instruments VEM and VenSpec-M aboard NASA’s VERITAS and ESA’s EnVision orbiters. The successful proton test completes our full space qualification of an InGaAs sensor for this mission in combination with our previous heavy-ion test. The proton fluence was subdivided into 10 irradiation steps so that the collected data provides information the evolution of the dark current, the light sensitivity and the pixels showing random-telegraph-noise (RTN) on the sensor throughout a planned 5-year mission duration.
Break
Lunch Break 12:00 PM - 1:30 PM
Session 5:
Venus Spectroscopy III
19 August 2024 • 1:30 PM - 2:50 PM PDT
Session Chairs:
Jörn Helbert, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (Germany), Nathan A. Hagen, Utsunomiya Univ. (Japan)
13144-18
19 August 2024 • 1:30 PM - 1:50 PM PDT
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The design, calibration and first field measurements made at Venus analogue sites in Iceland with a new emulator of the Venus Emissivity Mapper will be presented. The emulator is based around an InGaAs camera sensitive in the near infrared combined with a filter wheel containing six narrow bandpass filters close to those intended for geological characterization of Venus’ surface with the VEM instrument (VERITAS/ENVISION missions). Spectra obtained with the instrument are compared to those obtained from samples collected in the field and analysed in detail in the laboratory.
13144-19
19 August 2024 • 1:50 PM - 2:10 PM PDT
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At the Planetary Spectroscopy Laboratory (PSL) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Berlin we are working on providing an extensive spectral library to interpret and validate data from the Venus Emissivity Mapper (VEM/VenSpec-M) of the NASA VERITAS and ESA EnVision missions. The VEM/VenSpec-M will collect data from the surface of Venus in the NIR spectral range covering five spectral windows in the Venus atmosphere and thus aiming to map rock types by comparing orbital data with laboratory spectra.
The laboratory setup at PSL includes a high-temperature emissivity setup capable of measuring VNIR emissivity spectra of Venus analogs at relevant Venus surface temperatures in a vacuum environment. A webcam monitors the entire experiment during heating and cooling. Hemispherical reflectance measurements are also conducted for comparison with emissivity measurements.
This study explores the spectral behavior of laboratory mixtures in the VNIR spectral range at Venus surface temperatures. Pure endmember samples with different spectral features are selected and mixed with basalt. The goal is to simulate various scenarios, including alteration of basalts in Venus' atmosphere and mixing o
13144-20
19 August 2024 • 2:10 PM - 2:30 PM PDT
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VenSpec-U, part of the EnVision mission's VenSpec suite, aims to measure sulphured gases and UV albedo variations at Venus’ cloud top, and their possible link to active volcanism. This spectral imager features a dual-channel architecture, with high and low spectral resolution channels, and will provide maps of SO, SO2 and cloud properties at kilometric scales. This paper will present the current instrumental design and how it complies with the scientific requirements.
13144-21
19 August 2024 • 2:30 PM - 2:50 PM PDT
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The dual-channel UV spectrometer VenSpec-U onboard ESA’s next mission to Venus, EnVision, will study the mesosphere, in order to characterise its chemical composition and dynamical properties. The assessment of the compliance between the instrumental design with requirements arising from the scientific objectives is then important. This study relies on the radiative transfer model developed for SPICAV/Venus-Express data analysis and used to retrieve atmospheric features from radiance factor spectra, which will be derived from the instrument’s measurements of Venus’s radiance. The sensitivity of the model is therefore studied regarding various error sources: random and systematic errors.
Break
Coffee Break 2:50 PM - 3:20 PM
Session 6:
Materials for IR Instruments
19 August 2024 • 3:20 PM - 5:30 PM PDT
Session Chairs:
Marija Strojnik, Optical Research (Mexico), Michal Spacek, Czech Technical Univ. in Prague (Czech Republic)
13144-22
Quantifying the constraints of Kirchhoff's law for thermal emission from non-isothermal inhomogeneous materials
(Invited Paper)
19 August 2024 • 3:20 PM - 3:50 PM PDT
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Using a model for volumetric emission from non-isothermal inhomogeneous media, we present a quantitative discussion of the conditions under which Kirchhoff's law is valid. Using this model, we show how it is possible for many blackbody simulators and infrared camera shutters to produce such high emissivity, despite being constructed of only a thin layer of paint over a metal surface.
13144-23
GÉANT plans towards fibre infrastructure for the distribution of time and frequency throughout Europe
(Invited Paper)
19 August 2024 • 3:50 PM - 4:20 PM PDT
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The association GÉANT is undertaking an ambitious initiative to establish a fiber based infrastructure for the widespread distribution of time and frequency across Europe. Set to be implemented during the Horizon Europe GN5-2 funding cycle, these fiber links will complement existing national connections, particularly in coherent optical frequency transfers, forming the foundation for a comprehensive Europe-wide infrastructure. This presentation will provide the latest updates on GÉANT's plans for support such fields as metrology, and also fiber based sensing and also Quantum key Distribution.
13144-24
19 August 2024 • 4:20 PM - 4:40 PM PDT
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Siwen Bi conducted exploratory research on the nature of light in 2006. This article first provides an overview of the development history and research status of optics, and describes the difficulties and shortcomings in fully explaining optical phenomena due to the wave particle duality of light quantum and light; Then, two inspiring viewpoints on optical frequency comb and chord theory were introduced. On this basis, the basic concept of optical string (optical frequency string), the prototype description of optical string, the mechanism of optical string generation, and the discussion of Lightstring, generation process are proposed and emphasized; Proposed the mechanism of string light effect. Published On Two Heuristic Viewpoints Concerning the Study of Light (October 13-15, 2014), New Viewpoints In Light Quantum Research: Lightstring (2016), Discuss wave-particle duality of light, (February 28, 2017), and an Exploratory research on the light quantum future technical basis (February 1, 2019). Over the past 17 years, achieved some original and innovative research results.
Show Abstract +
Through implementing an anamorphic foreoptic scheme in pushbroom imaging spectrographs, the slit width can be utilized as an additional design degree of freedom through decoupling the spectral and spatial resolution dependence on the slit width.
13144-26
Study of symmetries of scan patterns generated by laser scanners with a pair of rotational Risley prisms
(Invited Paper)
19 August 2024 • 5:00 PM - 5:30 PM PDT
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The present paper builds upon the novel, graphical method that we have introduced [V.-F. Duma, A. Schitea, Proc. of the Romanian Acad. Series A 19, 53-60, 2018] and developed [V.-F. Duma, A-L. Dimb, Applied Sciences 11, 8451, 2021] in order to study laser scanners with Risley prisms. The advantages of the proposed method are that it provides (simulated) exact scan patterns (in contrast to the most utilized approximate methods) and that it is easy to use (in contrast to rather complicated analytical methods). An essential aspect is highlighted in the present work regarding the most common scanner with such components, i.e. with a pair of rotational Risley prisms. Thus, we approach the symmetries of scan patterns, which we studied in detail recently in [A-L. Dimb, V.-F. Duma, Symmetry 15, 336, 2023]. A novel notion, of structures of symmetry was proposed and developed. We shown how it is possible to generate (with high resolution) only a (small) part of the scan pattern, and further on to reproduce the entire pattern by using symmetries, including by (simply) rotating one of the proposed structures of symmetry, which were optimally defined to decrease the simulation time.
Poster Session
19 August 2024 • 5:30 PM - 7:00 PM PDT
13144-32
19 August 2024 • 5:30 PM - 7:00 PM PDT
Show Abstract +
Infrared radiation provides information of the biological tissues such as the vegetation. The range of near infrared responds to cellulose and lignin molecules. These components provide the amount of heating value of vegetation. The estimation of this parameter is relevant in areas such as biofuels and forest fire prevention. We explore the propagation mechanism of infrared radiation as transmitted through a leaf by finite element analysis (FEA) to resolve the energy transmission and reflection then quantify the absorption inside the leaf using a wavelength at 1064 nm. The results are contrasted experimentally at incidence normal to the surface. We use an infrared laser source to control the laser intensity and an optical setup to adjust the diameter of the spot. We assumed a non-porous uniformity, a constant refractive index, and we selected a specific absorption coefficient according to the leaf senescent state. The results show a general approximation that describes the relationship between the absorption obtained by FEA and experimentation. Furthermore, caloric values vary slightly depending of senescence determined by the refractive index and absorption coefficients.
13144-33
19 August 2024 • 5:30 PM - 7:00 PM PDT
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In 2011, the Tohoku Pacific Coast Earthquake occurred, and coastal forests were severely damaged by a huge tsunami. Since the disaster, coastal forest restoration projects have been underway. NDVI, which uses satellite observations of near-infrared images and visible red images, has been used to survey trees. However, NDVI tends to be easily saturated and overestimated at the soil level. Although improved vegetation indexes have been proposed so far, their applicability to the evaluation of the regeneration of tsunami-affected coastal forests has not yet been fully investigated. In this study, using time-series high-resolution satellite images from before the disaster to 2023, the distribution trends of conventional NDVI and typical improved vegetation indicators EVI2 and MSAVI2 were compared in the coastal forest of Sendai Plain, Miyagi Prefecture. Compared to conventional NDVI, MSAVI2 showed a tendency to have less saturation, allowing for more detailed monitoring.
13144-34
19 August 2024 • 5:30 PM - 7:00 PM PDT
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We present an automatic Line of Sight (LOS) alignment device for aviation payload calibrating LoS of EO/IR cameras. The device comprises a pick-up telescope, an off-axis two-mirror collimator, and a target box. The collimator has an EPD of 73 mm, two confocal off-axis mirrors, and a flat surface. We designed the device with the frame-based structure to be robust against external environments. Also, we adopted semi-kinematic principles on the mechanical and optical components to have high precision and accuracy for positioning and repeatability. All the optomechanical components have an aluminum material (6061-T6) for high machinability and a CTE-matching configuration. The Finite Element Analysis was performed to check the structural stability in a quasi-static, thermal, and vibration mission environment. We verified that the Margin of Safety is more than 1 and the structural deformation is negligible in the optical aspect.
13144-35
19 August 2024 • 5:30 PM - 7:00 PM PDT
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Hooray! The ESA EnVision mission is adopted.
Onboard the spacecraft, there will be a suite of three spectrometers, VenSpec. One of these is called VenSpec-H where the H stands for high spectral resolution. Its scientific objectives consist in measuring variations of minor species’ abundances in the atmosphere of Venus. H2O, SO2, CO and OCS will be measured to characterize the potentially ongoing volcanic activity. These observations will allow us to understand both the importance of volatiles in volcanic activity on Venus and their effect on cloud maintenance and dynamics. VenSpec-H will measure these molecules in nadir viewing geometry, in infrared transparency windows of Venus’ nightside to probe the troposphere and in infrared spectral ranges on the dayside to measure the mesosphere. While determining the scientific requirements enabling our scientific objectives, possible improvements and science avenues were identified. Some of them impact the design, such as the need for polarimetric measurements. Others are related to remaining uncertainties in the radiative transfer model and to laboratory measurements that will complement the investigation.
13144-36
19 August 2024 • 5:30 PM - 7:00 PM PDT
Show Abstract +
3D printing technologies have allowed the development of prototypes in several fields, such as clinical, aerospace, and infrastructure, to name a few. Another use is to adapt the laboratory instruments to customized applications to improve experiments and measurements in the data acquisition process. Some equipment is modified to include low-cost cameras, optical components, sensors, and mechanical artifacts using printed accessories employing PLA or PETG filaments, such as telescopes, microscopes, and spectrometers. These accessories allow us to maximize the features of the instruments and reduce the research cost. We describe a semi-automatic method for micro-algae counting based on a digital microscope adapted to a 3D printing mechanical support and image processing in Matlab. Calibration will be carried out using a Neubauer chamber but will not be required for measurements, which makes a difference compared to similar methods. The results obtained for micro-algae counting show an average error of less than 5% compared to visual counting conducted by a biochemical specialist. We are describe a simple and low-cost method of counting microalgae using 3D printing technologies.
13144-37
19 August 2024 • 5:30 PM - 7:00 PM PDT
Show Abstract +
Risley prisms are a powerful tool in precision engineering. These two wedge prisms expertly manipulate light, making them indispensable in laser engraving systems, scanners, and precision pointers. Geometric patterns can be created by controlling the rotation of each prism independently. In this paper, we derive the parametric equations of a beam deflected by Risley prisms, assuming that the opening angles of each prism are small. It has been demonstrated that when two prisms are used, the resulting patterns are epitrochoids, hypotrochoids, and polar roses. An experiment was conducted using two Risley prisms having identical refractive index, apex angle, and aperture angle. The resulting patterns were found to correspond to polar roses, which were validated by comparing them with the software simulation.
13144-38
19 August 2024 • 5:30 PM - 7:00 PM PDT
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The highest synchronization accuracy of White Rabbit (WR) technology is achieved with a completely calibrated system. We have previously developed an evaluation system for monitoring the asymmetry of the optical fiber link. The next step in the development process is to apply calibration parameters to the WR system and verify the calibration under laboratory conditions. The actual optical transmission path is simulated using several kilometers of fiber cable placed in a temperature chamber. The described setup demonstrates the functionality and importance of our developed system for the automated calibration of the WR system.
13144-39
19 August 2024 • 5:30 PM - 7:00 PM PDT
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We have conducted in-depth research on terahertz non-destructive testing technology and developed a terahertz detector that can be used for non-destructive testing of wood. The detector mainly includes terahermet transceiver, signal processing system and data acquisition system. In order to achieve three-dimensional imaging, fast frequency sweep and the best anti-interference ability when detecting targets, wideband chirp continuous wave was selected as the radiation waveform of the system. In order to improve the ranging accuracy and three-dimensional imaging performance, a fully coherent form suitable for the terahertz band was selected. Based on the superheterodyne detection structure, the three-dimensional reconstruction of the sample is realized by the data acquisition system. On this basis, we use the self-developed quantum image data processing system to perform quantum image enhancement processing on the acquired three-dimensional reconstructed images, which further improves the contrast and clarity of the images, and is especially prominent in the noise environment, and has made significant progress in presenting details and information extraction.
Session 7:
Technology for IR exploration
20 August 2024 • 9:00 AM - 10:50 AM PDT
Session Chairs:
Marija Strojnik, Optical Research (Mexico), Virgil-Florin Duma, Univ. Politehnica Timisoara (Romania)
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We present a Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system employing a type II non-critically phase-matched KTA optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by a Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser. The KTA crystal allows tunable laser radiation in the 3.3–3.5 μm range, targeting the absorption band of hydrocarbons like methane. Lidar measurements in an urban troposphere revealed methane concentrations of approximately 2.085 ppm along a 780 m surface path with a spatial resolution of 100 m. The error in methane concentration recovery ranged from 8% to 13% relative to the averaged value.
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NASA’s Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE) mission is a Heliophysics Small Explorers Mission of Opportunity designed to investigate how terrestrial weather affects space weather, via small-scale atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) produced in Earth’s atmosphere. Following its launch to the International Space Station (ISS) in November 2023, AWE began a 2-year mission to explore the global distribution of AGWs, study the processes controlling their transport throughout the upper atmosphere, and estimate their impacts on the ionosphere – thermosphere – mesosphere (ITM) system.
This paper will present an overview of the AWE mission, including science objectives, measurement technique, instrument design and development, pre-launch performance and environmental testing, data processing, and a brief look at on-orbit science results.
13144-29
20 August 2024 • 9:40 AM - 10:00 AM PDT
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The Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE) Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (AMTM) is a widefield of view (WFOV) infrared imaging radiometer designed for use in measuring emission lines of the earths OH layer. Designed, built, and characterized by the Utah State University (USU) Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL), the sensor is externally mounted to the ISS. The Opto-Mechanical Assembly (OMA) consists of four identical imaging telescopes, each comprised of a fisheye lens, a field lens, and a re-imager lens. The four telescopes share a common filter wheel with four narrow band filters. Following assembly, the OMA was environmentally tested including EMI/EMC, vibration, and thermal cycling. Prior to and following each environmental test the point response function of each telescope was measured and compared to verify no degradation of performance had occurred.
This paper will present an overview of the design, fabrication, assembly, integration, and environmental testing of the Opto-Mechanical Assembly (OMA).
13144-30
Advancements in CHISI instrumentation: evaluating photovoltaic infrared detector arrays for enhanced atmospheric sounder missions
(Invited Paper)
20 August 2024 • 10:00 AM - 10:30 AM PDT
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The Compact Hyperspectral Infrared Sounding Interferometer (CHISI) is a novel pushbroom interferometer with a single 2D detector array, designed for cost-effective deployment in a network of low earth orbit satellites. This study focuses on the evaluation of a high-density 128 x 128 photovoltaic (PV) Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) detector array as a replacement for traditional technology. The MCT PV detectors exhibited superior performance, extending the cutoff wavelength to 15.9 μm, surpassing CHISI's spectral requirements. The CHISI architecture demonstrated excellent linearity, with no need for nonlinearity correction, and the instrument line shape closely matched theory. Challenges, including a double-modulated signal, were identified for future refinement. The noise equivalent spectral radiance model aligned well with experimental results, offering insights for optimization. The study also highlighted the need for an improved digital ROIC design in future detector focal plane iterations tailored to CHISI requirements.
13144-31
Characterising the new DLR cryogenic reflectance spectroscopy facility for outer planets exploration
20 August 2024 • 10:30 AM - 10:50 AM PDT
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Exploring the outer solar system is a priority, with upcoming missions including ESA JUICE and NASA Europa Clipper and Lucy missions. There is high demand for laboratory spectra of analog materials obtained at low pressure or in vacuum at cryogenic temperatures. To meet this demand, PSL has added a compact low-temperature vacuum chamber for bi-directional reflectance measurements that attaches directly to an existing spectrometer. The system allows for measurements from UV to far infrared and includes a two-stage turbo vacuum pump, gas mixtures for simulating low-pressure atmospheres, a glove box for preparing samples, and an airlock for loading samples while maintaining high vacuum
Concluding Remarks
20 August 2024 • 10:50 AM - 10:55 AM PDT
Marija Strojnik, Optical Research (Mexico) and Jörn Helbert, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (Germany)
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