We propose an orbital planetary defense system capable of heating the surface of potentially hazardous objects to the evaporation point as a futuristic but feasible approach to impact risk mitigation. We call the system DE-STAR for Directed Energy Solar Targeting of Asteroids and exploRation. DE-STAR is a modular phased array of lasers powered by the sun. Modular design allows for incremental development, test, and initial deployment, lowering cost, minimizing risk, and allowing for technological co-development, leading eventually to an orbiting structure that could be erected in stages. The main objective of DE-STAR would be to use the focused directed energy to raise the surface spot temperature to <3000K, allowing direct evaporation of all known substances. The same system will heat the surface of an asteroid and eject evaporated material, which would create a large reaction force to alter the asteroid’s orbit. Our baseline system is a DE-STAR 4 (10-km-sized array) system, which allows for asteroid engagement starting beyond 1 AU with a spot temperature sufficient to evaporate all known materials. Such a system can directly evaporate up to 500-m diameter asteroids in one year. Smaller asteroids, such as DA-14, could be completely evaporated in a few hours and the recent Chelyabinsk asteroid in less than one hour. The same system will also produce a reaction thrust comparable to the Shuttle SRB on the asteroid due to mass ejection and thus allow for orbital diversion of even larger asteroids, beyond several km in diameter. Smaller systems are also extremely useful. For example, a DE-STAR 2 (100-m size array) would be capable of diverting volatile-laden objects 100 m in diameter by initiating engagement at ~0.01-0.5 AU. Smaller objects could be diverted on shorter notice. The phased array configuration is capable of creating multiple beams, so a single DE-STAR of sufficient size could engage several threats simultaneously, such as a Shoemaker-Levy 9 scenario on Earth. An orbiting DE-STAR would also be capable a wide variety of other functions. Narrow bandwidth and precision beam control would aid narrow search and ephemeris refinement of objects identified with wide-field surveys. Propulsion of kinetic or nuclear tipped asteroid interceptors or other interplanetary spacecraft is possible using a "photon rail gun" mode from direct photon pressure on a spacecraft propelling a 100-kg craft to 1 AU in 3 days and a 10,000-kg craft to 1 AU in 30 days. A DE-STAR could also provide power to ion propulsion systems, providing both a means of acceleration on the outbound leg, and deceleration for orbit insertion by rotating the spacecraft and using mirrors to divert the DE-STAR beam into the ion generation cavity. Vaporization and de-orbiting of debris in Earth orbit could be accomplished with a DE-STAR 1 or 2 system. DE-STAR 3 and 4 arrays may allow standoff interrogation of asteroid composition by observing absorption lines in the blackbody spectrum of a vaporizing surface spot. There are a number of other applications as well, including SPS. Multi-function capability aids in justifying such a system.

Kepler vaulted into the heavens on March 7, 2009, initiating NASA’s search for Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars in the habitable zone, where liquid water could exist on the planetary surface and support alien biology. Never before has there been a photometer capable of reaching a precision near 20 ppm in 6.5 hours while conducting nearly continuous and uninterrupted observations for several years. The flood of exquisite photometric data over the last 4 years on 190,000+ stars has provoked a watershed of results. Over 2,700+ candidate planets have been identified of which an astounding 1171 orbit 467 stars. Over 120+ planets have confirmed or validated and the data have also led to a resounding revolution in asteroseismology. Recent discoveries include Kepler-62 with 5 planets total of which 2 are in the habitable zone, and are 1.4 and 1.7 times the radius of the Earth. Designing and building the Kepler photometer and the software systems that process and analyze the resulting data presented a daunting set of challenges, including how to manage the large data volume, how to detect miniscule transit signatures against stellar variability and instrumental effects, and how to review hundreds of diagnostics produced for each of ~20,000 candidate transit signatures. The challenges continue into flight operations, as the photometer and spacecraft have experienced aging and changes in hardware performance over the course of time. The success of Kepler sets the stage for TESS, NASA’s next mission to detect Earth’s closest cousins.

We present a method of comparing the speeds of starlight and the light emitting from a terrestrial source. We use a telescope to collect the light from the star having significant relative velocity with respect to the earth. Then we modulate the starlight and the local light into pulses simultaneously. These pulses are detected by a distance receiver. Our results show that the arrival times of the pulses of starlight are different from that of the local light. It implies the speed of light is not constant. The method avoids the clock synchronization problem and any physical unit transformation.

We propose an all quantum protocol for 1-out-of-2 oblivious transfer. Oblivious transfer is a counter-intuitive cryptographic primitive in which the receiver receives only the information he is authorized for, while the sender does not know what information receiver received. In 1-out-of-2 oblivious transfer, Alice sends two bits to Bob who can choose only one of them to read, while Alice does not know which bit Bob read. The quantum version of oblivious transfer, in the past, unlike the proposed protocol, has only been implemented using a combination of quantum and classical channels. Since it has been shown that it is impossible to build quantum oblivious transfer based on quantum bit commitment protocols, the propose protocol is significant. Further, the protocol is secure if qubits are quanta and cannot be stored, given current technology. We also discuss k-out-of-n oblivious transfer protocol and attacks on it.

We report on the development of novel electro-optic modulators fabricated on epitaxial layers of aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), grown on a GaAs substrate. The current device has a unique single waveguide structure combined with travelling wave slow wave electrodes. This design allows for high speed modulation of the polarization state of light with low differential group delay, low optical loss and frequencies of 50 GHz and beyond. The devices are based on TE-TM mode convertors that modulate the state of light from one linear polarization state to an orthogonal linear state passing through elliptical and circular polarization states. Devices can also be configured to modulate the phase or intensity of an optical signal by appropriate alignment of the polarization axis of the input light or by placing a polarizer at the output. Key characteristics and performance metrics of the devices are reported. Applications that use the device for enhancing analog communication links, analog to digital signal conversion and sending keys for encryption are reviewed to illustrate the diverse nature of the systems being developed and which demonstrate the versatility of the ways in which the GaAs mode converter modulator may be used.

Classically, acousto-optic (AO) interactions comprise scattering of photons by energetic phonons into higher and lower orders. Standard weak interaction theory describes diffraction in the Bragg regime as the propagation of a uniform plane wave of light through a uniform plane wave of sound, resulting in the well-known first- and zeroth-order diffraction. Our preliminary investigation of the nature of wave diffraction and photon scattering from a Bragg cell under intensity feedback with profiled light beams indicates that the diffracted (upshifted photon) light continues to maintain the expected (uniform plane wave) behavior versus the optical phase shift in the cell within a small range of the Q-parameter, and at larger Qs, begins to deviate. Additionally, we observe the asymptotic axial shift of the beam center as predicted by the transfer function formalism.

This paper attempts to provide a model that fits and explains the known characteristics of photons and their interactions with photons. The simplest version of this model assumes that there exists, within a photon, ‘sources’ that produce the observed and mathematically modeled, transverse electric and magnetic fields. These source terms are not physical entities in the normal sense. They represent concentrations of field lines that, in turn, are only gradients of potentials. The nature and consequence of such sources is explored. A main new feature of this model is the recognition of the role of longitudinal field lines.

Because wave behavior exists, irrespective of media type, we have investigated the possibility that waves in various media do interact and do so through a common, physical mechanism. We propose that standing waves are composed of reverberating segments containing reflection zones (nodes) where potential energy resides and where there is little lateral energy flow and kinetic energy zones where lateral energy flow is maximal. Experimental evidence suggests that colliding forces from converging components of a 'split' laser beam (our zero slit experiment, ZSX) produce a standing wave component that concentrates and dilutes light energy without the use of lenses.

The NIW principle states that in the absence of any “obstructing” detectors, all the Huygens-Fresnel secondary wave lets will continue to propagate unhindered and without interacting (interfering) with each other. In this paper, we present working of a coherent lidar system using Jones matrix formulation that the system behavior is congruent with NIW principle. We find that the Jones matrix methodology inherently supports the NIW principle.

Optical alignment in a coherent lidar system dictates the wavefront curvature (phase front and Poynting vector) matching of the local oscillator beam with the incoming receiver beam on a detector. However, this alignment is often not easy to achieve and is rarely perfect. Furthermore, optical fibers are being increasingly used. In this paper, we will analyze the extent of misalignment using Pointing vector formulation.

Dipole elongation ( a ) and linewidth ( η ) of an elementary quantum transition characterizes the terminus "hidden variables". Once the linewidth is known (exactly or mere coarse) it is possible to make assertions about the local dimensions from which such radiation originate. Applied to solid state matter (laser) one can asign these dimensions an entanglement, with other words, quantum transitions are correlated over some lattice distances. For γ-rays this concept reveals not only a single elementary charge is involved in radiating off electromagnetic energy.

A new theory predicts that photon energies are quantized as (N^2)hν. Thus, additional, higher photon energies may exist for a given photon frequency. For these phat photons the electric field strength depends linearly on N while the energy density depends upon the square of N. Further, while the stimulated and spontaneous emission probabilities are proportional to inverse square of N, the Rayleigh scattering cross section diminishes by 1/N to eighth power. This reduction in the scattering cross section means increased efficiency for communication and Earth based beamed applications.

We describe a possible statical effect capable of testing the widely accepted principle that, "photons cannot be split." This effect depends on the dispersion spectrum; if the photon is split, it will be essentially identical for both output channels of a beam splitter. On the other hand, if the photons are not split, these two distributions will differ by cause of a contribution from statistical effects in the crystal generating the individual pre-split photons. A possible experiment is described. In addition, the techniques used for the above will be applied to the generation of correlated photon pairs and used to analyze the data analysis algorithms for experiments involving quantum entanglement. Results point to possible non quantum generation of the data patterns currently thought to exclude non quantum clarifications

Current understanding of the ‘photon’ is richer and less simple than the original concept. Since the term 'photonics' first emerged, divisions between ‘real’ and ‘virtual’ photons have been shown illusory; no photon is entirely real, and one is drawn to question reality in the broadest sense. Whether optical phenomena are represented through fields or photons, neither represents what is measured. In path integral quantum mechanics, derivations should not prescribe what intervenes between setup and measurement; the mathematics homes in on possibilities closely conforming to physical interpretation. A case can be made that ‘photonics’ has become more real than the photon.

Is the nature of light observed only indirectly after its interaction with matter? We currently lack an experimental technique which would isolate the nature of light without the use of matter i.e., a detector. We will present additional experiments which, although again indirect, may reveal new understandings (but mostly more questions) about the nature of light.

Within this investigation it is critically questioned, if we really can detect "single photons", respectively the response of a single quantum transition by use of modern photon detectors. In the coarse it is shown that avalanche photodiodes (AVDs) especially in the "Geiger" mode by virtue of its geometry (effective area) indeed can detect "single photon" events as proclaimed by the manufacturers, but they tacitly assume the bandwidth of originating source being not greater than ~ 2 [GHz]. A short excurse to solid state basic physics makes it obvious applying the adequate doping accomplishes "single photon detection". Nevertheless this does not mean there is a 1:1 correspondence between a photon emanated at the source location and that detected within the detector module. Propagation characteristics were simply overlooked during the numerous discussions about "single photon" detection. Practical examples are worked out on hand of a pin- / and a AVD-photodiode.

Using the properties of particles such as their mass, spin, and magnetic moment, and from the relativistic behaviour of matter – which can be derived from the ‘zitterbewegung’ of the electron – we can draw up a model in which a particle is composed of a pair of sub-particles which orbit each other. This model conforms to the quantum mechanical concepts of Louis de Broglie. If we apply this particle model, which has been developed for leptons and quarks, to the photon, then this has some specific implications. - The talk will discuss the aspects of the photon which immediately conform to the model und those, which need some further evaluation.

Photon absorption is considered a two-step process. The first is an adiabatic, thermodynamically reversible step. The second is a dimensional restructuring wherein the electrical and magnetic vectors evolve separately. The 1-D electrical quanta transforms into its 3-D equivalent, electrical charge density, and the magnetic vector having no 3-D equivalent, can only transform to 1-D paramagnetic spin. Accordingly, photon de-coupling distorts time's fabric, giving rise to the characteristic spectral emittance. Consequences of this theory are explored.

The physical observations that light exerts pressure on objects and light is bent by gravity can be considered as evidence that photons do indeed have mass. The theoretical requirement for mass to be convertible to radiant energy which is net electrically neutral yet has alternating positive and negative potentials and an alternating magnetic field leads to the proposal that a photon is simply an electron and positron in a two body orbital union traveling through space.

Diffraction had been described by the distribution of photon paths determined through a Fourier analysis of a scattering lattice. Momentum exchange probabilities are defined at the location of scattering, not the point of detection, contrasting with the Huygens-Fresnel principle. This “Momentum Exchange Theory,” derives from a momentum representation of the classical formulas, replacing the concept of Huygens wavelets. Diffraction results from positive and negative photon dispersions that depend on the lattice geometry and are constrained by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The increments of momentum exchange exhibit probability distributions characteristic of a “random walk.” The analysis produces a simplified prediction for the observed intensity profile for a collimated laser beam diffracted by a straight edge.

The notion of a self-generated light pipe for a photon supports the image of the photon as a soliton. Two photon models are developed. In one, there is a circulating high-energy density that distorts space and creates a finite-radius light pipe. It confines by total internal reflection. In the other, the confinement mode is that of a self-generated graded refractive index (GRIN) optical lens. The models may be equivalent; both indicate the nature of a relativistic boundary condition that should be imposed on Maxwell’s equations to allow inclusion of photons into his model.

The concept of one photon wave function has attracted interest for decades. People often ask if there exists a ‘wave function for the photon’ which can be used to understand the nature of the light. Wave function of the classical electrical field and quantum state of the matter system is described in a semiclassical theory. Therefore, many aspects of the photon can be understood with a classical electromagnetic field and the fluctuations associated with vacuum. However, a complete description of radiation-matter interactions is provided by the quantum theory of radiation. To understand the photon concept deeply, we should quantize the radiation field such as E(+)(r,t) = [sigma]k[epsilon]kake-ivktUk(r) where ak are quantum field operators. Thus wave function for a single photon can be defined as [psi][epsilon](r,t) = <0|E(+)(r,t)|[psi]y>. Details are revisited here from Scully and Zubairy’s quantum optics book and further discussions are included.

In physics today it is no clear consensus on a proper representation of a photon. I will give an overview of the various representations and interpretations that can be associated with the concept of the photon, and highlight physical phenomena that favor certain interpretations. I will discuss the difficulty of associating a photon to electromagnetic waves having large wavelengths. I will also emphasize the problems associated with Fourier decompositions in describing photon “modes”, as this formalism is mainly suitable for continuous waves, and not for particle-like systems. Limitations are demonstrated by a comparison with wavelet transform. Furthermore, the difference between argumentations based on physical mechanisms in contrast to abstract principles such as “indistinguishability”, will be discussed.

I will describe explanations of 1) Michelson-Morley type experiments, 2) Muon decay puzzle, and 3) Doppler’s effect in light. The explanation of the Michelson-Morley type experiments is based on the emission-wave mechanism. The resolution of the muon decay puzzle is based on Pauli’s exclusion principle as applied to a system of interacting muon and electrons surrounding it during its passage in the Earth’s atmosphere. The explanation of the Doppler shift in frequency is based on the analysis of proper locations on the light front. Notably, these explanations do not involve either the time-dilation or the length contraction as in the Special Theory of Relativity. That is to say, these explanations do not use the Lorentz transformations. Nevertheless, they are based on the principle that the speed of light is the same for all the observers, whether accelerated or not.

A spacetime based model of an electric field and EM radiation is described. The model assumes that 4 dimensional spacetime has vacuum fluctuations at all frequencies up to Planck frequency. Gravitational wave theory is used to give insights into EM radiation. From gravitational wave equations it is possible to derive the impedance of spacetime (c^3/G) and a wavelength dependent bulk modulus of spacetime. EM radiation is shown to experience the same impedance as gravitational waves. Experiments are suggested including an experiment that may improve the sensitivity of LIGO to detect gravitational waves.

In attempts to explain dark matter, an important componen is often neglected: particles such as ultrafast protons/neutrons which have a relativistic mass larger than the Planck mass and are thus invisible. At a critical speed the mass of a particle exceeds that of the Planck mass. Its Schwarzschild radius then becomes larger than its de Broglie wavelength, i.e the particle becomes invisible. For protons/neutrons this is approx. 10 exp19 times of its mass at rest. With the assumption that particles with a rest mass of only the order of 10 000 Sun masses still have kept, since the big bang, such a high speed, it can be explained that the major part of the Universes mass appears as “dark”. It also becomes plausible that even today visible mass is generated from virtually the vacuum, simply by decelerating down such fast particles by collisions with slow matter. See also http://www.fli-leibniz.de/www_kog/ then klick *Physics* KEYWORDS: Highly relativistic particles, black microholes, dark matter

Although photons can be extremely energetic and each form of energy is inseparably associated with gravitation, the Theory of Special Relativity nevertheless assumes that the gravitation of photons - always supposed to be static in nature - is vanishingly negligible. For this reason the photon’s gravitation is completely ignored in that theory. This paper, however, casts doubt on the correctness of this assumption and will examine the actual role played by gravitation in electromagnetism.

The Electro-Gravi-Magnetic (EGM) construct is a derived methodology based upon the Polarizable Vacuum (PV) model of gravity and Buckingham Pi Theory (BPT). Their union has produced impressive experimentally verified results consistent with the Standard Models of Particle-Physics and Cosmology. The body of research in this paper is based on the fundamental EGM prediction that Photons are quantized massive propagating units of matter such that, when standard engineering scaling and similarity techniques are applied, the “Many Orders of Magnitude” problem between ElectroStatic and Gravitational Forces is reconciled as a function of Cosmological Expansion.

Antennas in resonant circuits can present an effective aperture (antenna area) much larger than its physical dimensions, in order to absorb energy from the electromagnetic field. Similarly, atoms can absorb energy from fields with energy densities so low that the atom must have an effective diameter on the order of tens of microns. It appears that resonant energy absorption exhibits a sort of 'suction' effect, which causes field energy to converge from a larger into a smaller region. We will discuss how this provides further evidence for the utility of our proposition of a universal, complex tension field (CTF), which can support a multitude of gradients, including the electromagnetic field.

There is great interest in quantum mechanics as an "emergent" phenomenon. The program holds that non-obvious patterns and rules emerge from complicated physical systems. We find a new approach where quantum mechanics should be viewed as an information management tool not derived from physics nor depending on physics. The main accomplishment of quantum-style theory comes in expanding the notion of probability. We construct a map from macroscopic information as ``data'' to quantum probability. The map allows a hidden variable description for quantum states, and efficient use of the helpful tools of quantum mechanics in unlimited circumstances.

Models of global sustainability suggest a near term crash of global economies caused by depletion of world energy resources, rapidly declining industrial output, and food shortages. In scenarios which do not end in catastrophic crash, technology is the key factor. To avoid collapse and ensure global sustainability, the ratio of energy input to product output (“EI/PO”) must be lowered. Advances in the foundations of quantum mechanics have changed scientific understandings of energy, thermodynamics, and quantum relationships, and are providing mechanisms by which the EI/PO ratio can be lowered. Technologies to sustain global economic development are feasible.

Quantum mechanics is founded on the Complementarity Principle proposed by NielsBohr for the first time at Volta Conference, September 1927. The mathematical expression of this founding principle are Heisenberg indeterminacy relations. By its turn Heisenberg relations, as shown by Bohr, are a simple consequence of Fourier ontology. In this stealthy way nonlocality, both in time and space, are deeply rooted in quantum mechanics. In such circumstances the only way to recover causality and a fair locality is to substitute Fourier ontology and assume, since the very beginning, that a finite wave may have a well-defined frequency. The use of local wavelet analyses, in particular Morlet wavelets, allows the derivation of a more general set of uncertainty relations that formally contain Heisenberg relations as a particular case. Since physical theories are validated or invalidated by experiments let them talk! Experiments have shown to the evidence that the limits imposed by Heisenberg relations can be overcome. Indeed, in modern technology, namely the one related with computers and memory devices, is common for the vanguard to refer that they are working beyond Heisenberg limits, or Fourier diffraction limits. Furthermore, other experiments, that shall be discussed, are devised to test the general validity of Heisenberg relations, and consequently Fourier ontology.

How would photon wave-packets describe terrestrial and cosmological phenomena based on their physical experiences? The presentation will be done by a biased, subjectively driven neural network of the speaker. So the objectivity behind the methodology of thinking will be defined. Our ontological thinking is still an emerging phenomenon and must continue to be refined iteratively through generations. We must anchor our logical thinking and modeling approach to map the physical interaction processes in nature by visualizing these otherwise invisible processes. Emulation of nature allowed processes is behind our successful invention of technologies, which, in turn, is at the core of our successful evolution since the early days of evolution starting with the various single cells. Hence it is critically important for us to incorporate process mapping methodology on to the immensely successful modern methodology of modeling observable data. But why choose photons and not electrons? Various photons, in contrast to particles, (i) can bring accurate information about the original or secondary “parents” as in QM, Astrophysics, and optical sensors; (ii) can deliver information as in optical communication; and (iii) can deliver energy as in laser material processing. Our story will be woven based on their mutual non-interacting properties, in contrast to interacting particles. Distinguishing between the mathematical superposition principle and physical superposition effects, experienced by detectors, is our key logical platform. We demonstrate that a large number of ad hoc hypotheses from Classical-, QM-, Relativity- and Astro-Physics can be safely removed to make physics more causal and understandable through common sense logics.

In this essay, a novel approach to fractal cosmology is presented that models the Universe as an iterated function system (IFS) analogous to the famous Mandelbrot Set IFS: z=z2+c, where z and c are complex numbers (M). In theoretical physics, wavefunctions are used to model the complex behaviours of particles. In the IFS framework, complex dynamics are generated via the iteration process where the act of iteration corresponds to 1) a change in the state of the system and 2) a change to the wavefunction itself. In this framework, all observables, including time, are thought to be generated by the iteration process.

We present an attempt of reinterpretation of the standard folklore of the elementary Quantum Mechanics, considered as some ground zero approximation for Local Quantum Field Theory. We get rid of the structureless geometrical point as a proper model for the real quantum/physical particle like electron or photon. To do that we need to substitute standard (wave) functions describing states in orthodox formulations by more complicated objects to have a chance to encode information about the possible internal structure of quantum objects in our formal mathematical description. Here we continue our program of reconsideration of Quantum Mechanics via some categorification in the powerful sheaf framework. It allows us to introduce hidden structures, like hidden degrees of freedom and hidden symmetries, into the game and, as a result, to have a chance for a more careful description and interpretation of the well-known set of standard phenomena, including, e.g., self-interference/interaction, entanglement, decoherence. We start with the description of our base categories also proper for more analytical/computation tools described in companion paper. After that, we introduce various families of sheaves which allow us to describe our version of the Quantum World, where the category of coherent sheaves play the crucial role in the qudit case while quasi-coherent sheaves are proper for the continuous variable case. We consider bridges to the more tradition quantization procedures like geometrical and deformation ones. In companion paper, we apply that machinery to an analysis of the hidden multiscale structure of quantum Wigner-Weyl-Moyal dynamics beyond of the gaussian approximation.

It is shown that the basic equations of quantum theory can be obtained from a straightforward application of logical inference to experiments for which there is uncertainty about individual events and for which the observed frequencies of events are robust with respect to small changes in the conditions under which the experiments are carried out.

We introduce the concept of the probability and current density of a single photon. The wave function of a single photon is represented by the direct product of the three-component electric and magnetic spinors. We show that the Maxwell equations formulated in terms of electric and magnetic spinors of a single photon can be written in terms of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation for a six-component bispinor. This formulation naturally leads to the current and the probability density for a single photon that satisfies the continuity equation.

All physical measurements depend upon finite intervals of space and time. There are only two types of finite power set topologies; (Kolmogorov) T0 topologies with separation axioms, and Not-T0 topologies without separation axioms. Finite T0 topologies have singlet subsets which are distinguishable in the sense of Particles. Finite Not-T0 topologies have singlet subsets which are indistinguishable in the sense of Waves and Ensembles. In this article, focus is placed on the Not-T0 topologies and their association with waves and photons. Numerous examples will be presented.

Although energy-momentum equation is believed to hold only for fast moving fermion particles, it is true for all velocities 0< v< c. The trigonometric relationship pc = mc2 tan, makes the right hand side of the equation to be mc2.sec2, which enables the development of an algorithm. Even though a photon moves by its own intrinsic energy, without application of motive energy pc externally, in photon interactions too an algorithm similar to the fermion algorithm is simulated. The veracity of the above- mentioned algorithms are demonstrated by applying them in combination to the collision of a photon and an electron as in Compton’s experiment.

“Fundamental constants” seem to be discoveries about Nature that are fixed and eternal regardless of theory. Actually constants have no definition outside the theory that uses them. The constants of physics changed radically with quantum mechanics, but their interpretation was unfortunately locked in before that. The nature of fundamental constants is revised by considering physics from a new and more modern point of view. Planck’s constant, for instance, is physically unobservable and entirely human convention. One outcome of our new approach is much higher accuracy in the constants that are really needed.

We present an application of our sheaf-based categorification framework considered in the companion paper to analysis of quantum dynamics inside the Wigner-Weyl-Moyal set-up. The key ingredient of our approach is related to a construction of functorial correspondence between two categories: the first one is described by families of quantum states realized as sections of some category of sheaves, allowing to cover the standard set of quantum phenomena while the second one is a proper arena for the investigation of (non-trivial, non-gaussian) solutions of Wigner-like equations in (at least) the minimal possible pseudodifferential set-up according to the ideology of microlocal analysis. To do that we need to consider together with the usual Hilbert space some underlying topological Hilbertian space with some filtration into subspaces, generated by the action of internal hidden symmetry. As a result, we obtain the analytical description of the whole tower of underlying scales together with the possibility to describe the full quantum evolution, taking into account the abundant hidden quantum structure. It seems that the existence of such rich internal structure is an essential part of any quantum phenomenon in contrast with the classical one. So, we decompose quantum evolution into a full set of multiscales according to orbits constructed by the action of internal hidden symmetry on the properly filtrated underlying Hilbertian space of states. Numerical modeling demonstrates the appearance of a big zoo of nontrivial patterns which enlarge an orthodox set of standard states like coherent ones, gaussians, etc. and allow us to have an additional chance for a possible reinterpretation and description of standard things like entanglement, decoherence, (von Neumann) measurements together with an attempt to understand the main features, e.g., hidden content, of base Quantum Mechanics.

In earlier contributions to this conference series (1,2) a photon model was presented where two Planck charges (Q= e/SQRT fine structure constant) oscillate against each other. It could explain, why electromagnetic radiation is transverse, why E=hv, why the spin of the photon is 1,and why it is self propelliing. Now it is shown that a similar model, again based on the Planck charge,explains essential features of the hydrogen atom and predicts the mass of the electron exactly and that of the proton to better than 0,3 %. Most masses of the heavy (beyond the up and down) quarks and the W, Z and Higgs Boson are predicted with accuracies better than 2 %.One of fhe predicted masses at 70 MeV/c2 cannot be ascribed to a known particle. However, its 1-5 fold is the muon, its twofold is the pion. All other particles are integer multiples of this mass-(2,3) [1] Greulich, K.O., “Single photons cannot be extracted from the light of multi – atom light sources,” Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 6664, 66640 B-9 (2007) [2] Understanding the masses of elementary particles – a step towards understanding the massless photon Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 08121-- 16 (2011) [3] Greulich, K.O., “Calculation of the masses of a l l fundamental elementary particles with an accuracy of approximately 1 %,” J Mod Phys 1, 300 – 302 (2010) See also http://www.fli-leibniz.de/www_kog/ then klick *Physics*

Elementary particles can be explained by an interpretation of quantum mechanics as proposed by Louis de Broglie. Following from this, elementary particles can be described by a model according to which the particle is made up of a pair of sub-particles orbiting each other. The internal binding field inside extends outward from the particle. It causes the field to appear from the outside like a wave, the “pilot wave” described by de Broglie. The pilot wave has a limited spatial extension. Looking at the Fourier transform, this reduces the attainable knowledge about the parameters to a degree described by the uncertainty relation. The properties of the particle itself, however, are not uncertain in this view.

Possible production and detection of collimated beams of low-energy sub-keV neutrinos with the assistance of lasers is examined. For a neodymium laser, the relative probability that recoiling counter-propagating neutrino-antineutrino pairs are created in stimulated emission events instead of photons is about 10-7. The effect generates a coherent monochromatic neutrino beam that overlaps the internal standing-wave photon beam and exits at both ends of the laser. To detect such a (anti)neutrino beam without absorptions, one exploits (anti)neutrino-stimulated de-excitations of lasing levels in a second laser aligned with the first, whose lasable transitions are resonant with the undulation frequency of the (anti)neutrinos.

The unobserved inadequacies in de Broglie’s theory and it’s rectifications through refinements in the analogy implementation between light waves and matter waves is proposed. Thus the modified frequency and phase velocity expressions for matter waves are obtained. The proposed modified frequency expression for matter waves is even ‘derived’ out utilizing de Broglie’s self proposed wavelength (experimentally verified) and group velocity (conceptually adequate) expressions. Concrete mathematical verifications of the proposed modified expressions are presented. A novel General Quantum Mechanical Wave Equation is proposed involving the modified phase velocity expression, which itself can precisely derive out Schrodinger’s and Dirac’s Equation.

While particle physicists around the world rejoice the announcement of discovery of Higgs particle as a momentous event, it is also an opportune moment to assess the physicists' conception of nature. Particle theorists, in their ingenious efforts to unravel mysteries of the physical universe at a very fundamental level, resort to macroscopic many body theoretical methods of solid state physicists. Their efforts render the universe a superconductor of correlated quasi-particle pairs. Experimentalists, devoted to ascertain the elementary constituents and symmetries, depend heavily on numerical simulations based on those models and conform to theoretical slang in planning and interpretation of measurements . It is to the extent that the boundaries between theory/modeling and experiment are blurred. Is it possible that they meandering in Dante's Inferno?

We have introduced a new concept of Observer’s Mathematics (see www.mathrelativity.com). Observer’s Mathematics creates new arithmetic, algebra, geometry, topology, analysis and logic which do not contain the concept of continuum, but locally coincide with the standard fields. We prove that Euclidean Geometry works in sufficiently small neighborhood of the given line, but when we enlarge the neighborhood, non-Euclidean Geometry takes over. We prove that the physical speed is a random variable, cannot exceed some constant, and this constant doesn’t depend on an inertial coordinate system. Certain results and communications pertaining to these theorems are provided Keywords: Observer, arithmetic, derivative, probability, quantum mechanics, Nadezhda effect. PACS: 02.30.-f 03.65.Fd

Unlike classical Doppler shifts, optical Doppler shift supposed to depend only upon the relative velocity between a pair of source and detector; implicating that distant galaxies can non-locally figure out what their various mutual relative velocities are and then set the effective Doppler frequency shifts. This is a non-causal model and hence can lead to erroneous physical conclusions like “Expanding Universe”. We believe that the distance dependent Hubble redshift is due to distant dependent frequency loss by photon wave packets engendered by very weak dissipative property of the Complex Tension Field (CTF), which constitutes free space.

Acceptance of nonlocal quantum correlations requires us to reject special relativity and/or probability theory. We can retain both by modifying quantum mechanics to change the handling of separated systems, as quantum mechanics stands in conflict with local realism only in its treatment of separated systems. Such a program can reconcile quantum mechanics with local realism. An apparent obstacle to this program is the experimental evidence, but we argue that the experiments have been misinterpreted. By way of example, we describe a local realistic account of one important EPRB experiment (Weihs et al) that is claimed to demonstrate nonlocal entanglement. The idea of nonlocal entanglement is seen to be an error. Quantum mechanics and locally realistic theories can be reconciled, and they can each offer useful paradigms for describing systems.

Particle and wave like properties of photons can impressively be demonstrated in Young’s double slit experiment. Usually measurements behind the slit provide information either about the path of the single photons or interference can be observed. Today the question of “which-slit” versus “interference” in the double-slit configuration is as relevant as it was in the early days of quantum mechanics. For gaining some deeper insight we set up an experiment using a pair of photons generated by SPDC pumped with a higher order mode (TEM10). One of the SPDC photons, the signal photon, was applied for illuminating the double slit and measuring the single photon interference behind it. The other photon, the idler photon, was used in a reference measurement at the position of the slit using a polarizing beam splitter. First, the signal photons were obtained at the position of the slit as a function of the position of the entangled idler photons in a coincidence measurement. From this coincidence measurement the “which-slit” information is available. In a second coincidence measurement the far field interference fringes were obtained for signal photons passing through one of the slits, only, selected by the position of the reference detector measuring the entangled idler photons. The newest results will be presented and discussed. This may provide new insights in the wave – particle dualism and thus inspire the discussion about the nature of photons.

In his reply to A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen’s (EPR’s) argument concerning the famous thought experiment that they proposed, the EPR experiment, N. Bohr spoke of it as revealing an “entirely new situation as regards the description of physical phenomena,” which he attempted to explain in terms of his famous concept of complementarity. (How successful he was in this attempt is still under debate.) This paper will offer an analysis of the EPR experiment and the Bohr-Einstein exchanges concerning it from a perspective that is rarely considered in the discussion of the experiment, as originally conceived by EPR—that of probability. The role of probability, which came into play in the later versions of the experiment (which used discrete variables, rather than continuous ones as in the original version), and related developments, such Bell’s theorem and the Kochen-Specker theorem, was obscured in the discussion of the original EPR experiment, including by Einstein and Bohr. This was primarily because this experiment dealt with predictions with probability equal to unity. Nevertheless, as I argue in this paper, probabilistic considerations are crucial in considering the experiment, and they played a key, if implicit, role in Bohr’s argument. As is well known, the EPR thought experiment (for continuous variables) could not be performed in a laboratory, because the particular quantum state considered by EPR is not normalizable. However, certain parametric down-conversion experiments with photons statistically approximate the original EPR experiment for continuous variables, and as such, I shall argue, expressly bring into the foreground the probabilistic dimensions of the original EPR thought experiment, as do other paradigmatic quantum experiments, beginning with the double-slit experiment. I shall consider these actual quantum experiments from this perspective. I conclude with a brief discussion of what the problematic of the EPR experiment tells us about the na

At what level of energy does a classical experiment become quantum mechanical? Where does classical electromagnetic theory apply and where do we have to turn to quantum mechanics? Is there a sharp line between these two theories? And if so: why, and why at this level? Or if not: what are the common features of the formalisms, and what are the differences? With our upcoming experimental work, where we will be studying the transition from classical electromagnetic pulses to single photon level pulses, we hope to be able to gain some insight into these challenging questions. A detailed presentation of this experiment and preliminary results will be presented.

Nowadays, it is commonly admitted that the experimental violation of Bell’s inequalities that was successfully demonstrated by many experimenters. But thescientific story may not be envisioned so clearly: it starts with the original paper of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR), then goes through the works of D. Bohm, to finally proceed to Bell’s inequalities. In this communication is proposed an alternative reading of this history, showing that modern experiments significantly deviate from the original spirit of the EPR paper. It is concluded that current violations of Bell’s inequalities cannot be considered as an ultimate proof of the completeness of quantum physics.

The symmetrization postulate asserts that the state of particular species of particles can only be of one permutation symmetry type: symmetric for bosons and antisymmetric for fermions. We report some experimental results showing that pairs of photons indistinguishable by all degrees of freedom can exhibit not only a bosonic behavior, as expected for photons, but also a surprisingly sharp fermionic behavior under specific conditions.

It is shown that both the visibility V = 1/2 predicted for two-photon interference experiments with two independent sources and the visibility V = 1 predicted for two-photon interference experiments with a parametric down-conversion source can be explained in terms of a locally causal, adaptive, corpuscular, classical (non-Hamiltonian) dynamical system. Hence, there is no need to invoke quantum theory to explain the so-called nonclassical effects in the interference of signal and idler photons in parametric down conversion and a revision of the commonly accepted criterion of the nonclassical nature of light is called for.

We discuss a discrete-event, particle-based simulation approach which reproduces the statistical distributions of Maxwell's theory and quantum theory by generating detection events one-by-one. This event-based approach, which gives a unified cause-and-effect description of quantum optics experiments such as single-photon Mach-Zehnder interferometer, Wheeler's delayed choice, quantum eraser, double-slit, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm and Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiments, has been extended to neutron interferometry experiments. We illustrate the approach by application to single-photon Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm experiments and single-neutron interferometry experiments that violate a Bell inequality.

It is shown that data produced by state-of-the-art Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm (EPRB) experiments does not support the hypothesis that the statistics of this data is described by quantum theory, although it violates Bell inequalities. Event-based simulation models providing a cause-and-effect description of real EPRB experiments at a level of detail which is not covered by quantum theory, reproduce the results of quantum theory of this thought experiment, indicating that there is no fundamental obstacle for laboratory EPRB experiments to produce data which is in concert with the quantum theoretical description.

The reason of a paradox, associated with the wave-particle duality is analyzed on the example of the Wiener experiments. It is shown that precisely the Born’s rule results in this paradox. We propose a new interpretation of the wave-particle duality and associated new rule, connecting the corpuscular and wave properties. This new interpretation uses the classic images of particle and wave in explaining the quantum mechanical and optical phenomena, does not result in paradox, and does not contradict to the modern quantum concepts. It is shown that the Born’s rule follows immediately from proposed new rule as an approximation.