Field Guide to Illumination (SPIE Press Book)
The content in this Field Guide starts with traditional illumination in imaging systems, followed by the recent advances in computer-aided design of high efficiency nonimaging illumination optics, along with the modern source models that support these techniques. Sections on the illumination of visual displays are included as well as some important topics on architectural illumination.
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Table of Contents
- Glossary ix
- Basic Quantities in Illumination 1
- Flux, Irradiance 1
- Solid Angle 2
- Intensity, Radiance, Projected Solid Angle 3
- Solid Angle and Projected Solid Angle 4
- Spectroradiometric and Radiometric Quantities 5
- Photometric Quantities 6
- Matrix of Basic Quantities 7
- Photopic and Scotopic Vision 8
- Luminous Efficacy 9
- Typical Values of Illumination Quantities 10
- Averaged LED Intensity 11
- Color 12
- Light Source Color 12
- Chromaticity Diagram 13
- Color Temperature and CCT 14
- Dominant Wavelength and Purity 15
- Surface Color 16
- Color of Fluorescent Surfaces 17
- Color Rendering and CRI 18
- Calculating CRI; Problems with CRI 19
- Sources for Illumination 20
- Typical Source Parameters 20
- Tungsten Lamps 21
- Tungsten/Sunlight 22
- Fluorescent Lamps 23
- H.P Sodium / Metal Halide 24
- Xenon/White LED 25
- LEDs 26
- Illumination Properties of Materials 27
- Transmittance, Reflectance, Absorptance 27
- Reflectance Factor and BRDF 28
- Harvey / ABg Scatter Model 29
- Directional Properties of Materials 30
- Retroreflectors—Geometry 31
- Retroreflectors—Radiometry 32
- Illumination Transfer 33
- Lambertian and Isotropic Models 33
- Known Intensity 34
- Known Flux, Known radiance 35
- Average Projected Solid Angle, Form Factor 36
- Configuration Factor 37
- Useful Configuration Factor 38
- Useful Form Factor 39
- Irradiance from a Uniform Lambertian Disk 40
- Cosine Fourth and Increase Factor 41
- Known Irradiance 42
- ω, Ω, NA, and f/# for a Circular Cone 43
- Invariance of Radiance 44
- Illumination in Imaging Systems 45
- Image Radiance 45
- Limitations on Equivalent Radiance 46
- Image Irradiance 47
- f/#, Working f/#, T/#, NA, Omega 48
- Flux and Étendue 49
- Illumination in Nonimaging Systems 50
- Generalized Étendue 50
- Concentration 51
- Skew Invariant 52
- Fibers, Lightpipes, and Lightguides
- 53 x32419
- Fibers—Basic Description 53
- NA and Étendue 54
- Fiber Bundles 55
- Tapered Fibers and Tapered Bundles 56
- Classical Illumination Designs 57
- Spherical Reflector 57
- Abbe Illumination 58
- Köhler Illumination 59
- Ellipsoidal and Paraboloidal Mirrors 60
- Spectral Control and Heat Management 61
- Illumination in Visual Afocal Systems 62
- Uniform Illumination 63
- Searchlight 63
- Source at a Distance 64
- Mixing Rod 65
- Bent Lightpipes 66
- Integrating Sphere 67
- Lenslet Arrays 68
- Small Reflectors, Lenslet Arrays, and Facets 69
- Uniform Illumination 63
- Searchlight 63
- Source at a Distance 64
- Mixing Rod 65
- Bent Lightpipes 66
- Integrating Sphere 67
- Lenslet Arrays 68
- Small Reflectors, Lenslet Arrays, and Facets 69
- Source Models 70
- Source Modeling Overview 70
- Source Modeling Methods 71
- LED Modeling 72
- Incandescent Lamp Modeling 73
- Arc and Fluorescent Lamp Modeling 74
- Nonimaging Compound Concentrators 75
- Nonimaging Compound Concentrators 75
- Concentrators as Luminaires 76
- Compound Parabolic Concentrator 77
- CEC and CHC 78
- Tailored-Edge-Ray Design 79
- Faceted Reflector Design 80
- Advanced Nonimaging Optic Design 81
- Displays 82
- Displays—Overview 82
- Backlit Display Components 83
- Backlit Display: Source and Injector 84
- Backlit Display: Lightguide, Features, Reflector 85
- Backlit Display: Polarizers, LC, and BEF 86
- Projection Displays 87
- Characterizing Illumination Systems 88
- Mapping Flat-Fielding Sources 88
- Goniophotometers 89
- Types A, B, C Goniometer Coordinate Systems 90
- "Snapshot" Goniophotometers 91
- Software Modeling 92
- Software Modeling Discussion 92
- Architectural Illumination 93
- Role of Light in Architecture 93
- Light and Visual Performance 94
- Eye Adaptation and Visual Fields 94
- Apparent Brightness 95
- Lighting Design 96
- Layering of Light 96
- Luminaire for Open Plan Office 97
- Photometric Report and VCP 97
- Spacing Criteria and Coefficient of Utilization 98
- Daylight Compensation 99
- Daylight Factor 99
- Daylight Strategies 100
- Exterior Lighting 101
- Nighttime Visibility Criteria 101
- Recommended Illuminance for Façades 102
- Façade Floodlighting for Uniform Illumination 103
- Outdoor Areas Illumination 104
- Special Considerations for Outdoor Fixtures 105
- Parking 106
- Outdoor Luminaire Transverse Distribution 106
- Outdoor Luminaire Lateral Distribution 107
- Roadway Lighting 108
- Criteria for Roadway Lighting 108
- Small Target Visibility 109
- Recommended Roadway Luminaires 110
- Recommended Lamps for Roadway Luminaires 111
- Appendix 112
- Equation Summary 112
- CIE Illuminants A and D65 120
- xbar , ybar, zbar, V(Lambda), and Vprime(Lambda) 123
- Archaic and Arcane Units of Illumination 126
- Bibliography 127
- Index 134
Introduction
In writing this Field Guide to Illumination, the first task was to decide what topics to
include. Illumination tends to mean different things to different people. Certainly any
subject matter under the purview of the CIE, Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (the International Commission on Illumination) or the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) must be considered. Some particular areas pertaining to imaging systems and nonimaging optics are potentially overlooked. Thus, we chose to address a number of topics that fall under the following three categories: imaging system illumination, nonimaging optics for illumination, and architectural illumination, which all call upon principles of radiometry and photometry. Although this is not a guide to radiometry, enough information on the subject is included to make this manual a self-contained document. Additionally, those optical properties of materials that are pertinent to illumination, such as surface color, scattering, and retroreflection are described.
The content in this Field Guide starts with traditional illumination in imaging systems,
followed by the recent advances in computer-aided design of high efficiency nonimaging
illumination optics, along with the modern source models that support these techniques.
Sections on the illumination of visual displays are included. There was not enough room for a complete treatment of architectural illumination, but some important topics are included at the end of this Field Guide.
The notation and terminology are consistent throughout this Guide, but we do not lose sight of the fact that they may not be consistent in the field. Examples of alternate notation and terminology are presented.
Angelo Arecchi
Hebron, NH
R. John Koshel
Tucson, AZ
Tahar Messadi
Fayetteville, AR
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