This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9660, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and Conference Committee listing.

Thermography and different variants of holography (holographic interferometry, speckle interferometry, shearography) are full-field non-contact techniques which are used in nondestructive testing applications. In particular they are attractive for damage detection in composite materials compared to other methods measuring in one point and which require scanning and contact with the samples, like ultrasounds. Currently thermography is a step forward compared to holographic techniques for this application. Indeed it is easier to interpret. Many thermography configurations and variants exist, from exciting sources to post-processing. Such a variety exists also among the holographic techniques but to a less extent. We will see how these techniques can share some aspects and what distinguish them. Also the complementarity of both will be addressed and how to combine them. At last we will discuss how processing developed for thermography can benefit to holography and vice-versa, specifically in the domain of composite materials.

This paper presents a comparison between multiple image denoising algorithms in the context of speckle noise in phase data from digital holography. Several denoising algorithms are tested on simulated noisy speckled phase and images. The paper shows that curvelets and symlets demonstrated most efficiency, in terms both of gain in the SNR ratio and of phase error. This approach surpasses the algorithms used for the SAR images, which, however, use the same noise model as inherent to the phase fringe patterns.

This paper introduces a new approach to process holographic specklegrams that gives direct access to local phase gradients. For a full in-plane strain mapping at least three different sensitivity vectors have to be used, if only one principal strain component is of interest two sensitivity vectors suffices. The fields in two defocused planes are calculated by propagating the focused field a known distance numerically. Based on the fields in the three planes a correlation function is formulated that is used to estimate the local phase gradients generated by stressing the sample. The phase and phase gradients for the different sensitivity vectors are then further combined to give the in-plane deformation and strain fields, respectively. The technique was demonstrated on a plate stressed uniaxially. Two illumination directions were used symmetrically oriented in the horisontal plane in relation to the surface normal to the plate. A significant reduction in phase noise was demonstrated. In addition the in-plane strain was estimated to be 0.8 mstrain with a standard deviation of 10 μstrain using an evaluation window size of 15x15 pixels. The average speckle correlation for this case was found to be 0.92. This technique promises to be a valuable tool whenever high quality measurements of strain fields or surface tilts are of interest.

The authors developed an achromatic speckle pattern interferometer able to measure in-plane displacements in polar coordinates. It has been used to measure combined stresses resulting from the superposition of mechanical loading and residual stresses. Relaxation methods have been applied to produce on the surface of the specimen a displacement field that can be used to determine the amount of combined stresses. Two relaxation methods are explored in this work: blind hole-drilling and indentation. The first one results from a blind hole drilled with a high-speed drilling unit in the area of interest. The measured displacement data is fitted in an appropriate model to quantify the stress level using an indirect approach based on a set of finite element coefficients. The second approach uses indentation, where a hard spherical tip is firmly pressed against the surface to be measured with a predetermined indentation load. A plastic flow occurs around the indentation mark producing a radial in-plane displacement field that is related to the amount of combined stresses. Also in this case, displacements are measured by the radial interferometer and used to determine the stresses by least square fitting it to a displacement field determined by calibration. Both approaches are used to quantify the amount of bending stresses and moment in eight sections of a 12 m long 200 mm diameter steel pipe submitted to a known transverse loading. Reference values of bending stresses are also determined by strain gauges. The comparison between the four results is discussed in the paper.

Estimation of the uncertainty is an essential requisite for high-end measurement systems. In this communication we derive an expression to evaluate the standard uncertainty of the phase-difference measurements resulting from Fourier and quasi-Fourier transform digital holographic interferometry. We apply the law of propagation of uncertainty, as defined in the “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” (GUM), to the digital reconstruction of two holograms by Fourier transformation and to the subsequent calculation of the phase change between the holographic reconstructions. The resulting expression allows the evaluation of the uncertainty of the phase difference at every pixel in the reconstruction plane in terms of the measured hologram brightness values and their uncertainty at the whole of the pixels of the original digital holograms. This expression is simplified by assuming a linear dependence between the uncertainty and the local value of the original holograms; in that case, the local uncertainty of the phase difference can be evaluated from the local complex values of the reconstructed holograms. We assess the behavior of the method by comparing the predicted standard uncertainty with the sample variance obtained from experiments conducted under repeatability conditions, and found a good correlation between both quantities. This experimental procedure can be also used to calibrate the parameters of the linear function relating the uncertainty with the local value of the digital holograms, for a given set of operational conditions of the acquisition device.

Single Beam phase reconstruction techniques are well established approaches for wavefront reconstructions in lens-less optical configurations. These approaches use a series of intensities captured at various defocus distances and rely on successful algorithms that use these data for the wave-field reconstruction. The usefulness of these methods has been demonstrated in the x-ray regime and the optical domain, i.e. in the area of life-sciences and the micro-optical metrology. However, the recovery of volume speckle fields has been made with varying degree of success, because conventional methods with equidistant measurement planes recover either only slowly varying (in case of deterministic paraxial methods) or fast varying wave-fields (in case of iterative wave-propagation based methods). A further critical aspect is the choice of the measurement planes, because specific sets of spatial frequencies may not be visible at the captured defocus planes. Usually this ill-posed problem is combated using regularization techniques giving increased computational effort with limited accuracy. This work reports an optimal single beam wave-field reconstruction with application to speckle field recovery for a wide range of spatial frequencies including both lower and higher spatial frequencies. The principle of this technique is based on cascading iterative and deterministic phase retrieval techniques as well as employing a plane selection strategy that ensures the support for all spatial frequencies for the given set of measurement planes. Reconstructions with this hybrid approach are fast, accurate, and unlike conventional methods do not require the use of regularization techniques.

Cadmium(Cd) is an environmental contaminant heavy metal having high toxicity. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Cd on growth dynamics of plants in the order of sub-nanometers, using a novel optical interference technique, named as Statistical Interferometry Technique(SIT). In this study, a special attention is paid to the short-term growth fluctuation in measurements of the in-plane displacement of the leaf. In the experiments, Chinese chives(Allium Tuberosum) were used as samples, and the growth and its nanometric growth fluctuations were measured for Cd exposure. This nanometric fluctuation that was found in our previous study, is an intrinsic property of the plant and is referred to as nanometric intrinsic fluctuations(NIF). The effect of Cd on plant growth fluctuation, i.e., NIF of growth rate was observed for three days continuously by exposing their roots to four CdCl₂ concentrations 0, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1mM. The standard deviation(SD) of NIF of healthy leaf was 4.0nm/mm sec, and it reduced to 3.1nm/mm sec and 1.8nm/mm sec after 6 hours and 54 hours after exposing to 0.1mM Cd, respectively. For smaller concentration of 0.01mM, less reduction in SD of NIF was confirmed compared to those for 0.1mM. In addition, under 0.001mM, a significant recovery could be observed after a rapid reduction in the first 6 hours. The results imply that NIF can be a measure for heavy metal stress and is sensitive enough to detect the influence of smaller amount of Cd(from 0.001mM to 0.1mM) on plants in a very early stage.

The coefficient autocorrelation is a descriptor used in many applications with biospeckle technique. However the analysis of results is through of interpretation of graphs curves. In this paper us proposal a fast algorithm for the linearizing of autocorrelation coefficient; through of the average of slope between autocorrelation coefficients and thus the computing machine can take decisions for many application; for example: fruit classification, maturity detection, storage detection, seeds classification etc.

Changes in scatterers dimensions, size proportions, scattering coefficients, refractive index etc. can be detected and quantified using laser speckle analysis. In this study, we consider samples designed for this study with controlled scatterers sizes and proportions. A good agreement between experimental results performed on media with controlled parameters, fruits undergoing maturation, and Monte Carlo simulations is demonstrated.

Fringe patterns carry valuable spatio-temporal information about the object being investigated. Fringe processing, however, is hampered by the presence of speckle noise which is a by-product of coherent metrology of optically rough surfaces. A speckle noise-robust fringe processing algorithm we developed based on the statistical properties of fringe patterns is revisited. The algorithm evaluates the change in the standard deviation of fringe patterns yielding a 2-D contrast map of spatial frequencies along the transverse directions. Application of the algorithm along the axial direction has not been reported. Here a technique for enhanced axial localization of rough test objects based on the statistical fringe processing algorithm is demonstrated experimentally. The main advantages of the localization technique are robustness against speckle noise and high axial resolution in the range of the light source wavelength.

This work describes a new method to obtain shapes on surfaces based on digital holographic interferometry (DHI). Research has been reported with different methods, such as fringe projection. DHI, being a full-field technique, decreases the number of images to capture and the processing time, besides having a high resolution. Our proposed method consists in obtaining the shape of the object and a reference plane using an out-of-plane interferometer. The phase difference of the recorded holograms is achieved by means of the Fourier transform method. This resulting phase has a tilt produced by the angle of the object beam relative to the optical axis, which is removed by subtracting the phase difference from the reference plane. The method was tested in two cylinders, one with dimensions of 17.5x23.4mm reconstructed with a height sensitivity of 4.1mm, and another with two levels: one half with dimensions of 16.08x12.75mm, and the other half of 19.07x12.75mm; the result was a successfully reconstructed shape, with a height sensitivity of 2.7mm.

A minimum invasive but high resolution method for residual stress analysis of ceramic coatings made by thermal spraycoating using a pulsed laser for flexible hole drilling is described. The residual stresses are retrieved by applying the measured surface data for a model-based reconstruction procedure. While the 3D deformations and the profile of the machined area are measured with digital holography, the residual stresses are calculated by FE analysis. To improve the sensitivity of the method, a SLM is applied to control the distribution and the shape of the holes. The paper presents the complete measurement and reconstruction procedure and discusses the advantages and challenges of the new technology.

In this paper, digital holographic interferometry (DHI) is implemented to investigate the effect of upward decreasing gradient magnetic field on the temperature and temperature profile of diffusion flame created by butane torch burner. In the experiment double exposure digital holographic interferometry is used to calculate the temperature distribution inside the flame. First a digital hologram is recorded in the absence of flame and second hologram is recorded in the presence of flame. Phases in two different states of air (i.e. in absence of flame and presence of flame) are reconstructed individually by numerical method. The phase difference map is obtained by subtracting the reconstructed phase of air in presence and absence of flame. Refractive index inside the flame is obtained from the axi-symmetric phase difference data using the Abel inversion integral. Temperature distribution inside the flame is calculated from the refractive index data using Lorentz - Lorentz equation. Experiment is conducted on a diffusion flame created by butane torch burner in the absence of magnetic field and in presence of upward decreasing gradient magnetic field. Experimental investigations reveal that the maximum temperature inside the flame increases under the influence of upward decreasing magnetic field.

We present digital holographic interferometry (DHI) in the long-wave infrared for monitoring the deformation under cryogenic conditions of a segmented focal plane array to be used in a space mission. The long wavelength was chosen for its ability to allow measurement of displacements 20 times larger than DHI in the visible and which were foreseen with the test object under such temperature changes. The specimen consists of 4x4 mosaic of detectors assembled on a frame. It was required to assess the global deformation of the ensemble, the deformation of each detector, and piston movements of each of them with respect to their neighbors. For that reason we incorporated the temporal phase unwrapping by capturing a sufficiently high number of holograms between which the phase does not suffer strong variations. At last since the specimen exhibit specular reflectivity at that wavelength, it is illuminated through a reflective diffuser.

We present investigation of interferometric methods for vibration mode identification to be applied on shakers in industrial environment. We consider long wave infrared ESPI in time-averaged mode with the use of phase-stepping which allows transforming Bessel fringes, typical to the time averaging, into phase values which provide a better way for identification of vibration mode shapes. The use of long laser wavelength allows measuring larger amplitudes of vibrations compared to what is achieved in visible light. Also longer wavelengths allow lower sensitivity to external perturbations. Time-averaged phase-stepped shearography in visible is also used as a compared alternative to LWIR ESPI for working in industrial environments. Although not demonstrated here, an interesting feature for the future investigations on LWIR ESPI is its potentiality of simultaneous temperature measurement during vibrations.

Transient response analysis is widely used in mechanical systems; with a single stimulation the mechanical behavior of the system could be characterized. Commonly, the entrance used in transient systems is a delta function, due to the possibility of stimulate the system in a wide range of frequencies. Unfortunately, the Dirac function is not easy to achieve. For this work we stimulated a mechanical shaker with a step function obtaining a Gaussian-type displacement of the spike. The spike is then used as the entrance signal for a square elastic plate. The measurement of the convolved transient response of an elastic plate is obtained by means of a high speed camera working at 10,000 fps with an out of plane speckle interferometer. Experimental results are shown.

In mechanics of materials it is important to know the stress-strain relation of each material in order to understand their behaviour under different loads. The brick is one of the most used materials in structural mechanics and they are always under loads. This work is implemented using one beam and the speckles created by its reflection. Strain field measurement with noninvasive techniques is needed in order to sense rubber-like materials. We present an experimental approach that describes the mechanical behavior of structural materials under compression tests, which are done in a universal testing machine. In this work we show an evaluation of the displacement field obtained by digital image correlation allowing us to evaluate the heterogeneous strain field evolution observed during these test.

In this paper, digital holographic interferometric method is proposed for the measurement of diffusion coefficient of alcohol in distilled water. The diffusion coefficient is measured directly from the phase difference of the interferograms. In addition to this the alcohol-water diffusion process is characterized by dimensionless parameters such as Schmidt number, Prandtl number, Lewis number and Reynolds number.

A spectrometer based on the application of dynamic speckles will be disclosed. The method relies on scattering of primarily coherent radiation from a slanted rough surface. The scattered radiation is collected on a detector array and the speckle displacement is monitored during a change in the incident wavelength. The change of wavelength gives an almost linear phaseshift across the scattering surface resulting in an almost linear shift of the speckle pattern, which is subsequently monitored. It is argued that frequency changes close to 100 MHz can be probed using a common CMOS array. Experiments showing agreement with theoretical predictions will be given. An extension of the method, with which fast wavelength changes in the GHz regime can be probed, will be discussed but not experimentally verified. This method relies on shearing the dynamic speckle pattern across a cylindrical lens array as it’s well-known within spatial filtering velocimetry.

The stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) signal in diffuse light has been recorded using an optical imaging technique based on spatial modulation. A frequency doubled Q-switched Nd-YAG laser (wavelength 532 nm) has been used to pump a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) cylinder. The frequency tripled (355 nm) beam from the same laser is used to pump an optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The Stokes beam (from the OPO) has been tuned to 631.27 nm so that the frequency difference between the pump and the Stokes beams fits a Raman active vibrational mode of the PMMA molecule (2956 cm^-1). The two laser beams were overlapped in time and space on a PMMA cylinder resulting in a gain of the Stokes beam through the SRS process of about 4.0 %. For separating the SRS signal, the pump beam was spatially modulated with fringes produced in a Michelson interferometer. The gain of the Stokes beam due to SRS was separated from the Stokes beam background in the Fourier domain. The intensity image has been calculated from an inverse Fourier transform of the separated gain signal. The intensity image shows a gain of the Stokes beam at the area of overlap between the pump beam fringes and the Stokes beam compared to the undisturbed surrounding. The results show that spatial modulation of the pump beam is a promising method to separate the weak SRS signal from the Stokes beam background. This technique can be applied to pin-point specific species and record its spatial and temporal distribution.

It is well known that the Young interference experiment is the fundamental setup to combine two beams and to construct the phase modulated light. Moreover, homodyne phase demodulator is based on signal decoding in back Fourier focal plane using bicell photodetector (B-PD). On the above base, we propose a novel experimental approach to the signals demodulation by using the optical interferometer which operates in homodyne mode, combined with liquid crystal spatial light modulators operating both phase as speckle modulator. Dynamic phase changes between the two beams can be controlled by monopixel liquid crystals cell placed in one branch of the interferometer. A phase modulation effect in a signal arm of interferometer is observed as a dynamic shift of the speckle pattern. Simple arithmetic combination of signals from B-PD placed in speckle pattern plane is only one necessary numerical manipulation to obtain exactly phase difference. Concept of signals demodulation in the Fourier focal plane can be only used for exactly defined geometrical (B-PD as well as Young interferometer) and physical parameters (polarization, wavelength). We optimize the setup geometry to obtain extremely high measurement resolution. In this paper we focus on the principles of operation of each part of the system as well as discussion their requirement in order to increase the signal to noise ratio.

Physical and mechanical properties of cork allow it solving many types of problems and make it suitable for a wide range of applications. Our objective consists into studying cork’s water absorption by analyzing the dynamic speckle field using the temporal correlation method. Experimental results show that the medium was inert at first with the absence of activity, and as the cap cork was more and more immersed into water, the presence of the activity becomes more significant. This temporal parameter revealed the sensibility of biospeckle method to monitor the amount of absorbed water by cork caps.

Due to the modulo-2π periodicity of the interferometric principle and diffraction occurring at steep surface height variations, the electronic speckle-pattern interferometry (ESPI) is restricted generally to continuous surfaces with minor structural density. With a dynamic reference wavefront adapted to the measurement object, the resolution of steep or filigree areas is feasible. The problems of the generation of high-resolution dynamic wavefronts (HRDWs) will be discussed, and a new method for the realization is presented. This paper shows first simulation results for the generation of HRDWs and their possible applications in ESPI.

The early diagnosis of cancer is essential since it can be treated more effectively when detected earlier. Visual inspection followed by histological examination is, still today, the gold standard for clinicians. However, a large number of unnecessary surgical procedures are still performed. New diagnostics aids are emerging including the recent techniques of optical coherence tomography (OCT) which permits non-invasive 3D optical biopsies of biological tissues, improving patient’s quality of life. Nevertheless, the existing bulk or fiber optics systems are expensive, only affordable at the hospital and thus, not sufficiently used by physicians or cancer’s specialists as an early diagnosis tool. We developed two different microsystems based on Mirau interferometry and applied for swept source OCT imaging: one for dermatology and second for gastroenterology. In both cases the architecture is based tem based on spectrally tuned Mirau interferometry. The first configuration, developed in the frame of the European project VIAMOS, includes an active array of 4x4 Mirau interferometers. The matrix of Mirau reference mirrors is integrated on top of an electrostatic vertical comb-drive actuator. In second configuration, developed in the frame of Labex ACTION, we adapted VIAMOS technology to develop an OCT endomicroscope with a single-channel passive Mirau interferometer.

Recently, a demand for the precise observation of a multilayered paint system have been increasing such as in car industry. However, conventional methods can observe only the surface condition of the paint. In this study, we propose a new method to observe a three dimensional drying process of the multilayered paint using functional Optical Coherence Tomography (fOCT). In this method, the dynamic speckles that appear in OCT signal were utilized. The temporal properties of the dynamic speckle is related to the Brownian motion of the scattering particles in the paint, and thus depends on the drying condition. Autocorrelation function of the speckle signal was calculated and its width, i.e., correlation length (CL), was used as a measure. In the experiment, two layer system consisting of different paints on the thin glass plate, and the drying process was observed for two hours. In the second layer exposed to the air, CL showed a monotonic increment indicating a steady progress of the drying process while in the first layer (deeper layer), CL decreased slightly for the first 50min. and then started to increase. This implies that drying process has been reversed due to the transport of the solvent from the second layer in the early stage. Such a complicated drying process of the multilayer system could also be confirmed from OCT signal image of the interface between the layers. This analysis was performed using the phase term obtained in the OCT interference signal with an accuracy of 0.1μm.

In the present work, application of digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) was applied for the measurement of mechanical/elastic and thermal properties of fibre reinforced plastics (FRP). Digital speckle pattern interferometric technique was used to characterize the material constants (Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus) of the composite material. Poisson ratio based on plate bending and Young’s modulus based on plate vibration of material are measured by using DSPI. In addition to this, the coefficient of thermal expansion of composite material is also measured. To study the thermal strain analysis, a single DSPI fringe pattern is used to extract the phase information by using Riesz transform and the monogenic signal. The phase extraction from a single DSPI fringe pattern by using Riesz transform does not require a phase-shifting system or spatial carrier. The elastic and thermal parameters obtained from DSPI are in close agreement with the theoretical predictions available in literature.

In optical metrology, non-destructive methods allow studying some mechanical properties of the samples to investigate by using light, which leads to non-contact testing. This paper shows recent results of the application of non-destructive optical methods based on Digital Holographic Interferometry to the study biological tissues; particularly vocal folds and the tympanic membrane. The displacements data and its corresponding patterns found generates information on its characteristics that can be correlated with their physiological state. These methods prove to be an alternative viable and appropriate to characterize these soft tissues so important for the proper function of the human body. The result shows a potential impact on its possible uses in the field of otorhinolaryngology.

The speckle interferometry is a useful deformation measurement method. The speckle interferometry has been improved to the electronic speckle pattern interferometry and the high resolution deformation measurement method by introducing TV and fringe scanning technologies. However, when the method is employed to the deformation measurement of a large object, the intensity of the object beam in optical system has to be forced to use a dark object beam. Then, a problem concerning unresolved speckles happens in the fringe analysis process in the case of a low ratio between object and reference beams’ intensities. In this paper, the process of occurrence of this problem is discussed concerning the ratio of these beams. Under results of discussion, the solution of the problem has been proposed. The deformation by bending a mechanical beam is analyzed under the condition that happens to the trouble concerning unresolved speckles. The validity of the new method is confirmed by the experimental results.

Increasing capabilities in precision manufacturing and micro technology are accompanied by increasing demands for high precision industrial metrology systems. With respect to optical metrology especially the lateral resolution capabilities of an optical profiler gains in importance. If, in addition, nanometer height resolution is needed interferometers seem to be the most promising instruments. This contribution focuses on interference microscopes using objective lenses of high numerical apertures in order to reach high lateral resolution. Increasing the numerical aperture influences both, the envelope as well as the phase of interference signals obtained by a so-called depth scan, i. e. changing the distance between the measuring object and the interference microscope. The depth of focus of a high numerical aperture objective limits the width of the signal envelope simultaneously increasing the fringe spacing which results in a longer effective wavelength. We demonstrate the practical consequences of these effects using a self-assembled Linnik interferometer of 0.9 numerical aperture. Phenomena resulting from concrete measuring objects will be discussed: Step height structures may lead to a further change of the effective wavelength as a consequence of changes in the signal spectrum due to interference phenomena within a single Airy disk. This may influence the lateral resolution of an interference microscope for a specific measurement task. In addition, a strong dependence of the measurement results on either TE or TM polarization occurs if step height structures are measured. Modeling the polarization dependence requires to consider the angle dependence of Fresnel reflection coefficients and edge diffraction phenomena. Although the maximum measurable surface slope of a tilted surface can be increased by increasing the numerical aperture there is a limitation due to the fringe density compared to the optical resolution of the microscope as it will be demonstrated by measurement results obtained from a chirp-shaped surface standard.

Modernized theory of dynamic speckle interferometry is considered. It is shown that the time-average radiation intensity has the parameters characterizing the wave phase changes. It also brings forward an expression for time autocorrelation function of the radiation intensity. It is shown that with the vanishing averaging time value the formulas transform to the prior expressions. The results of experiments with high-cycle material fatigue and cell metabolism analysis conducted using the time-averaging technique are discussed. Good reproducibility of the results is demonstrated. It is specified that the upgraded technique allows analyzing accumulation of fatigue damage, detecting the crack start moment and determining its growth velocity with uninterrupted cyclic load. It is also demonstrated that in the experiments with a cell monolayer the technique allows studying metabolism change both in an individual cell and in a group of cells.

A Fizeou interferometer with instantaneous phase-shifting ability using a Wollaston prism is designed. to measure dynamic phase change of objects, a high-speed video camera of 10^-5s of shutter speed is used with a pixelated phase-mask of 1024 × 1024 elements. The light source used is a laser of wavelength 532 nm which is split into orthogonal polarization states by passing through a Wollaston prism. By adjusting the tilt of the reference surface it is possible to make the reference and object beam with orthogonal polarizations states to coincide and interfere. Then the pixelated phase-mask camera calculate the phase changes and hence the optical path length difference. Vibration of speakers and turbulence of air flow were successfully measured in 7,000 frames/sec.

A novel approach for wide angle registration and display of double exposure digital holograms of 3D objects under static or step-wise load is presented. The registration setup concept combines digital Fourier holography with synthetic aperture (SA) technique, which is equivalent to usage of a wide angle, spherically curved detector. The coherent object wavefields extracted from a pair of acquisitions collected in the synthetic aperture double exposure digital holographic interferometry scheme (SA DEDH) are utilized as the input for two different scenarios of investigation, which include (i) numerical determination of 2D phase difference fringes representing deformation of an object and (ii) physical displaying of a 3D image resulting from interference of two object (slightly different) wavefronts registered at the SA double exposure hologram. The capture and display processes are analyzed and implemented. The applicability of both numerical and experimental approach to SA DEDH for testing engineering objects is discussed.

We present an analysis of the imaging performance of two state-of-the-art sensors widely used in the nondestructive- testing area (NDT). The analysis is based on the quantification of the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio from an optical phase image. The calculation of the SNR is based on the relation of the median (average) and standard deviation measurements over specific areas of interest in the phase images of both sensors. This retrieved phase is coming from the vibrational behavior of a large object by means of an out-of-plane holographic interferometer. The SNR is used as a figure-of-merit to evaluate and compare the performance of the CMOS and scientific CMOS (sCMOS) camera as part of the experimental set-up. One of the cameras has a high speed CMOS sensor while the other has a high resolution sCMOS sensor. The object under study is a metallically framed table with a Formica cover with an observable area of 1.1 m2. The vibration induced to the sample is performed by a linear step motor with an attached tip in the motion stage. Each camera is used once at the time to record the deformation keeping the same experimental conditions for each case. These measurements may complement the conventional procedures or technical information commonly used to evaluate a camera´s performance such as: quantum efficiency, spatial resolution and others. Results present post processed images from both cameras, but showing a smoother and easy to unwrap optical phase coming from those recorded with the sCMOS camera.

We propose a polarimetric study of speckle fields either produced by surface or bulk scattering. We decompose these speckle fields on plane waves fully polarized along two orthogonal states of polarization, and a fully depolarized amplitude. After a statistical analysis of the parameters obtained by the decomposition, we focus our attention on places of destructive interference: the optical vortices. These structures are called polarization singularities, the three ones usually studied in speckle fields are described by an half integer index. We point out here experimental detection of integer index polarization singularities, which present an higher order of symmetry. The plane wave decomposition allows us to compare the field relative phase shift between two orthogonal directions around half integer index polarization singularities and integer index ones.

Recent research work on speckle patterns indicates a variation of the polarization state during propagation and its nonuniformly spatial distribution. The preliminary step for the investigation of this polarization speckle is the generation of the corresponding field. In this paper, a kind of special depolarizer: the random roughness birefringent screen (RRBS) is introduced to meet this requirement. The statistical properties of the field generated by the depolarizer is investigated and illustrated in terms of the 2x2 beam coherence and polarization matrix (BCPM) with the corresponding degree of coherence (DoC) η and degree of polarization (DoP) P . The changes of the coherence and polarization when the speckle field propagates through any optical system are analysed within the framework of the complex ABCD-matrix theory.

In this paper a single-shot digital holographic set-up with two orthogonally polarized reference beams is proposed to achieve rapid acquisition of Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect images. Principles of the method and the background theory for dynamic state of polarization measurement by use of digital holography are presented. This system has no mechanically moving elements or active elements for polarization control and modulation. An object beam is combined with two reference beams at different off-axis angles and is guided to a detector. Then two complex fields (interference terms) representing two orthogonal polarizations are recorded in a single frame simultaneously. Thereafter the complex fields are numerically reconstructed and carrier frequency calibration is done to remove aberrations introduced in multiplexed digital holographic recordings. From the numerical values of amplitude and phase, a real time quantitative analysis of the polarization state is possible by use of Jones vectors. The technique is demonstrated on a magnetic sample that is a lithographically patterned magnetic microstructure consisting of thin permalloy parallel stripes.

This paper presents a digital holographic interferometer based on polarization holography. The setup was developed to analyze high density gradient flows. The set-up is less sensitive than a classical Michelson configuration since the test section is crossed only one time. Furthermore, the shadow effect limiting the other techniques is widely reduced. By using an astigmatic configuration, spatial carrier frequencies can be adjusted, so that a single shot and real time capability is obtained. Experimental results for a small supersonic jet when the injection pressure varies demonstrate the proposed approach.

The optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique has proved to be a useful method in biomedical areas such as ophthalmology, dentistry, dermatology, among many others. In all these applications the main target is to reconstruct the internal structure of the samples from which the physician’s expertise may recognize and diagnose the existence of a disease. Nowadays OCT has been applied one step further and is used to study the mechanics of some particular type of materials, where the resulting information involves more than just their internal structure and the measurement of parameters such as displacements, stress and strain. Here we report on a spectral OCT system used to image the internal 3D microstructure and displacement maps from a PMMA (Poly-methyl-methacrylate) sample, subjected to a deformation by a controlled three point bending and tilting. The internal mechanical response of the polymer is shown as consecutive 2D images.

An analytical expression for the bias effect in digital speckle correlation is derived based on a Gaussian approximation of the spatial pixel size and array extent. The evaluation is carried out having assumed an incident speckle field. The analysis is focused on speckle displacements in the order of one pixel, thus having no speckle decorrelation. Furthermore, sensitivity is a main issue wherefore we need speckles close to the pixel size, which means that speckle averaging becomes important, and that Nyquist’s criteria may not be fulfilled. Based on these observations, a new correlation method is introduced, which alleviates the need to know the expected shape of the crosscovariance between the original and the off-set recorded speckle pattern. This concept calls for correlating the crosscovariance with the auto covariance, which essentially carries information on the expected shape of the crosscovariance.

Previously, a speckle interferometry technique and a device that allows quantitative evaluation of the metabolic activity of cultured cells were theoretically grounded and successfully tested. A speckle time-averaging technique was proposed to separate and study the processes occurring in cells at various velocities. The objective of the present research was comparing the parameters of speckle dynamics used to evaluate cell metabolism and averaged in areas of various size. Areas inside the speckle image of a cell as well as areas of the image plane with various numbers of cells were averaging areas. Defrosted L-41 cells precipitated on a glass substrate were the target of the research. Time-average value T of digital radiation intensity in the TV camera pixels I~ (1) and the correlation coefficient of two digital images η (2) were used as speckle field change parameters. The digital images corresponded to a single frame area at two time moments.

The blood flow velocity optical monitoring techniques, such as laser speckle velocimetry, are attractive due its noninvasive character, but they are limited to superficial blood vessels. The visualization of deep blood vessel is difficult because of the highly scattering coefficient of the biological tissue. There are some techniques that allow the visualization of deep blood vessels, for example: optical clearing, Magnetomotive Laser Speckle Imaging and Pulsed Photo-Thermal Radiometry, unfortunately these techniques use an external agent to improve the visualization of blood vessels. In this work we improve the visualization and location of in-vitro deep blood vessels by speckle image processing without an external agents. The proposed methodology is based in a homogeneity measurement of the co-occurrence matrix by the direct processing of the speckle image. Our technique is able to determine the edges of a deep blood vessel and therefore improves its visualization.

The study of the metaxial Talbot effect at optical frequencies is a field which has recently received much attention because of the large volume of applications derived from it. In this paper, we present a study of this phenomenon and make a comparison of their characteristics with respect to the classical case. For this purpose, we use a one-dimensional diffraction grating of period p = 1,936 µm coherently illuminated by a plane wave of wavelength λ = 633nm.

In this work we present a characterization of yeast dynamic speckle activity during growth in an isolated agar culture medium. We found that it is possible to detect the growth of the microorganisms even before they turn out to be visible. By observing the time evolution of the speckle activity at different regions of the culture medium we could extract a map of the growth process, which served to analyze how the yeast develops and spreads over the agar's medium. An interesting point of this study concerns with the influence of the laser light on the yeast growth rate. We have found that yeast finds hard to develop at regions with higher laser light illumination, although we used a synchronous system to capture the speckle pattern. The results obtained in this work would serve us as a starting point to fabricate a detector of growing microorganism colonies, with obvious interesting applications in diverse areas.

In this paper, the interference speckle patterns generated by multimode optical fibers are described. In our experience two types of interference are present, random interference between modes propagated in the fiber that give rise to speckle pattern, and not random speckle interference patterns using a Michelson interferometer generating a pattern of conventional interference. Multimode fibers using different materials and core radii have been obtained interference patterns quality characteristic reducing the effects of modal noise in fiber speckle patterns. Experimental results and their potential applications are presented.

Dynamic laser speckle is a non-destructive contactless sensing method useful for exploring activity inherent to biological samples. We present an ex-vivo analysis of dermal and epidermal tissue with different degrees of activity in healthy and burned tissue. Pseudocolor images obtained after processing biospeckle stacks with the generalized differences reveal a correlation between cellular lysis and speckle pattern activity. Epidermis shows higher activity than dermal tissue, which is attributable to the number of cells and each tissue. The analysis presented here could be employed in assessment of viability of tissues for graft and burns treatments.

The avocado is a one climacteric fruit that not ripe on the tree because it produces a maturation inhibitor that passes the fruit through the pedicel, the ripening occurs naturally during storage or to be induced as required. In post-harvest ripening stage is basically determined by experience of the farmer or buyer. In this word us developed portable equipment for determining ripeness is hass avocado using a low cost sensor color sensor TC3200 and LCD for display result. The prototype read of RGB color frequencies of the sensor and estimates the stage of ripeness in fourth different stages in post-harvest ripening.

Optical imaging through highly scattering media such as biological tissue is limited by light scattering. Recently, it has been shown that wavefront shaping is a powerful tool to overcome this problem. In this work, wavefront shaping using spatial light modulators is used to compensate static scattering media (piece of translucent tape) to allow focusing of different intensity distributions. Light propagation is engineered into a specific region of interest. For this purpose, a sequential phase shape algorithm was implemented experimentally. This algorithm is used to encode a phase distribution on an incident beam to pre-compensate phase distortions acquired by the beam after propagating through the tape. The sequential algorithm combined with a spatial light modulator is used to synthesize a phase distribution required for redirecting light using wavefront shaping. The scattered light was re-directed at the detector plane, in order to be: i) focused at a single pixel, ii) at squared regions of 3×3 and 5×5 pixeles and iii) a line pattern of 41 pixels of the camera. Furthermore, the region of interest was placed outside the central area of the camera opening the possibility of image formation.

This paper presents a reconstruction algorithm based on an intermediate digital hologram which leads to the reconstruction of the image of the object with a controlled sampling pitch and number of pixels. The final image is obtained by calculating the diffraction from the intermediate hologram plane to the image plane using the convolution approach. Experimental results confirm the suitability of the proposed method. The calculation time is slightly better than the other similar approaches. Application in digital color holographic imaging shows that the proposed algorithm provides full color images of colored objects.

We explore the performance of two algorithms to screen loci of equal activity in dynamic speckle images. Dynamic speckle images are currently applied to several applications in medicine, biology, agriculture and other disciplines. Nevertheless, no objective standard has been proposed so far to evaluate the performance of the algorithms, which must be then relied on subjective appreciations. We use two case studies of activity that do not bear the biologic inherent variability to test the methods: “Generalized Differences” and “Fujii”, looking for a standard to evaluate their performance in an objective way. As study cases, we use the drying of paint on an (assumed) unknown topography, namely the surface of a coin, and the activity due to pre heating a piece of paper that hides writings in the surface under the paper. A known object of simple topography is included in the image, besides of the painted coin, consisting in a paint pool where the depth is a linear function of its position. Both algorithms are applied to the images and the intensity profile of the results along the linear region of the pool activity is used to estimate the depth of the geometric topography hidden under paint in the coin. The accuracy of the result is used as a merit estimation of the corresponding algorithm. In the other experiment, a hidden dark bar printed on paper is covered with one or two paper leaves, slightly pre heated with a lamp and activity images registered and processed with both algorithms. The intensity profile of the activity images is used to estimate which method gives a better description of the bar edges images and their deterioration. Experimental results are shown.