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- Front Matter: Volume 7291
- Keynote Presentation
- Nanomaterials
- Keynote Presentation
- Nanowire, Nanotubes, and Nanostructures
- Nano Devices I
- Nano Devices II
- Organic Electronics and Nanodevices
- Keynote Presentation
- Sensors
- Systems
- Sensors and Systems
- Wireless System and Network
- Poster Session
Front Matter: Volume 7291
Front Matter: Volume 7291
Show abstract
This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE
Proceedings Volume 7291, including the Title Page, Copyright
information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and the
Conference Committee listing
Keynote Presentation
Nano-based chemical sensor array systems for uninhabited ground and airborne vehicles
Show abstract
In a time when homemade explosive devices are being used against soldiers and in the homeland security environment,
it is becoming increasingly evident that there is an urgent need for high-tech chemical sensor packages to be mounted
aboard ground and air vehicles to aid soldiers in determining the location of explosive devices and the origin of bio-chemical
warfare agents associated with terrorist activities from a safe distance. Current technologies utilize relatively
large handheld detection systems that are housed on sizeable robotic vehicles. Research and development efforts are
underway at the Army Aviation & Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) to develop
novel and less expensive nano-based chemical sensors for detecting explosives and chemical agents used against the
soldier. More specifically, an array of chemical sensors integrated with an electronics control module on a flexible
substrate that can conform to and be surface-mounted to manned or unmanned vehicles to detect harmful species from
bio-chemical warfare and other explosive devices is being developed. The sensor system under development is a
voltammetry-based sensor system capable of aiding in the detection of any chemical agent and in the optimization of
sensor microarray geometry to provide nonlinear Fourier algorithms to characterize target area background (e.g.,
footprint areas). The status of the research project is reviewed in this paper. Critical technical challenges associated
with achieving system cost, size, and performance requirements are discussed. The results obtained from field tests
using an unmanned remote controlled vehicle that houses a CO2/chemical sensor, which detects harmful chemical agents
and wirelessly transmits warning signals back to the warfighter, are presented. Finally, the technical barriers associated
with employing the sensor array system aboard small air vehicles will be discussed.
Nanomaterials
Tubular nanostructured materials for bioapplications
Show abstract
Tubular nanomaterials possess hollow structures as well as high aspect ratios. In addition to their unique physical and
chemical properties induced by their nanoscale dimensions, their inner voids and outer surfaces make them ideal
candidates for a number of biomedical applications. In this work, three types of tubular nanomaterials including carbon
nanotubes, hematite nanotubes, and maghemite nanotubes, were synthesized by different chemical techniques. Their
structural and crystalline properties were characterized. For potential bioapplications of tubular nanomaterials,
experimental investigations were carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of using carbon nanotubes, hematite
nanotubes, and maghemite nanotubes in glucose sensing, neuronal growth, and drug delivery, respectively. Preliminary
results show the promise of tubular nanomaterials in future biomedical applications.
Europium doped Gd2O3 and FeCo nanoparticles for biomedical application
Show abstract
Nanometer-sized particles have novel optical, electronic, magnetic or structural properties and are currently under
intense development for application in cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and degenerative neurological disorders such as
alzheimer's disease. Targeted nanoparticle drugs offer significant advantages in improving cancer therapeutic efficacy
and simultaneously reducing drug toxicity. We report here the synthesis, characterization and toxicity test of FeCo and
Eu: Gd2O3 nanoparticles. Chemical routes, such ad coprecipitation and sol-gel techniques were used for the synthesis of
the nanoparticles, and the surface of the nanoparticles was coated with silica. Structural and microstructural studies
reveal that both type of nanoparticles 20 nm in size with very narrow size distribution. These nanoparticles demonstrate
strong magnetic and optical properties at room temperature. Toxicity test shows that FeCo nanoparticles are very toxic,
however toxicity decreases when the nanoparticles were coated with a thin layer of silica. However toxicity decreases
when the nanoparticles were coated with a thin layer of silica. However, both uncoated and coated Eu:Gd2O3
nanoparticles show significantly reduced toxicity. Our results suggest that these nanoparticles are useful for biomedical
applications. The detail of the results will be presented.
Keynote Presentation
Wireless nanosensors and systems (WiNS)
Show abstract
Wireless Nanosensors and Systems research project has been investigating a systems approach to
designing sensors systems. The effort is multifaceted and ranges from the design of low-cost sensors for various
applications, such as biomedical or structural health monitoring, to the design of wireless interfaces and
protocols with suitable networking and design of protocols to transmit sensor data from one place to another
securely and to the design of appropriate applications themselves. The research team has been developing a
system-engineering framework that forms the basis for collaborative activities across three campuses,
University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, University of Arkansas at Little Rock and Arkansas State University,
that captures the relationship between sensors, wireless interfaces, the network, the testbed that facilitates
applications-level communications.
Nanowire, Nanotubes, and Nanostructures
New materials for old problems: What can nanomaterials do for biology and neuroscience?
Show abstract
The emerging field of nanotechnology offers the development of new materials and methods for crucial neuroscience
applications namely (a) promoting survival and growth of the neurons, and (b) monitoring physiological signals
generated in the nervous system such as excitation, synaptic transmission, release of neurotransmitter molecules and
cell-to-cell communication. Such bio-devices will have several novel applications in basic science, laboratory
analysis and therapeutic treatments. Our goals in this field of research include (a) development of new biocompatible
substrates to guide and promote neuronal growth along specific pathways; (b) designing a neuron-friendly,
bio-molecule delivery system for neuroprotection; (c) monitoring of electrical activity from neuron and also from
neuronal networks; (d) determining the diffusion and intracellular localization of nanomaterial interacting with
neurons at high resolution; and (e) detection of release of neurotransmitter molecules by means of newly designed
nanosensors. Here we describe the fabrication and use of magnetic nanotubes and nanowire electrode arrays in studies
using a cell culture model of neuronally differentiating rat pheochromocytoma (PC 12) cells. The magnetic nanotubes
were fabricated by a template method yielding hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanotubes. These nanotubes were coupled with
nerve growth factor (NGF). Vertically aligned nanowires were fabricated on glass substrates using the
lithography-assisted template bonding (LATB) method. Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were cultured on these
nanotubes and polylysine coated nanowire electrodes. Our results showed that magnetic nanotube bound NGF was
available to PC12 cells as they showed significant differentiation into neurons. PC12 cells growing on nanowires in
the presence of NGF differentiated into neurons capable of synthesis and release of dopamine upon stimulation. The
neurons grew healthy neurites appearing to form synapses with other neurons in the dish. These results show that the
magnetic nanotubes were capable of delivering neurotrophic molecules and the nanowire electrodes are
neuron-friendly, promote cell to cell communication and can be used as bio-sensors in the nervous system.
Magnetic nanoparticles and nanotubes for biomedical applications
Show abstract
Magnetic nanomaterials, especially nanoparticles and nanotubes, are among the most widely used nanomaterials for
biomedical applications, and they are also the most promising nanomaterials for clinical treatments. This paper starts
with the fundamentals for nanomedicine and magnetic nanomedicine. After discussing the basic requirements for the
biomedical applications, the properties and the biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles and nanotubes are
discussed. Our results indicate that, with suitable functionalization, iron oxide nanomaterials are non-toxic to biological
systems, and they are ideal drug carriers which can be remotely controlled by external magnetic fields. At the final part
of this paper, the challenges and our approach for targeted drug delivery with controlled release are discussed.
Design and fabrication of nanowire electrodes on a flexible substrate for detection of myocardial ischemia
Show abstract
According to a report by the American Heart Association, there are approximately 3-4
million Americans that may experience silent Myocardial Ischemia (MI). Silent MI is a serious
heart condition that can progress to a severe heart attack without any warning and the consequences
of such an event can turn fatal quickly. Therefore, there is a strong need for a sensor that can
continuously monitor the onset of the condition to prevent high risk individuals from deadly heart
attacks. An increase in extracellular potassium levels is the first sign of MI and timely sensing with
an implantable potassium sensing biosensor could play a critical role in detecting and expediting
care. There are challenges in the development of an implantable potassium sensing electrode one of
which includes signal drift. The incorporation of novel nanostructures and smarter materials hold
the potential to combat these problems. This paper presents a unique design for an all-solid-state
potassium sensing device which offers miniaturization along with enhanced signal transduction.
These characteristics are important when it comes to implantable devices and signal drift. Sensor
design details along with fabrication processes and sensing results are discussed.
Nano Devices I
Nanodevices for biosensing applications
Show abstract
This research discusses the development of biosensors with vertically aligned nanowires,
and the evaluation of their physical properties, electrochemical performance and biocompatibility.
The developments include neurotransmitter (dopamine) sensors, glucose sensors for continuous
monitoring, potassium ion sensors and integration of those sensors. A hemi-cylindrical nanocavity
structure has been developed for dopamine sensing using redox cycling with radial diffusion
within the cavities. By immobilization of enzymes in a conducting polymer matrix on vertically
aligned nanowires, glucose sensing electrodes have been obtained with high sensitivity and
selectivity. In addition, potassium sensing, potentially useful for monitoring changes of
extracellular potassium concentration during myocardial ischemia, has been demonstrated using
ion selective membranes (ISM) on nanowires. Sensor developments and measurement results are
included in the presentation along with descriptions of top-down and bottom-up
nano-/micro-fabrication technologies such as lithography and thin film deposition.
Implantable blood pressure sensor for analyzing elasticity in arteries
Show abstract
MEMS technology could be an option for the development of a pressure sensor which allows the
monitoring of several electronic signals in humans. In this work, a comparison is made between the
typical elasticity curves of several arteries in the human body and the elasticity obtained for MEMS
silicon microstructures such as membranes and cantilevers employing Finite Element analysis tools. The
purpose is to identify which types of microstructures are mechanically compatible with human arteries.
The goal is to integrate a blood pressure sensor which can be implanted in proximity with an artery. The
expected benefits for this type of sensor are mainly to reduce the problems associated with the use of bulk
devices through the day and during several days. Such a sensor could give precise blood pressure readings
in a continuous or periodic form, i.e. information that is especially important for some critical cases of
hypertension patients.
Droplet interface bilayer characteristics formed over a synthetic porous substrate
Show abstract
Phospholipid molecules are the fundamental building blocks of cell membranes in living organisms. These molecules
are amphipathic with two hydrophobic fatty acid chains (tails) linked to a phosphate containing hydrophilic group (head)
that can spontaneously form a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) with a 6-10 nm thickness in water. BLMs have been
classified using some porous synthetic substrate for support. Droplet interface bilayers (DIB) have allowed researchers
to study BLMs formed without the use of a porous synthetic substrate. The DIBs are formed at the interface of water
droplets and a non-polar solvent. The phospholipids will form a monolayer around the water droplets and when two
droplets are brought into contact with each other, a single bilayer will form. DIBs have been used to form networks of
BLMs that can be used for multiple purposes. The exact size of the BLM between two droplets is inferred from
electrical measurements. The two droplets can be connected through a pore in a synthetic substrate of known
dimensions that can limit the area of the BLM. This paper will present the results of forming a BLM on a synthetic
substrate by using the DIB method of formation.
High quality factor integrated passive devices for microwave and millimeter wave applications
Show abstract
A fabrication process and multi project wafer run (MPW) service has been developed for realizing integrated passive
devices. The fabrication process is simple and low cost ranging applications from consumer electronics to
instrumentation and measurement as well as defense and scientific applications. The fabrication process is offered as an
MPW service for all types of organizations being suitable for scientific experiments, product prototyping or
optimization. The technology has used for realizing microwave and millimeter wave components. Measured result show
that the technology as well as accurate design result in loss less than 1.1 dB at 60 GHz for an integrated band-pass filter.
Nano Devices II
Wireless integration, design, modeling, and analysis of nanosensors, networks, and systems: a systems engineering approach
Show abstract
The design of nanosensor networks and systems encompass multiple areas of research, which include: Design of nanosensors and modeling; Design of wireless interfaces; Design of reliable sensor networks that sense and collect data reliably; Design of backbone networks capable of reliably transporting collected data to remote servers; Design of secure servers for data transfer. This paper provides a systems engineering framework and provides insights into the above design issues.
Organic Electronics and Nanodevices
Characterization for organic ion-sensitive field effect transistor response for measurement of physiological potassium ion-concentration measurement
Show abstract
Potassium ion monitoring, in human body, is important for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The
dynamic response of potassium selective ISFET sensors is instrumental in formulating calibration schema
and signal compensations to correct systematic errors. In the research reported here, response
characteristics of potassium selective ISFETs were studied. The range of detection was set between 1mM
and 25mM to cover all the physiological potassium concentrations. The signals were obtained from an
array of sensors, with different aspect ratios, by varying potassium ion concentrations in a time dependent
fashion. Normalization of the drain current was used to compensation for variance in order of magnitude
observed in different sensors. Sensor response time and linear response range were analyzed, in relation to
difference in aspect ratios. Probable modifications in calibration scheme and compensation technique,
subjective to the findings, have been suggested.
Transient behavior of integrated carbon nanotube field effect transistor circuits and bio-sensing applications
Show abstract
In this work, a current transport model for the carbon nanotube field effect transistor has been built, which includes both
static and dynamic behavior. A model of carbon nanotube as an interconnection in integrated circuits has also been
presented, which is based on quasi one-dimensional fluid theory and combined with the current transport model of
carbon nanotube field effect transistors to study the performance of carbon nanotube based integrated circuits. Verilog-
AMS in combination with Cadence/Spectre has been used in characterizing carbon nanotube field effect transistors and
all carbon nanotube based integrated circuits. It is shown through thionyl chloride and DNA detection at molecular
levels that the transient behavior of carbon nanotube based circuits can be used for bio- and chemical sensing
applications.
Transport mechanisms in polymer and TiO2 Schottky diode
Show abstract
The surface of directly coated TiO2 nanoparticles on the Al-electrode has many nanoscale holes and cracks. The defects
of the TiO2 layers can be removed via coating PEDOT:PSS on top of the TiO2 layer. Schottky diodes having various
thicknesses of the TiO2 layers and PEDOT:PSS layers were fabricated. The normalized forward current densities were
almost the same for the Schottky diodes fabricated with various thicknesses of the TiO2 layers. The current densities of
the Schottky diodes with double coatings have large deviation. The log(J) vs. log(V) and shows nonlinear J-V
characteristics representing the multiple electron emission mechanisms such as space-charge limited conduction, Poole-
Frenkel emission, or thermoionic emission. The plots of log(J) vs. E1/2 and log(J/E) vs. E1/2 show nonlinear behavior and
with two distinctive slopes. Based on these results, the electron emission mechanism may have two distinctive
mechanisms including Schottky emission mechanism and Poole-Frenkel emission mechanism.
Keynote Presentation
Nano-bio quantum technology for device-specific materials
Show abstract
NASA Langley Research Center has developed several breakthrough materials technologies using
bio and nanotechnology specifically for device applications. With their expertise and strength in
device-specific materials technologies, Langley researchers have identified innovative methods and
newly designed materials, such as rhombohedral single crystal silicon-germanium, twin-lattice
structures of silicon-germanium for thermoelectric applications, smart optical materials, and size-controlled
metallic nanoparticles. These new materials have offered new opportunities to develop
devices and power systems, such as micro spectrometers, quantum-apertures, wireless power
transmission systems, smart optics, bionanobatteries, and biofuel cells. An overview of these
technologies will be given at the meeting.
Sensors
Transport powder and liquid samples by surface acoustic waves
Show abstract
Sample transport is an important requirement for In-situ analysis of samples in NASA planetary
exploration missions. Tests have shown that powders or liquid drops on a surface can be transported by
surface acoustic waves (SAW) that are generated on the surface using interdigital transducers. The
phenomena were investigated experimentally and to generate SAWs interdigital electrodes were deposited on
wafers of 128° rotated Y-cut LiNbO3. Transporting capability of the SAW device was tested using particles
of various sizes and drops of various viscosities liquids. Because of different interaction mechanisms with the
SAWs, the powders and the liquid drops were observed to move in opposite directions. In the preliminary
tests, a speed of 180 mm/s was achieved for powder transportation. The detailed experimental setup and
results are presented in this paper. The transporting mechanism can potentially be applied to miniaturize
sample analysis system or "lab-on-chip" devices.
Bio/chemical sensors heterogeneously integrated with Si-CMOS circuitry
Show abstract
Sensor arrays for bio/chemical sensing generally incorporate different types of sensors with different substrate
coatings, enabling increased sensor sensitivity and selectivity. However, a challenge in using multiple sensor
systems is integration with RF electronic circuitry. This work presents the development of flexural plate
wave (FPW) acoustic devices implemented in a sensor array and co-integrated on a Si-CMOS circuit. FPWs
are highly sensitive to surface perturbations and indirectly sense analytes by detecting mass changes on the
sensing plate surface. The sensors are placed in an oscillating circuit, where changes in the oscillation
frequency are used to determine changes in the wave velocity due to mass loading by the analyte [1, 2]. Since
FPWs are generated in thin plates, these devices are highly sensitive to loading and exhibit the highest mass
sensitivities of any acoustic wave device [1, 2]. In the work presented, FPWs are fabricated on Si/SiO2/Si
native substrates, with the interdigitated transducers (IDTs) isolated from the active sensing surface. This
innovative design enables the sensors to be fabricated and then separated from the native substrate, transferred,
and bonded to the host Si-CMOS circuit. Thus, a new approach for the heterogeneous integration of FPW
sensors and circuitry is provided. Following integration, the FPWs can be customized with either chemical
membranes or biological functionalization. Moreover, this novel approach allows each sensor to be
optimized independently before being connected to the host substrate. This paper presents the design,
development, and integration process of an FPW sensor on Si-CMOS circuitry.
Electrical and magneto-resistance of Co/CNT/Epoxy thin film for strain and magnetic field sensing
Show abstract
Cobalt and iron nanoparticles are doped in carbon nanotube (CNT)/polymer matrix composites and studied
for strain and magnetic field sensing properties. Characterization of these samples is done for various volume
fractions of each constituent (Co and Fe nanoparticles and CNTs) and also for cases when only either of the
metallic components is present. The relation between the magnetic field and polarization-induced strain are
exploited. The electronic bandgap change in the CNTs is obtained by a simplified tight-binding formulation in
terms of strain and magnetic field. A nonlinear constitutive model of glassy polymer is employed to account for
(1) electric bias field dependent softening/hardening (2) CNT orientations as a statistical ensemble and (3) CNT
volume fraction. An effective medium theory is then employed where the CNTs and nanoparticles are treated
as inclusions. The intensity of the applied magnetic field is read indirectly as the change in resistance of the
sample. Very small magnetic fields can be detected using this technique since the resistance is highly sensitive to
strain. Its sensitivity due to the CNT volume fraction is also discussed. The advantage of this sensor lies in the
fact that it can be molded into desirable shape and can be used in fabrication of embedded sensors where the
material can detect external magnetic fields on its own. Besides, the stress-controlled hysteresis of the sample
can be used in designing memory devices. These composites have potential for use in magnetic encoders, which
are made of a magnetic field sensor and a barcode.
Systems
Error compensation algorithm for patient positioning robotics system
Show abstract
Surgeons in various medical areas (orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, dentistry etc.) are using motor-driven drilling tools
to make perforations in hard tissues (bone, enamel, dentine, cementum etc.) When the penetration requires very precise
angles and accurate alignment with respect to different targets, precision cannot be obtained by using visual estimation
and hand-held tools. Robots have been designed to allow for very accurate relative positioning of the patient and the
surgical tools, and in certain classes of applications the location of bone target and inclination of the surgical tool can be
accurately specified with respect to an inertial frame of reference. However, patient positioning errors as well as position
changes during surgery can jeopardize the precision of the operation, and drilling parameters have to be dynamically
adjusted. In this paper the authors present a quantitative method to evaluate the corrected position and inclination of the
drilling tool, to account for translational and rotational errors in displaced target position. The compensation algorithm
applies principles of inverse kinematics wherein a faulty axis in space caused by the translational and rotational errors of
the target position is identified with an imaginary true axis in space by enforcing identity through a modified trajectory.
In the absence of any specific application, this algorithm is verified on Solid Works, a commercial CAD tool and found
to be correct. An example problem given at the end vindicates this statement.
Effects of annealing temperature on the performance of the Schottky diode fabricated with TiO2 sol-gel
Show abstract
Various conbinations of TiO2 sol-gel were prepared to fabricate Schottky diodes. Pure TiO2 sol-gel was spin-coated to
the various substrates such as glass, silicon wafer, and cellulose. The sol-gel driven TiO2 films were generated cracks all
over the surface during the annealing process. To prevent cracks, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added to TiO2 sol-gel
solution. TiO2-PEG sol-gel was spin-coated to the substrate and heat treated at 100, 200, and 300°C for 1 h. The film
thicknesses were 230, 190, and 129 nm for the sample heated at 100, 200, and 300°C, respectively, and no cracks were
observed. The FTIR pesk at 3380 cm-1 corresponds to -OH stretching mode and disappeared as the heating temperature
increased. The characteristic peaks of PEG at 2875 and 1120 cm-1 also disappeared as the heating temperature increased.
The Schottky diodes comprised of Al/PEG-TiO2/Au with various heat treatment were fabricated. The forward current
was drastically increased as the annealing temperature increased. The plots of parabolic conduction curves based on
Schottky conduction model, Poole-Frenkel conduction model, and space charge limitted conduction model show
nonlinear relationship. These nonlinear relationship indicates that the conduction mechanism is not purely single
conduction mechanism.
Design and fabrication of inverted rib waveguide Bragg grating
Show abstract
A polymeric SU8 rib waveguide Bragg grating filterfabricated using reactive ion etching (RIE) and solvent assisted
microcontact molding (SAMIM) is presented. SAMIM is one kind of soft lithography. The technique is unique in which
that a composite hPDMS/PDMS stamp was used to transfer the grating pattern onto an inverted SU8 rib waveguide
system. The composite grating stamp can be used repeatedly several times with degradation. Using this stamp and
inverter rib waveguide structure, the Bragg grating filter fabrication can be significantly simplified.
Neuroelectronics and modeling of electrical signals for monitoring and control of Parkinson's disease
Show abstract
The brain and the human nervous system are perhaps the most researched but least understood components of the
human body. This is so because of the complex nature of its working and the high density of functions. The monitoring
of neural signals could help one better understand the working of the brain and newer recording and monitoring
methods have been developed ever since it was discovered that the brain communicates internally by means of electrical
pulses. Neuroelectronics is the field which deals with the interface between electronics or semiconductors to living
neurons. This includes monitoring of electrical activity from the brain as well as the development of feedback devices
for stimulation of parts of the brain for treatment of disorders. In this paper these electrical signals are modeled through
a nano/microelectrode arrays based on the electronic equivalent model using Cadence PSD 15.0. The results were
compared with those previously published models such as Kupfmuller and Jenik's model, McGrogan's Neuron Model
which are based on the Hodgkin and Huxley model. We have developed and equivalent circuit model using discrete
passive components to simulate the electrical activity of the neurons. The simulated circuit can be easily be modified by
adding some more ionic channels and the results can be used to predict necessary external stimulus needed for
stimulation of neurons affected by the Parkinson's disease (PD). Implementing such a model in PD patients could
predict the necessary voltages required for the electrical stimulation of the sub-thalamus region for the control tremor
motion.
Sensors and Systems
Chitosan blended bacterial cellulose as a smart material for biomedical application
Show abstract
Bacterial cellulose and chitosan blends have been successfully prepared by immersing wet bacterial cellulose pellicle in
chitosan solution followed by freeze-drying. By changing chitosan concentration and immersion time, the chitosan
content in the blends is ranged from 12% to 45%. The products look like a foam structure. SEM images show that
chitosan molecules can penetrate into bacterial cellulose forming multilayer structure. The foam has very well
interconnected porous network structure and large aspect surface. By incorporation of chitosan in bacterial cellulose,
XRD patterns indicate that crystalline structure does not change but crystallinity decreases from 82% to 61% with
chitosan content increasing from 12% to 45%. According to TGA results, the thermal stability has been improved. At the
same time, the mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose and chitosan blends are good enough for potential biomedical
application such as tissue engineering scaffold and would dressing material.
Piezoelectric sensor characteristics of electro-active paper
Show abstract
The possibility as a vibration sensor of Electro-Active paper (EAPap) based on piezoelectricity was investigated in the
present paper. The EAPap was fabricated by regenerating and tape casting cellulose. The sample was coated by thin
laminating film for packaging. The capacitance of EAPap was measured and compared with commercial PVDF. Relative
permittivity of EAPap was 12, which was same as commercially available PVDF. This reveals that EAPap has similar
sensing potential of synthetic piezo polymer film. The simple aluminum cantilevered beam was used for the vibration
testing and EAPap was attached on the beam. The original EAPap sensor without grounding and shielding has greatly
affected by the surrounding noise such as power noise especially. The power noise reduced dramatically with grounding
and shielding of EAPap. The impulsive response of EAPap provided correct dynamic characteristics of the beam.
Especially, twisting mode of the beam was clearly observed even though the EAPap was attached at the center of the
beam. This is because the sensing capability of EAPap is based on piezoelectricity which is bidirectional strain
characteristics. EAPap sensor based on piezoelectricity provided a great potential as a vibration sensor.
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) device using piezoelectric cellulose EAPap: fabrication and characterization
Show abstract
Novel smart materials have been suggested for various sensor applications such as chemical sensor, bio sensor, wireless
communication, and radio frequency identification (RF-ID) devices. It was reported that bio-compatible and as well as
bio-degradable, naturally abundant, and flexible piezoelectric cellulose electro-active paper (EAPap) had a great
industrial potential due to its piezoelectricity. Here we studied the feasibility of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices
using thin piezoelectric cellulose EAPap. The single inter-digit transducer (IDT) pattern with 10 μm finger width was
designed and fabricated on thin piezoelectric EAPap using lift-off technique. The frequency response to different vapor
dose of isopropyl alcohol under will be presented.
Wireless System and Network
Wireless power transmission for medical applications
Show abstract
We studied the wireless power transmission capabilities of microwave through
human skin-tissue. Microwave transmission through simulated human skins was
tested with rectenna array as a power receiver located under the simulated human
skin tissue. Most of transplanted medical devices and sensors require power to
operate autonomously but currently by imbedded battery. Wireless power
transmission alleviates the needs of imbedded power source and hard-wire power
network. We used human skin-like materials, such as various polyurethanes and
pork skin, under X-band microwave exposure. Transmission rate through various
polyurethanes under the threshold limit value (TLV) and dielectric constant was
measured in this experiment. It is also critical to measure specific absorption rates
(SAR) of polyurethanes and transmission rates through polyurethanes as well as
pork skin. This paper presents power transmission rates under varying thickness of
polyurethanes, and effectiveness and efficiency of rectennas under the TLV of
microwave power. In addition, we will discuss milimeter wave thermograph and
hazards the absorption characteristics of human skin under 8-13 GHz using the
results of polyurethanes and pork skin.
Performance modeling and analysis of consumer classes in large scale systems
Show abstract
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks have been used efficiently as building blocks as overlay networks for large-scale distributed
network applications with Internet Protocol (IP) based bottom layer networks. With large scale Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs) becoming increasingly realistic, it is important to overlay networks with WSNs in the bottom layer.
The suitable mathematical (stochastic) model that can model the overlay network over WSNs is Queuing Networks with
Multi-Class customers. In this paper, we discuss how these mathematical network models can be simulated using the
object oriented simulation package OMNeT++. We discuss the Graphical User Interface (GUI) which is developed to
accept the input parameter files and execute the simulation using this interface. We compare the simulation results with
analytical formulas available in the literature for these mathematical models.
Analysis and design of ferroelectric-based smart antenna structures
Show abstract
Ferroelectrics in microwave antenna systems offer benefits of electronic tunability, compact size and light weight, speed
of operation, high power-handling, low dc power consumption, and potential for low loss and cost. Ferroelectrics allow
for the tuning of microwave devices by virtue of the nonlinear dependence of their dielectric permittivity on an applied
electric field. Experiments on the field-polarization dependence of ferroelectric thin films show variation in dielectric
permittivity of up to 50%. This is in contrast to the conventional dielectric materials used in electrical devices which
have a relatively constant permittivity, indicative of the linear field-polarization curve. Ferroelectrics, with their variable
dielectric constant introduce greater flexibility in correction and control of beam shapes and beam direction of antenna
structures. The motivation behind this research is applying ferroelectrics to mechanical load bearing antenna structures,
but in order to develop such structures, we need to understand not just the field-permittivity dependence, but also the
coupled electro-thermo-mechanical behavior of ferroelectrics. In this paper, two models are discussed: a nonlinear
phenomenological model relating the applied fields, strains and temperature to the dielectric permittivity based on the
Devonshire thermodynamic framework, and a phenomenological model relating applied fields and temperature to the
dielectric loss tangent. The models attempt to integrate the observed field-permittivity, strain-permittivity and
temperature-permittivity behavior into one single unified model and extend the resulting model to better fit experimental
data. Promising matches with experimental data are obtained. These relations, coupled with the expression for operating
frequency vs. the permittivity are then used to understand the bias field vs. frequency behavior of the antenna. Finally,
the effect of the macroscopic variables on the antenna radiation efficiency is discussed.
Wireless nanosensor network system
Show abstract
Many types of wireless modules are being developed to enhance wireless performance with low
power consumption, compact size, high data rates, and wide range coverage. However trade-offs
must be taken into consideration in order to satisfy all aspects of wireless performance. For
example, in order to increase the data rate and wide range coverage, power consumption should be
sacrificed. To overcome these drawbacks, the paper presents a wireless client module which offers
low power consumption along with a wireless receiver module that has the strength to provide high
data rates and wide range coverage. Adopting Zigbee protocol in the wireless client module, the
power consumption performance is enhanced so that it plays a part of the mobile device. On the
other hand, the wireless receiver module, as adopting Zigbee and Wi-Fi protocol, provides high data
rate, wide range coverage, and easy connection to the existing Internet network so that it plays a part
of the portable device. This module demonstrates monitoring of gait analysis. The results show that
the sensing data being measured can be monitored in any remote place with access to the Internet
network.
Poster Session
Low temperature deposition of carbon nanotubes
Show abstract
We introduce a novel method for low substrate temperature carbon nanotube (CNT) deposition utilizing photo-chemical
vapor deposition (PCVD). Aluminum and nickel catalyst layers are deposited on thermally oxidized silicon substrates for
CNT growth. The catalyst layers of varying thicknesses are deposited by electron beam evaporation. Different catalyst
annealing temperatures and pressures are investigated. The CNT deposition is carried out immediately following the
annealing process. The presence of light source during CNT deposition assists in fragmentation of the CCl4 precursor
molecules used, thereby permitting a lower substrate temperature during growth. We have successfully deposited CNTs
at substrate temperatures as low as 400 °C by this technique.