This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7123, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and the Conference Committee listing.

Spaceborne microwave radiometer is nowadays one of the most important means in earth observation and space exploration. It plays an important role in the remote sensing application because of its all-day, all-weather observation capability for earth surface observation and atmospheric sounding. Calibration is the basis of quantitative application, and calibration precision is the integrated result of several instrument performances, such as sensitivity, stability and so on. As a result, it is important to analyze the effects of the concerned factors which affect the calibration precision. In this paper, Orthogonal Array Test Design Method is used to theoretically analyze how the transmission parameters of the calibration system contribute to the calibration uncertainties. Based on the result, some suggestion is proposed to the design of a spaceborne radiometer calibration system.

Quantitatively retrieving mineral abundances from hyperspectral data is one of promising and challenging geological application fields of hyperspectral data, and the most basic obstacles are mixture characteristic of mineral spectra and deconvolution method of mixture spectra. A series of mineral mixture schemes were designed, and several kinds of mineral were used for investigating the two obstacles. In the experiment, average single scattering albedo was calculated from reflectance spectra on the basis of Hapke radiative transfer model. The error of mineral abundances derived from reflectance spectra and single scattering albedo is 20.05% and 5.03% respectively, which shows that mixture spectra of all kinds of mineral belongs to nonlinear mixing, and Hapke model is a good method of resolving this problem. Finally, deconvolution of continuum-removed single scattering albedo spectra other than single scattering albedo spectra is considered to be the possible method that could be applied to imaging spectrometer data (e.g. AVIRIS and Hyperion data) to retrieve mineral abundances successfully, because intensity of spectra is influenced by terrain considerably rather than shape of spectra feature is influenced by terrain slightly.

Striping noise and image degradation are the main factors that reduce the quality of Beijing-1 small satellite raw data images, thus noise removal and image restoration are the two important tasks in processing and application of the images. This paper presents efficient noise removal and image restoration methods on analysis of the imaging system characteristics and the image quality reduction principles. The proposed methods evidently improve quality of the images, and are employed in practical processing procedures of Beijing-1 small satellite images.

Rotation scanning interferometric radiometer is a kind of new proposed time shared imaging concept for purpose of further decreasing the hardware complexity and increasing the spatial resolution. The main problem need to be solved is the image reconstruction from the rotation sampling visibilities. In this study we develop a Pseudo-Polar FFT algorithm that suitable for dealing with the polar sampling grid data of rotation scanning system. It takes pseudo polar grid as the conversion destination instead of traditional Cartesian rectangular grid before the Fourier inversion. The involved effective 1D interpolations and 1D-FFT routines in this imaging algorithm guaranteed a high accuracy and computational efficiency. Moreover we analyzed the associated rotation sampling scheme such as the antenna array arrangement and rotation sampling interval which have great effects on the reconstruction results. Numerical simulations are present for validating the superiority of this new imaging algorithm. Simulation results also indicated that the non-redundant plane antenna array with good linearity is the prefer array arrangement for rotation scanning system.

The solar radiance obtained by a sensor is modified by atmosphere interaction, affected by its path through the atmospheric absorption and scattered in the combined Sun-surface-aircraft. In this paper, we described a method using RTM to simulate atmospheric spectral for deriving surface reflectance from Hyperspectral data (Hyperion). Preliminary application of the technique to Hyperion data indicates that the retrieval results are reasonable, and available techniques including retrieval of water vapor amount with MODTRAN look-up- table.

By analysis on theories and methods of IMAPP's aerosol program, an algorithm to retrieve over-ocean aerosol optical depth using MOIDS data are provided. Its 1km resolution is better than IMAPP's, which makes it more useful in the study of regional climate change and regional air pollution than IMAPP. At the same time, this article validates that the observed spectral radiance of a single dot can be used to retrieve the aerosol optical depth over ocean with relatively high reliability, and that the aerosol distribution retrieved from MODIS data can offer basic data for the global or regional climatic change and air pollution research.

Position accuracy is the base of remote sensing image application. In this paper, the effect of the number, the distribution and the accuracy of ground control points (GCPs) and DEM in different scales for the image rectification is analyzed in detail. Quantitative evaluation of orthoimage is performed. The mathematical functions for calculating the position accuracy of the orthoimage are given based on different georeference information. The relation between the final accuracies of orthoimages and the accuracies of GCPs and DEM is analyzed based on the experiment results. It shows that accuracies of the checked orthoimages coincide with the calculated accuracies. The final accuracy can be estimated with the method described in this paper if the accuracy of control data is known. On the other hand, if the final accuracy of the orthoimage were determined, the least requirements for the accuracies of GCPs and DEM could be calculated by the mathematical functions.

Endmember extraction is one of the most important procedures in linear unmixing approach. In this paper, an improved projection pursuit-based endmember extraction algorithm is proposed to extract endmember through extracting non-Gussian structure of hyperspectral image data. Principal component analysis is used not only for removing correlation but also used to reduce dimension and noise in our approach. Procedure of removing "uninteresting" projections is developed to be more automatic. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the improved approach, simulation data composed by spectrums from SPLIB04b mineral spectrum library offered by USGS is used in experiment. Simulation experiment result shows feasibility of its application in endmember extraction. And then, the algorithm is applied to mineral detection, which proves its effectiveness in automatic mineral endmember detection.

Theoretical modeling and inversion approach of both active and passive microwave remote sensing for lunar surface exploration are presented herewith, as a report of recent reaserch progress Refs. [1-6] in our laboratory. Using a layered media model, multi-channel brightness temperatures of lunar regolith media are numerically simulated and applied to inversion of lunar regolith layer thickness, which is one of the tasks of China's first Chang-E project. Using the inverted regolith layer thickness, the models of solar wind flux, optical maturity (OMAT) and TiO₂ content in regolith layer with Clementine UVVIS multispectral data are employed to evaluation of global ³He abundance. To explore the potential utilities of lower frequency radar pulse for lunar exploration, a theoretical model of lunar regolith layer and Mueller matrix solution of pulse radiative transfer are developed to numerical simulation of radar pulse echoes. To numerically simulate the image of lunar surface in SAR (synthetic aperture radar) technology, the triangulated irregular network is utilized to divide the undulated surface into discrete triangle meshes as a digital surface topography, and the SAR image of inhomogeneously undulated lunar surface is generated.

Due to the problem of lower-efficiency and subjective error generated by manual operation in the process of Spot5 remote sensing satellite imagery matching, a new efficient automatic registration scheme based on imagery characteristic points was proposed. Firstly, the preprocessed 1A level multispectral imagery and panchromatic imagery were registered coarsely based on affine transformation in this workflow using the ephemeris in metadata files. Secondly, the grid constrained feature points were extracted from the two images by improved Forstner operator, and tie-points pairs were obtained by a coarse-to-fine matching using Euclid distance and correlation. Finally, error pairs were eliminated by least median of squares (LSM). After getting enough control point pairs which were high-precision matched and distributed evenly, coarse-registered multispectral imagery was rectified in local small region based on Delaunay triangulation network. Experiments were performed on many volume images, and the results show that the root mean square errors (RMSE) of the check points are less than 0.5 pixels.

Nonuniform sampling and lack of prior knowledge of original image frames are the main problems of image reconstruction technology. Based on the theory of wavelet, the paper describes the relationship between different spatial scale wavelet resolvability and high resolution (HR) image reconstruction. According to the given sample data, different scale wavelet coefficients are estimated. Using the coefficients, we reconstruct the unknown sampling-point in HR grids and get the HR image at last. By experiment, it proves that the algorithm used in the paper avoids the problems of image reconstruction mentioned above and greatly improve image's spatial resolution and definition. At the same time, the calculating complexity is also reduced by using the reconstruction method in the paper.

Based on the principle of "static gains and offsets during the process of image data acquirement," an algorithm named "shadow restoration by matching the statistical feature of neighboring pixels" was proposed here. The histogram method used to calculate the threshold and to efficiently separate shadow from water was improved by incorporating into shape factors. By matching the statistical feature of shadow with the pixels of none shadow segments on the same line, this improved method was able to restore weak spectral information in shadow. The results from the restoration experiment using QuickBird imagery of Nanjing city indicated its good performance for shadow restoration which is characterized by a fast speed, high degree of automation and wide application scope.

This paper, based on CBERS (China Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) and NOAA/AVHRR Satellite Remote Sensing Data and other information acquired in the summer of 2001 and 2006 respectively, came up with the following results: a) the urban build-up area in Chengdu widened by approximate 38%; b) the urban area under heat urban effects expanded whilst some areas witnessed abatement in the intensity of effects and industrial and commercial districts turned to be new spots of urban heat island; c) factors such as progress of urbanisation, change of urban structure, and increase in population and green area acted as drivers in the evolution of urban heat island.

Beijing is the host city of the 2008 Olympic Games. One of the most important and urgent things is to improve the air quality in Beijing in order to have a "Green Olympic". The monitoring of air pollution concentration and distribution are the keys to evaluate the air quality and to adopt effective control strategies. Remote sensing from space has given us a new view to study air pollution in describing the aerosol distribution for a large coverage. As the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) indicates the atmospheric turbidity over urban areas, satellites with high space resolution provide the possibility to monitor urban air pollution through retrieving the AOT. Based on radiative transfer theory, we have developed an operation bi-angle approach, which can be used to retrieve AOT value over high reflectance land surface. With this bi-angle approach, AOT values around Beijing Olympic area were retrieved from ASTER visible band data acquired on January 27th, 2004 and April 9th, 2004, respectively. Results showed the detailed information of air quality around Beijing Olympic area and that vehicles exhaust and construction cement dusts are major pollutants in this area. From this study, we can conclude that high spatial resolution satellite remote sensing of aerosol properties could serve as an efficient tool for monitoring the source and the spatial distribution of particular pollutants in urban area.

Urban heat island (UHI) is an important feature of urban thermal environment. In order to detect the seasonal characteristics of urban heat island in Beijing city, Landsat 5 TM images acquired on July 25th 2005, November 14th 2005, and April 7th 2006 respectively were used to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) of Beijing city based on the generalized single channel algorithm which is a new algorithm applicable to retrieve land surface temperature from only one thermal infrared channel. Then seasonal urban thermal environmental characteristics were analyzed. The result shows that in summer the urban heat island phenomenon is evident, and in both winter and spring, land surface temperature within the second ring road is obviously higher than that between the second and the fourth ring roads showing the ring-shaped UHI features, which is in accordance with the ring-road system of Beijing city. But areas outside the fourth ring road show lighter tone (meaning higher temperature) in the land surface temperature distribution map of winter and spring and reasons for this abnormity were given.

Urban heat island (UHI) is an important feature of urban thermal environment. In order to detect the seasonal characteristics of urban heat island in Beijing city, Landsat 5 TM images acquired on July 25th 2005, November 14th 2005, and April 7th 2006 respectively were used to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) of Beijing city based on the generalized single channel algorithm which is a new algorithm applicable to retrieve land surface temperature from only one thermal infrared channel. Then seasonal urban thermal environmental characteristics were analyzed. The result shows that in summer the urban heat island phenomenon is evident, and in both winter and spring, land surface temperature within the second ring road is obviously higher than that between the second and the fourth ring roads showing the ring-shaped UHI features, which is in accordance with the ring-road system of Beijing city. But areas outside the fourth ring road show lighter tone (meaning higher temperature) in the land surface temperature distribution map of winter and spring and reasons for this abnormity were given.

Exploring the regional fractures in urban area and its surroundings is an important issue. Satellite remote sensing image can be used to illustrate the panorama of regional fractures and structures on macroscopic view. Fusion of multi-source images(especially SAR and optical multi-spectral image) is a hot spot in RS information processing and application field. A image fusion based linear structure information detection method is proposed in this paper. After introducing wavelet and wavelet packet transform and their applications in image fusion, a regional standard deviation wavelet coefficients fusion method is proposed. Experimental result shows wavelet packet fusion is better than wavelet fusion in resolution enhancement for fusion of Radarsat SAR and Landsat MSS, ETM+ multispectral remote sensing images. Study of exploring shallow-buried regional fracture information covered by Quaternary unconsolidated sediments in Hangzhou area shows the fusion method applied on SAR and optical multi-spectral RS image can improve resolution and the capability of interpret shallow-buried fractures.

Bam seismogenic fault is blind, so it is important to discover its strike and pattern for earthquake prediction and hazard mitigation of this area. Firstly we use the interferometric algorithm to process seven scenes synthetic aperture radar data, which are provided by European Space Agency, and obtain the coseismic deformation interferograms. Then considering the similarity of interferometric stripes on two deformation interferograms from the descending orbits and the difference of their imaging geometry, we use Fialko's method to construct the 3D coseismic deformation displacement field. Finally we infer the strike and pattern of the Bam fault according to the difference of the vector's orientation in the horizontal displacement field. The strike of Bam main fault is from northwest-southeast to north-south, and a branch is stretching toward northeast. The projection of the Bam fault is "Y" shaped on the Earth's surface, basically consistent with the Nakamura's results inferred from seismic data.

The technology of hyper-spectral remote sensing which has higher spatial resolution characteristic, and optimizes the qualification of identifying and extracting salt mines, not only enhances the capacity of natural scenes detection and recognition, but also advances the level of quantitative remote sensing. It has important meaning for using the technology of hyper-spectral remote sensing to quantitative extraction. The paper investigate gas micro-seepage based on the Airborne Hyper-spectral Remote Sensing in Dongsheng of Inner Mongolia on the basis of gas micro-seepage theory using EO-1 Hyperion data collected by Satellite-Borne Sensor which has highest spatial resolution presently in the world. On the basis of data pretreated this paper adopts band math extracted the distribution of oil and gas micro-seepage using diagnostic assimilating spectrum of alteration minerals by the numbers. With eigenvector length model evaluates the research area comprehensive index, oil and gas micro-seepage information model of the research area is established and key regions of oil and gas micro-seepage are confirmed, which offers academic gist for oil and gas resource exploitation of Dongsheng.

The Pingshuo open-cast coal field is located in the Shuozhou district, north of Shanxi, China. It is a part of wider region known as the Black Triangle. Open-cast coal mining has caused total destruction of original ecosystems, as well as changes of relief and also land use/cover changes (LUCC) in the mining areas. This paper presents a case study on land use/cover change , and analyzes the LUCC extracted from the TM (ETM+) image data taken from 1986, 1990, 1995, 2002, and 2005. Here comes the results: With the turning of the structure of the mining area land from undisturbed land to land both undisturbed and disturbing, there is the coexistence of undisturbed land, disturbing land and reclaimed land; On the quantity side, from 1986 to 2005, the area of undisturbed land has reduced from 36601.0 ha to 33379.51 ha , while the area of disturbing land has increased from 911.25 ha to 3206.36 ha , and the reclaimed land from 0 ha to 926.46 ha. The area of original land will decrease to 4425.8 ha, as predicted; The spatial evolution, under the obvious limitations of mining order and planning, is presenting a gradient change form from undisturbed land to disturbing land and then to reclaimed land, that is, the spatial scale of reclaimed land is expanding while the undisturbed land is narrowing gradually.

Karst Rock desertification is one of the ecological geology problems in southwest of China. The investigation of this problem can provide scientific evidence for its evolution analysis and post arrangement, so monitoring the dynamic change of desertification using quick, precise and economic method is the most important task. In this paper, the fundamental remote sensing dynamic monitoring theory and method is applied, and it mainly discussed these aspects including remote sensing data choice, data preprocessing, extraction of rock desertification change information, classification of rock desertification information, etc. It summed up the technologic route and method of the Karst rock desertification monitoring using remote sensing technology. Based on the research of testing area and random sample investigation, it is indicated that the result using this method is precise and satisfying.

Traditional classification methods based on Bayes rule only use spectral information, whereas, other characteristics such as shape, size, situation and pattern are seldom taken into account to extract land use and land cover information. A new method based on spectral, contextual and ancillary information has been proposed in this paper to address to the problem of misclassification. The study area is located in an arid area of northern China. Based on eCognition software, A TM image and a DEM was utilized in this paper to investigate the effectiveness of the image-cognition based on classification method in land use/land cover classification of arid areas. The image was first segmented into a number of objects and then classified as 22 classes based on the spectral, shape, area, spatial position, pattern and context information with the fuzzy logic rules. Finally, the classification method has been proved to be effective and produced an overall accuracy up to 85.3% and a Kappa coefficient of 84%. The classification result suggests that this method is effective and feasible to classify the main types of ground objects in the large complex and arid area for land use survey.

The development of earth observation techniques has expanded and deepened the application area of remote sensing further. Meanwhile, the application on remote sensing for land resources has entered a new era marked by high spatial resolution, high spectral resolution and high temporal resolution. Nowadays, remote sensing techniques serve as an important support for the great discovery of geosciences and the modernization of geological work. The remote sensing satellites of our country develop to groups, networks and seriations; its application area develops to fine and quantitative direction; the recent researches both in basic field and application area develop to integration. In the following years, the need for remote sensing application will be more and more imminent. It is an inevitable tide for land remote sensing to use all-weather and multi-angle observation system by which we can observe the earth real-time to survey, suspect and research the resources, energy, and environment What is more, impractical hyper-spectral remote sensing system is an urgent technical platform problem to be solved for further application in remote sensing for resources and energy.

In order to radically solve the ever-increasing land problems of all kinds, the government has established the national land supervision system to enhance the supervision of provincial land administration. In accordance with the characteristics of land supervision, this paper discusses the establishment of remote sensing of national land using GPS and network technology to provide automatic, fast and accurate information of land use. The system will provide inspectors with an all-inclusive service of approval recording, rapid detection, validity examination, automatic updating, supervision of internal affairs, and inspection of external affairs.

This paper selects the four districts of Beijing-Shunyi District, Tongzhou District, Huairou District and Pinggu District, integrates with the strong points of Beijing-1 small satellite ("autonomous control, flexible and maneuverable, short re-visit period") as well as those of survey-type GPS "Star of Survey" (easy operation, high mapping precision) ("Double Star Mode for short"), carries out quarterly survey on land use changes survey in the four demonstration and application districts and makes analysis of the demonstration and application in terms of operation, technology and fund. It proves, this mode can accomplish the working target of land survey-"Monthly Settlement and Quarterly Accumulation",shortens the previous yearly alteration survey to quarterly survey, which saves large manpower, material resources and funds. This mode provides technical reference for the survey on land use carried out in some economy-developed regions.

This paper proposed a method that uses a case-based classification of remote sensing images and applied this method to abstract the information of suspected illegal land use in urban areas. Because of the discrete cases for imagery classification, the proposed method dealt with the oscillation of spectrum or backscatter within the same land use category, and it not only overcame the deficiency of maximum likelihood classification (the prior probability of land use could not be obtained) but also inherited the advantages of the knowledge-based classification system, such as artificial intelligence and automatic characteristics. Consequently, the proposed method could do the classifying better. Then the researchers used the object-oriented technique for shadow removal in highly dense city zones. With multi-temporal SPOT 5 images whose resolution was 2.5×2.5 meters, the researchers found that the method can abstract suspected illegal land use information in urban areas using post-classification comparison technique.

Using the topographic data at the scale of 1:100000 in 1960's, and Landsat MSS in 1970's, Landsat TM in 1990's, Landsat ETM+ in 2000's, we carried out the survey of the lake distribution and its dynamic changes on Tibetan Plateau. The result indicates that there are 3 lakes within the area more than 1000km², 74 lakes within area more than 100km², 382 lakes within the area more than 10km², 1260 lakes with the area more than 1km², 6882 lakes within the area more than 0.1km², and the total area of lakes is about 43186.4km² on Tibetan Plateau. The area of lakes has taken place significantly changes during the past 30 years. The total area of lakes has increased 1610.01km². The area of increased lakes are 157 lakes within area more than 1km², 5411 lakes within area more than 0.1km² and small lakes increased in hundreds and thousands. The area and amount of lakes increase most obviously in Qiangtang Plateau and Kunlun Mountains, and decrease most obviously in Qaidam basin, Hexi Corridor, Yellow River Basin, Yarlung Zangbo River Basin. The expanded and newborn lakes are distributed in the inner Plateau and disappeared and decreased lakes in the surrounding area of the Plateau. The increase and decrease of lake area has some related with climate changes, but mainly related to the local topography controlled by neo-tectonic.

The TM data of Beijing areas acquired on October 31, 2000 has been selected and the ETM data acquired on February 18, 2003. We take the images of Beijing city and the surrounding area in 2000 for example to compare the single band threshold method with Spectral Relations method and the Water Index for measuring surface water. The result shows that the Spectral Relations method is more effective than the other two methods in removing false water information in urban areas. And we use the same method to extract water information from the data of 2003, then obtain water dynamic change information in these three years. Using the density segmentation of water depth in Guanting Reservoir to estimate the Reservoir storage capacity. The Water pollution situation of the Dianchi Lake in Kunming and the Donghu in Wuhan has analyzed by using ETM data.

The saline water color component characteristic (chlorophyll-a and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM)) and their spatial change tendency in the Pearl River Estuary from the In-situ data in December of 2006 was studied. Based on the experimental results, the mixing behavior of CDOM in the Shawan-Humen Watercourse was analyzed. The mixing behavior was controlled by topography, hydrological and biological factors, and the relationships among absorption characteristics of CDOM (at 400 nm, ag400). Contained is a discussion of chlorophyll-a concentration and salinity. The chlorophyll-a concentration decreases with increasing CDOM absorption under a salinity of 10, while the chlorophyll-a concentration decreases with increasing salinity. The salinity becomes less aggressive towards the Lingding Bay in the saltwater intrusion reach of Shawan-Humen, and a low chlorophyll-a concentration area occurs in the Shiziyang riverway where the salinity is greater than 20. The highest chlorophyll-a concentration of surface water was observed in the Dadaoshawei site of the Shawan tributary reach- where the saltwater and freshwater interface. The slope distribution of the CDOM spectral absorption curve in the Shawan-Humen watercourse was increased towards the Lingding Bay direction. The spectral slope S value of CDOM varied from 0.0107 to 0.0121 nm-¹ with an average value of 0.0116 nm-¹. This was an indication that the terrestrial river input was the main resource of CDOM in the Shawan-Humen watercourse. The high correlation (R²=0.9458)of surface water and bottom water (-7.5m ) salinity showed that salinity can be monitored by remote sensing. The ag400 in the saltwater intrusion reach showed conservative behavior, indicating strong characteristics of the CDOM it reflected. There was a correlative relationship between ag400, chlorophyll-a concentration and the salinity, showing that a water color analysis technique can be used to study the distribution and behavior of salinity, as well as saltwater intrusion to a certain extent.

In this paper, the water quality of Hushan Tailings reservoir in Huji, Zhongxiang of Hubei province, was studied by remote sensing technology. Firstly, radioactive correction of ASTER data was processed by FLAASH Model, then the scatter was produced by SPSS, which was about reflectance or reflectance ratio of remote sensing(ASTER) and measured pollutant (Ag⁺, Ba²⁺, Hg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, F^-, Cl^- , NO^3-, H₂PO₄^-, SO₄^2-, et.)at sampling sites. After experimentation,conversion model was built with significance test, F=68.797(F_0.05=11.821), R=0.793. Finally, the data of water reflectance was processed with our model, and the distribution of corresponding pollutant was obtained.

Leaf area index, which is the most basic biophysical parameter in the description of vegetation canopy structure, has become an important input parameter in land surface process. Along with the intensive study of LAI retrieval in remote sensing, the scale effect problem related to LAI has attracted more and more attention and has become a focus in quantitative study of remote sensing. Based on the mechanism analysis of scaling effects, the scale effect of LAI is discussed. Then, the relevant scaling model is proposed under the hypothesis of a normal distribution of surface observations. The result shows that the relative error for LAI retrieval is less than 1%. So, it validates the reliability of this model in one aspect.

Wetland plays an important role in improving the ecosystem around it. It's able to store carbon and slow down the global warming. Recently, however, there are a lot of evidences that wetlands are diminishing rapidly. As the primary producer of the many wetlands, reed has great ecological value, as well as economical and decorative value. It is significant to study reed. In this article, the feasibility of retrieving reed biomass based on multi-time remote sensing data has been proved. In ShuangTai Estuary Nature Reserve of Panjin, as reed grows mainly between May to September, some pieces of Landsat TM data of these months were collected, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Difference Vegetation Index (DVI) are extracted from this multi-spectral data, and then Renormalized Vegetation Index (RDVI) is calculated through DVI and NDVI. With those Vegetation index and field data of reed biomass, the relationship between them is explored, which shows that reed biomass, including its stem biomass and leaf biomass, is poorly related to RDVI (R<0.5), but significantly related to NDVI.(R = 0.923). Moreover, NDVI has a similar growing trend with the reed leaf biomass, thus linear and quadratic models to calculate reed biomass from NDVI are derived and the better one is picked to produce thematic maps of reed biomass. Uncertainties while using the models are analyzed in the end.

In order to acquire timely and large-scale Cyanobacteria hazard information based on the analysis of a water bio-optical model (by combining spectral characteristic of Taihu Lake with MODIS data), we establish a Cyanobacteria index model using MODIS data. The Cyanobacteria hazard monitoring image in Taihu Lake is analyzed based on field measurements of Cyanobacteria particle density recorded by the Satellite Weather Center, National Weather Bureau. The results show that the Cyanobacteria index density image coincides with field measurements. It indicates the distribution and occurrence of Cyanobacteria in Taihu Lake, providing reference for hazard reduction and prevention. However, further exploration is needed regarding the optimization of model parameters and determination of threshold levels.

This paper presents a case study of Daye, Hubei, China, to trace mining activities and related environment changes during the past 10 years, with an emphasis on land cover changes. Two sets of satellite data have been used: TM and ETM+ image data. A multi-temporal dataset consisting of two Land sat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images and one Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image in 1986, 1994 and 2002 have been used to compare the land cover changes of the Daye area, Hubei Province, China. Combined bands method and iron oxide index and the NDVI index method have been used to investigate the spectrum character and the space character of the different ground objects. The knowledge-based decision tree classification method has been used to get highly accurate classification result from the TM and ETM+ image data. The results of change detection show that quality of whole water body was still bad, although the water quality has been improved in some areas. Vegetation shows that degradation trend occurs especially in those areas close to the mining areas, large areas of wood land and plantations are reduced, the increasing bare areas appear and the reclamation percentage of the abandoned mining is only 20% from 1986 to 2002. The ecological environment in the study area may become worse unless the efficient management of mining and effective eco-environment protection are carried out instantly.

Ground based measurements on spectral reflectance, vegetation indices, leaf area index and the temperature and water content of soil with different land covers play key roles on both the evaluation on image information retrieval models, and environmental monitoring with remote sensing technology. In early- and mid-July, 2007, the authors conducted a field campaign for the synthetic measurement of ground spectrum reflectance, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), as well as the water content, saline, and temperature of soil with a series of portable instruments, on different kinds of land use/land cover. Following conclusions were got: (1) Either for alpine meadow, or for farm land with paddy, harvest wheat, maize, or bean, their diurnal variations of NDVI are small. The diurnal variations of spectral reflectance and LAI are evident and irregular. The possible reason for the variations of spectral reflectance is up to weather condition; (2) Synthetic correlation analysis on both NDVI and LAI of 9 kinds of land use/land cover from 23 measuring sites shows that the linear relationship between both is good. But the diurnal variation of LAI and the saturation effect of NDVI induce uncertainty of this relationship.

Remote sensing is an effective tool to monitor oil spills. The theory of oil spill remote sensing is based on the differences between oil slick and other environmental objects. For optical sensor, the ability of different bands to find oil film at sea is different. Oil spill object could be intensified by composing appropriate bands. In addition, image enhancements could also strengthen oil spill features. For SAR, image characteristics of oil spill are crucial to oil detection. Applications show that sensors loaded on satellite can find oil slick at sea. Optical sensor and SAR have their own advantages, and play different roles in oil spill remote sensing. It is necessary to integrate them to establish an all-weather, omnidirectional 3-D monitoring network for monitoring oil spills and illicit vessel discharges.

Petroleum pollution is a key indicator to monitor and assess water environment in petroleum fields. Five sessions of field work were made in Liaohe River in Panjin city, Liaoning province of China in 2006 and 2007. Field water spectra and concurrent water samples for laboratory measurements of chlorophyll, petroleum pollution, and suspended material were collected. An important feature of water spectra influenced by petroleum pollution was found to show that there are three peaks and two troughs in spectral curves. The peaks are at 570-590, 680-710, and 810-830nm, while troughs are at 650-680 and 740-760nm. The field spectra were used as to correspond to Landsat TM bands to establish estimate models of petroleum pollution concentration. The models were applied to the Landsat/ TM image on 11th Oct 2006 to obtain the distribution image of petroleum pollution. The accuracy is up to 80% for petroleum pollution estimation with the validation of reserved samples. The result shows that the estimate models from remotely sensing data provide an effective means to obtain rapidly and low-cost the distribution of petroleum pollution concentration in the study area.

The main environment contamination source of the phosphorite mining area, located in Huji city, Hubei province, China, was detected and evaluated using ASTER and DEM. Firstly, the featured spectrum that has unique diagnose spectral feature was generalized after analyzing the types and spectrum characteristics of the sample contamination source in the area. Secondly, the main contamination source of the area was recognized by means of principal component analysis using ASTER band 1-9. And the distributions of them were in accordance with that of phosphorite, carbonate and waste water. Finally, flow accumulation and catchment images were simulated using DEM and GIS. By analyzing the images of the flow accumulation, catchment and contamination source, the authors conclude that large scale opencast phosphorite mining and solid waste materials have damaged mining environment; the disordered piling of solid waste material has been boosting diffusion and migration of harmful and toxic matters; and all of these has damaged heavily ecological environment of lower reaches, and is the potential unsafe factor for that of Hanjiang river also. Keywords: ASTER, DEM, mining contamination, detection and evaluation on contamination sources 1.

Multi-source earth observation data is highly desirable in current landslide hazard prediction modeling, as well as Landslide Hazard Zonation(LHZ) is a very important content of landslide hazard prediction modeling. In this paper, take Wan County for instance, we investigate the potentials of derivation from multi-source data sets to study landslide hazard zonation based on the ordinal scale relative weighting-rating technique. LHZ is then performed with chosen factor layers including: buffer map of thrusts, lithology, slope angle and relative relief calculated from DEM, NDVI, buffer map of drainage and lineaments extracted from the digital satellite imagery(TM). Then Landslide Hazard Index (LHI) value is calculated and landslide hazard zonation is decided by slicing LHI histogram. The statistics results demonstrate that high stable slope zone, stable slope zone, quasi-stable slope zone, relatively unstable slope zone, unstable slope zone and defended slope zone account for 2.20%, 14.02%, 39.88%, 28.27%, 12.17% and 3.47% respectively. Then, GPS deformation control points on the landslide bodies are used to verify the validity of the LHZ technique.

The advanced digital image processing technique was used in the high resolution remote sensing images processing, aero photos before landslide happened and the Quick Bird image after landslide were processed. The technique of digital landslide, 3D visualization and man-machine interactive interpretation were used to analyze the geomorphologic features of remote sensing images. From the characteristic of the deposit, it is deduced that the paleo-landslide was a deep and consequent rock landslide with large-scale deposit, the entire deposit of "7.13" landslide is similar to the paleo-landslide, and the displaced volume is 15×106m3. Based on the geology theory, this paper synthetically compared the effect of landslide between the rainfall and the water level rising. It is concluded that the main inducing factors is the first stage storage of the Three Gorges and the continuous rainfall is triggering factor. Synthetically analyzing the process of slide and the characteristic of deposit, it is deduced that the middle and front part of Qianjiangping landslide is push-type sliding while the back part is drag sliding, the pattern of deformation and destruction is front verge leading sliding-drag.

Viewshed analysis is a method and technology, which manages geometry principles and computer graphic technology to resolve the problem of geographic aggregation of monitoring points. This paper analyses the forest resources and its main fire prevention factors, such as forest types, forest ages and forest shade density etc., within the scope of the visible monitoring points, and discusses how to maximize the area under forest fire monitoring without increasing the number of monitoring points and changing equipments performance. With the target of maximuming monitoring area, the paper studies on the best monitoring position within certain area, and to convert it into how to optimize the visible area so as to make locating monitoring points much more scientific, reasonable and efficient.

The risk level of forest fire not only depends on weather, topography, human activities, socio-economic conditions, but is also closely related to the types, growth, moisture content, and quantity of forest fuel on the ground. How to timely acquire information about the growth and moisture content of forest fuel and climate for the whole country is critical to national-level forest fire risk forecasting. The development and application of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), databases, internet, and other modern information technologies has provided important technical means for macro-regional forest fire risk forecasting. In this paper, quantified forecasting of national-level forest fire risk was studied using Fuel State Index (FSI) and Background Composite Index (BCI). The FSI was estimated using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiaometer (MODIS) data. National meteorological data and other basic data on distribution of fuel types and forest fire risk rating were standardized in ArcGIS platform to calculate BCI. The FSI and the BCI were used to calculate the Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI), which is regarded as a quantitative indicator for national forest fire risk forecasting and forest fire risk rating, shifting from qualitative description to quantitative estimation. The major forest fires occurred in recent years were taken as examples to validate the above method, and results indicated that the method can be used for quantitative forecasting of national-level forest fire risks.

Underground coal-bed spontaneous combustion is a dynamic process with complex physical, chemical and environmental interaction. The anomalous information on remote sensing spatial, spectral and thermal indexes is very meaningful for detecting underground coal fires and assessing its effects on environment. This paper, based on a series of advanced technical datum in Wu Da coalfield areas located in Inner-Mongolia, such as ground spectral testing, thermal infrared multispectral indexes, and high-spatial resolution images, analyzes the correlation between the underground coal-bed burning conditions and the remote sensing information. Besides, it provides a further discussion on the application potential for quantitative feature extraction of underground coal fire.