This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10815, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, Author and Conference Committee lists

The Computer Generated Hologram is the de facto standard for measuring surface figures of aspheres interferometrically. The CGH size is limited though by the main stream fabrication technologies which were developed for mask making by semiconductor industry. The precision CGHs are predominantly made on 6”x6”x0.25” fused silica substrates, which makes it impossible to measure in full certain classes of aspheres, e.g., long cylinders, large convex aspheres, etc. However, the impossible is made possible by combining the CGH and the stitching technique which was first developed for measuring large flats. In this paper, specifics on implementing this metrology approach are discussed, and examples are presented to demonstrate its effectiveness.

Star tracker is a high-accuracy attitude determination device widely used in spacecraft. A traditional star tracker obtain the attitude angle by calculating the centroids of star spots on photo detector. However, the directional accuracy is limited to arc-second level. In this paper, we introduce an interferometric star tracker. The interferometric star tracker improve the attitude accuracy by using interferometric components, the interference components consist of two identical gratings and several wedge plates. Tiny change of incident angle can be sensed by detecting the relative intensity of spots divided by the wedge plates. Optical design and accuracy analysis of interferometric star tracker were illustrated in this paper. The theoretical analysis indicates that accuracy of interferometric star tracker depend on the grating distance, grating period and gray level. In the laboratory experiment, the results show that that the relationship between the light intensity of each spot and incident angle can be expressed as a sinusoidal function, and the gray level difference of each spot can reach 1500, which means the accuracy can reach '' 0.2 or even higher.

The fiber point-diffraction interferometer provides a feasible method for the measurement of three-dimensional absolute displacement, in which the fiber point-diffraction sources generating coherent spherical reference waves are required to be parallel placed in the testing probe. However, the misalignment in the actual probe could introduce significant error in the displacement measurement result, and it also places high requirement on the adjustment of testing probe. A method based on phase difference in the axial displacement is proposed to calibrate the probe misalignment, and the numerical simulation is carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. The proposed method lowers the requirement on the processing of testing probe.

Photonic crystals (PC) which are artificial photonic structures proposed in the 1980s, provide a promising photonic information age since the electronic information age was originated by semiconductor. The periodic structure of photonic crystals can be destroyed by defects, and the defect state with narrow frequency band that appears is the transmission peak. The influence of defects on the filtering characteristics of one-dimensional photonic crystals can provide a theoretical reference for the design of new optical filter elements. Therefore, we use the transfer matrix method to study the modulating effect of defects on the filtering performance of one-dimensional photonic crystal. The results show that photonic crystal filter performance can be affected by the number of defects and the spacing of defects. For (AB)₃(CD)_n(AB)₃ type, where n indicates the number of defect layers, it can be found that the number of transmission peaks is equal to the number of defect layers n, and the spacing between the transmission peaks gradually decreases with the increase of n, under the condition that the appropriate refractive index is selected. And for (AB)₃(CD)(AB)_k(CD)(AB)₃ type, where k is the number of layers in the middle (AB), the number of transmission peaks is constant but the spacing of transmission peaks decreases with increasing k and and there has been a trend towards degeneracy. The optical transmission characteristics of the defect modes in the photonic crystals have important guiding significance for the design and manufacture of new optoelectronic devices.

Transmission properties of transverse magnetic light through periodic sub-wavelength slit apertures on a metallic film, behind which is another planar metallic film, are studied by finite-difference-time-domain method with constant periodicity and slit width. The result shows that the transmitted energy is strongly correlated to both the thickness of the metallic grating and the distance between such two films at a specific wavelength. The thickness of the grating acts as a filter that allows specific wavelengths to go through the slits, while the distance of dual metallic film dominantly determines a constructive or destructive interference between the transmitted light through the slits and the reflected wave from the back film. Besides, a strong vibration in the transmission spectrum as a function of the grating thickness is interestingly observed, which can be interpreted by the resonance of the surface plasmons of the front and the back metallic films.

Wide use of underwater optics started in 1950th, since then many underwater lenses were constructed. Now the whole world is interested mostly in deep-water research, which has started about 10 years ago. Now the most of underwater lenses are specially designed. It is very important to understand a role of every optical element in underwater optical system. This helps a designer to find best solution for starting point of such a system with further automatic aberration correction. We propose to use lenses with removed forward entrance pupil for deep-water lens design. Examples of different optical schemes and explanation of their design process are presented.

This paper presents a design of multizone soft contact lens (SCL) to correct myopia and slow its progression in children and young adults. The SCL anterior surface was a multizone spherical surface, being divided into five concentric zones with diameters of 3.5, 4.5, 6, 8.6, and 14.2 mm respectively. The first zone is for distance correction surrounded by alternating plus power treatment zone and distance correction zone. The outmost zone was a connecting carrier for fixing the SCL. Based on an established myopic model eye, the multizone SCL was designed employing Zemax software. The relative peripheral myopic shift of the designed SCL was analyzed by the mean sphere M at eight peripheral positions from 0° to 35° in steps of 5° under 3 and 6 mm pupil diameters. A -3 diopter (D) multizone SCL with a central thickness of 0.0659 mm and a diameter of 14.2 mm was obtained. The refractive error at 0° field of view (FOV) is fully corrected for 3 mm pupil. The mean sphere M of the myopic model eye fitted with the designed SCL is up to -5.45 D at 20° under 3 mm pupil (photopic vision), and nearly -6 D at 35° under 6 mm pupil (scotopic vision), showing significant peripheral myopic shift. Besides, the modulation transfer function (MTF) values remain above 0.56 at 50 c/mm for distance vision under 3 mm pupil for the full ±15° FOV. The above shows that the designed multizone SCL is able to correct myopic refractive error in photopic vision. In addition, it produces a large peripheral myopic defocus in both photopic and scotopic conditions, exhibiting excellent potential to slow the myopia progression.

Industrial assembly of optical systems is still a tedious and cost-intensive task that is mostly dominated by manual labor. Positional fine-adjustment of optical components is pivotal to ensure a desired performance of the optical device at hand. In this paper, we use wavefront predictions to aim for fully automated assembly procedures. Wavefront measurements along with position identification methods can be utilized to continuously update a simulation model which in turn allows for predictions on future wavefront errors. This enables to take according correction measures during the assembly process if a certain wavefront tolerance specification is not met. In order to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach and methods, a beam expander is sequentially assembled. The setup consists of a laser, two bi-convex lenses, and a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and has to satisfy a certain wavefront tolerance specification after its assembly.

Wavefront sensing techniques are mainly needed in an adaptive optics system for high resolution imaging. One of them is a Shack-Hartmann method which is composed of very simple structure. Although the method is widely utilized, it also has the limitation for the measurable magnitude of wavefront aberrations. To overcome the problem, the improved Shack-Hartmann method for larger aberrated wavefronts has been proposed. In this paper, the principle of the proposed method and the numerical evaluation of the performance of the proposed method are presented.

Sparse aperture optical system is arranged by a number of small apertures or reflective optical systems according to certain rules. It reduces the processing difficulty, the weight and the cost of the telescope system while its resolution is equivalent to that of a single-aperture telescope system. In this paper, the Cassegrain telescope system with three sub-mirror sparse aperture primary mirror as the spherical surface is used as the initial structure and optimized. The freeform surface is introduced into the sparse aperture optical system to increase the freedoms of optical design, balance aberrations and improve the imaging quality. On this basis, the three sub-mirror sparse aperture with freeform surface is designed and its image quality is analyzed.

In this study, simulations and measurements were used to investigate stray light properties of the three-mirror off-axis telescope of a new satellite for atmospheric research called Mesospheric Airglow/Aerosol Tomography Spectroscopy (MATS). A 700 mm breadboard baffle for stray light rejection has been designed and tested. Good performance was achieved by coating the baffle’s inside with Vantablack S-VIS R , which has a hemispherical reflectance of 0.2-0.6% across the instrument’s detection band (270-776 nm). A point source transmittance (PST) down to 10⁻⁶ was measured for the full-size baffle breadboard. This is in excellent agreement with simulations performed in OpticStudio/LightTools, where scattering was modeled using empirical BRDF data. From the breadboard results, a simulation model of a flight-representative prototype model of the entire instrument was set up in OpticStudio. Strong signals just outside the field of view constitute the biggest challenge, where a PST in the order of 10⁻⁶ − 10⁻⁴ is required. Simulations suggest that the PST of the prototype limb instrument will be lower than this. Adding to these simulations, an instrument model was developed, which will be utilized by the end-users to remove unwanted features in the data stemming from the instrument itself. Besides stray light, the model also takes into account the most relevant aspects of the instrument, such as image resolution (from measured/simulated point spread functions), image sensor characteristics as well as temperature and wavelength dependencies.

Higher angular resolution is required to telescope for scientific observing. Fabricating a large aperture monolithic mirror is limited by existing manufacturing technology, so segmented mirror has become a trend. But it also introduces the problem of co-phasing the segments to make the primary mirror be diffraction-limited. Here we study a new phasing technique to phase two major phasing errors which significantly affect the status of the segmented primary mirror, piston and tip-tilt. As all the segments can be described in pairs, two segments per pair, we assume that one is the reference, the other is the segment with random piston and tip-tilt. According to this setting and refer to Fourier Optics, an analytical model is built up, then deduce the point spread function(PSF) and optical transfer function(OTF). In the chromatic situation, two secondary peaks of the modulation transfer function(MTF) are sensitive to the piston difference between the two segments of one certain group. While the phase transfer function(PTF) is sensitive to tip-tilt in both monochromatic and chromatic situation. Our detection technique only needs a set of hardware and it can realize the detection at one go. We first detect tip-tilt and minimize it close to zero, then detect piston. To show the potential of this technique, we numerically simulate conditions on James Webb Space Telescope(JWST), simulation results prove that we can fine phase initial tip-tilt 2 arcseconds to an accuracy of 0.58mas. The allowed detection range of piston can be one-half of the coherence length and the accuracy of the piston detection can reach λ⁄100 RMS for piston. The total method has achieved a detection of phasing errors over a wide dynamic range with a high precision.

In this paper, we propose the novel LED Adaptive Driving Beam which enables to increase the visibility of the driver under the heavy weather condition such as fogs, rain fall, snow, yellow dust. For higher visibility, the Beam had lamp with 2-chips LED( 6,000K and 3,000K) has been synchronized with light, humidity, rain sensors to detect harsh weather condition on a road. Stereovision system with wide angle camera analyzed visibility of a driver under such weather condition and LDM commended ECU to control the color temperature of the head lamp simultaneously. Also visibility of the lamp and simulator for the further system research has been developed for the validation of the lamp. The developed beam which enable color temperature variation illuminates target object such as traffic signs, reflective sheet with various brightness and color. Human perception and the luminance of the target object with a CL-500A illuminometer has been analyzed for Adaptive Driving Beam. The average luminance of 6,000K light source on the high luminance reflection sheet under clear road obstacle is 26.7% higher than that of 3,000K. On the other hand, the average luminance of 3,000K light source on the high luminance reflection sheet on the road obstacle during rainy day was 11.25% higher than that of 6,000K.

Techniques for measuring the intensity of diffuse reflected light that propagates inside biological tissues are widely used for characterizing biological activities or functions. The authors proposed, for the first time, the use of angular distribution of diffuse reflected light to discriminate the variations in absorption coefficients caused in two individual layers of highly diffusive media. The capability of the technique was examined in terms of partial optical path length (POPL) as well as spatial sensitivity distribution (SSD) by means of Monte-Carlo simulation. It was found that the characteristic thickness of the top layer, for which the POPL or the sum of the SSD inside the two layers becomes equal, significantly differs with the direction of photodetectors. This fact indicates that the relative sensitivity of the variations in absorption coefficients varies depending on the direction of photodetectors. In order to evaluate the net effect of the angle-resolved measurement, the effective source-detector (S-D) distances were matched for the two oppositely oriented photodetectors. It was seen that the outermost contours of the SSDs still differed significantly for the two photodetectors, and a dipole-like structure, which could not be seen for the conventional (non-angle-resolved) measurement, appeared immediately below the detection area in the difference SSD. These results cannot be simply explained by the difference in effective S-D distance. Thus, the origin of the difference in the SSDs would be attributed to this dipole-like structure. The proposed method will be useful for measuring brain activities more accurately with fewer optical probes.

A higher color gamut can bring more comfort to one’s watching experience; therefore, it is a key aspect when assessing the quality of the display. To improve the color gamut of a display, many techniques have been used. Although some techniques have been claimed to work, the overall quality of the color gamut of the display still does not satisfy many researchers. In this paper, we will consider several key factors that can affect the color gamut of the newly developed laser display system, including the center wavelength of the Quantum dot film, the efficiency of the Brightness Enhancement Film, and the quality of the color filter of the liquid crystal display panel. An improvement of nearly 45% can be achieved through fine tuning of the key factors when compared with our earlier models without finetuned ones. The average color gamut of the laser quantum dot backlight display system can reach up to 110% NTSC color gamut that yields vivid color results.

Compared with light emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes (LDs) are attractive for applications in which size and radiance matter. The elliptical, highly divergent, and astigmatic beam characteristics make LD beams difficult to handle. Compare with conventional techniques, freeform optics can precisely control the LD beam. However, freeform optics design for LD beam shaping is a very difficult inverse problem. A simple and efficient method is provided to iteratively construct freeform surfaces for achieving difficult LD beam shaping tasks.

Spectrally tunable illumination is widely used for colorimetry, spectroscopy, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and other applications. Most of the swept light sources suffer either from a limited number of spectral channels or from a spatial noise and speckles. In this paper, we discuss an approach based on acousto-optic filtration of wide-band illumination. We show experimentally that acousto-optical tunable filter (AOTF) provides a unique collection of features: arbitrary spectral tuning, multi-bandpass mode and acoustic frequency modulation. It allows assigning a number, positions and width of the spectral channels. Results of multiple experiments show that the proposed technique may become the basis of the swept light sources.

Biological processes are inherently multi-scale, and supramolecular complexes at the cellular scale. However, in their current form these modalities are limited by a highly constrained field of view (FOV) and field-dependent imaging resolution. New-generation photographic instruments with ultra-large-scale and high-resolution imaging capabilities are strongly demanded in life science and medicine research, ranging from neuroscience to oncology. In practice, the size and quality of images from above instruments are severely limited by several factors related to the illumination. In this work, we present an efficient illumination design for ultra-large-scale and high-resolution fluorescence microscopy to be used on samples of any thickness, yielding strikingly clearer images. Compared with traditional epi-illumination device of fluorescence microscopy, the annular light of our design whose radius is large enough is incident on the sample directly from outside of the objective, rather than through the objective lens, which effectively improves the utility of off-axis illumination. Our design simplifies the overall system and reduces aberrations induced from dichroic mirror because the dichroic mirror is not required any more to separate the illumination path and imaging path. Meanwhile, more uniform illumination can be provided due to the symmetry of annular illumination. No need to consider the lighting angle, the proposed design is especially suitable for fluorescence microscopy because the direction of emitting light is spherical, regardless of the direction of excitation light. The apparatus is simple, robust and inexpensive, making it broadly useful to biological and clinical researchers alike.

The results of measurements of surface roughness of fluorine-containing glasses are presented using a new methodology for gradient waveguide propagation of the laser radiation.

This new method also allows the measurement of the attenuation of optical radiation in the surface layer of glass. The development of multiple experimental investigations confirm the advantages of the method - high sensitivity and simplicity in development.

In this paper, a method for inspecting the defective lenses is proposed. Defects will not only affect the performance of the system, but also do harm to the experiment. Therefore, it is critical to find them out before lenses are used. The principle we adopted here is the laser diffraction and the light source we employed is a He-Ne laser whose diameter is closed to 0.5 mm when focused on the sample. Cooperated with the platform proposed, a convergent lens is placed to collect the diffracted light from the defects while the normal reflecting light is reflected by the mirror attached to it. Thanks to this, the diffracted light can be separated simply. In addition, a circuit module with the chip named max44009 is applied to detect the intensity of diffractive light. Compared to the intensity data obtained by the computer with the threshold we have set automatically, the machine could judge whether the defect is existing. Moreover, this method can detect lenses with various curvatures and calibers. Finally, the system performance is assessed by conducting a series of tests using commercial lenses.

The deflectometry based on reverse-Hartmann-test configuration provides a feasible way for wavefront testing. Objects with complex surfaces place a high requirement on the wavefront testing accuracy, in which the systematic parameter is the key issue. In this paper, the effect of systematic parameters of the testing system such as the geometrical error and the approximation of systematic geometrical parameters are discussed in detail and a calibration method is proposed. Numerical simulation is carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed calibration method, for the transmitted wavefront with RMS 3.1220 μm, the testing optimization result of residual error with RMS value better than 20 nm is achieved.

For most uncooled infrared imager, there locates a baffle between the window of detector and the last lens of the optical system to block the internal stray radiation produced by lens cone and other structural parts. On the other hand, the baffle itself also brings another infrared radiation, and it has long been identified as a serious issue. Optimizing the surface shape of the baffle by modeling and calculating the distribution of stray energy on image plane is necessary to minimize the effects of the scattered radiation on the focal plane array (FPA). The Monte Carlo (MC) method has been verified to be an effective ray tracing technology in the computation of stray light, but for the baffle with complex heterotypic surface, the calculation by this way is very complicated and costs much time. Based on previous studies, this paper will present a MC method to trace the amount of rays radiated from the outer surface of detector, scattered by baffle and directly transmitted back to the FPA. Compared with the conventional MC rays tracing method, the way of spatial mesh discretization and gradual mesh reduction is proposed to replace the way of solving equations to search the intersection point between rays and complex surface on the baffle. As a result, it has higher computational efficiency and applicability to different shape of surfaces. Accordingly, it can be applied to the optimization calculation of baffle’s surface structure.

We investigated a rapid imaging method to monitor the spatial distribution of total hemoglobin concentration (C_HbT), the tissue oxygen saturation (StO₂), and the scattering power b in the expression of musp=a(lambda)^-b as the scattering parameters in cerebral cortex using a digital red-green-blue camera. In the method, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) for light transport in brain tissue is used to specify a relation among the RGB-values and the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (C_HbO), that of deoxygenated hemoglobin (C_HbR), and the scattering power b. The results in this study indicate potential of the method to evaluate the physiology and loss of tissue viability in biological tissues.

In this paper, we present a multi-dimensional digital holographic microscopy for biological applications. First, we present our concept of an optical microscopy that can produce both phase and fluorescence images. Then, a technique is demonstrated to obtain the three-dimensional distribution of fluorescence beads by a common-path off-axis incoherent digital holographic microscopy. Experimental verification of the proposed system on microscopic samples and the reconstructed image quality is discussed.

In now days the devices of augmented and mixed realities are widely used in all areas of the human live. However, these devices still have the visual perception conflicts. These conflicts may result in a discomfort which can lead to a headache or other health problems. The source of this conflict is disagreement between the expected and seen images. In this work we propose a way for an analysis of the visual perception problems of these devices. The virtual prototyping approach is used to synthesize and compare the physically correct images of one seen using the mixed reality device with the expected one.

UV LED, which is used as the illumination source in the direct imaging (DI) exposure equipment, has the advantages of rich wavelengths and low cost. It has a good application prospect in the field of printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing. An optical structure of the illumination system for DI lithography, which combines Kohler illumination and double telecentric imaging, is presented. First, the shape of the spot matched with Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) is obtained by setting an aperture at the imaging plane of LED chips to filter out the stray light. Then the aperture is imaged onto the working plane of DMD by the posterior double telecentric lens. The uniform illumination spot without stray light can be achieved on the DMD in the end. In this design, fly eyes are not needed, and the stray light on the DMD surface caused by light outside the effective angle of the LED can be filtered out completely. Based on this idea, a lithographic illumination system with the numerical aperture (NA) of 0.1 is designed and fabricated for 0.95 inch DMD. According to experimental measurements, the effective illumination power is up to 10W, and the illuminance uniformity is more than 85%, which meet the lighting requirements of direct imaging lithography equipment used in PCB manufacturing.

The optical system of infrared scanning thermal imager using linear array detector has inherent geometric distortion along the linear array direction of the detector. The reason of scanning distortion is analysed, and the mathematical formula of scanning distortion in the linear array direction is derived by using vector method. The mathematical results show that the distortion D along the linear array direction in the optical system of infrared scanning thermal imager is related to the sway angle θ of the scanning mirror. In order to verify the calculation results, Code V software is used to analyse the optical system of infrared scanning thermal imager, and the distortion of different sway angles is obtained and compared with the theoretical calculation values.

Demanding for the closed communication among urban buildings, a solution for close range laser communication is proposed. The functional composition of the system is demonstrated and analyzed and the parameters of the system are reasonably allocated. The system design is used with independent optical aperture. The energy model under the inherent error of transceiver is analyzed and calculated. On the basis, the actual communication test was carried out, the specific test operation process is given and the measured data are obtained. The deviation between the average data and the theory is not more than 0.58dB. The correctness of the theoretical energy model is verified. The energy model can be used to guide the design of remote distance communication terminal. At the same time, the successfully development and communication test can be effectively accelerated the application of civil communication for urban buildings.

Convex aspheric mirror with a large aperture is difficult to test and manufacture, here the Offner compensating method is used to test the convex aspheric mirror. In order to manufacture and test a convex aspheric mirror with a aperture of 300mm diameter , the formula of compensating system is deducted based on the third-order aberration，the initial configuration of 0ffner optical system is calculated with formula, field lens is also added to balance the aberration, then the data of initial configuration is optimized by optical software ZEMAX, the final result of Offner optical system with single compensating lens is obtained after optimization. Finally Offner optical system with double compensating lens is obtained with the same principle.

Aiming at the three-axis stabilized geosynchronous orbit (GEO) satellites, a satellite working state detection method based on the photometric reflection characteristics is proposed. Firstly, the characteristics of the bidirectional reflection distribution function of the commonly used materials on satellite are analyzed. The amplitude variation characteristics and the beam widths of the specular reflection of the materials are discussed based on one modified Phong BRDF model. Secondly, the GEO satellite photometric observation equations are analyzed. The photometric characteristics of the satellites caused by solar motion and the duration of the satellite specular reflection under normal working conditions were quantitatively analyzed and the duration is then put forward as a quantitative judgment basis for working state of GEO satellite. Finally, Simulation results indicate that the detection method under the criteria we proposed can accurately determine whether the satellite is working normally or not. The method proposed can be used as a basis for detecting the working state of GEO satellites quickly which could be useful for space situation awareness.

Some aspects of the construction of front components in lens systems of objectives for light microscopes are considered. The analysis of existing systems is carried out and new engineering solutions are offered. Examples of optical design are made.

Some aspects of the expansion of the spectral range for lens objectives for microscope are considered. It is proposed to use two types of optics. The first type provides operation in the near ultraviolet range (NUV) plus a visible range. The second type provides operation in the visible and near infrared (NIR) spectral range.

The large field survey optical telescope system has strong spatial target information acquisition capabilities. Wide-angle telescope array as a typical large-field survey optical telescope system, can be used for the general survey of space targets, access to important parameters such as orbital parameters and shape and size parameters, is a powerful tool to grasp the spatial situation. In order to analyze the tracking effect of the wide-angle telescope array on the typical orbit of the space target and explore the best use scheme, this paper designs different combinations of field of view for the space configuration and geometric characteristics of the typical orbit of the space target. Simulate the census capabilities of the wide-angle telescope array. First, establish a typical orbit model for space targets. In the database, the data of the typical orbital parameters of the space target are collected, typical orbital parameters are selected according to the data characteristics, and a typical orbital model is constructed. Second, design the field of view combination. According to the data characteristics of different orbital parameters, different visual angles of wide-angle telescope arrays are designed. Finally, simulation census capabilities. The ability to determine the orbit and the time required for the census are taken as important indicators of the census capability. The census capabilities of the combination of field of view methods under different typical orbit conditions are simulated. The simulation results show that the wide-angle telescope array has a very strong census capability. Designing different combinations of field of view for different orbital features can improve the orbit determination accuracy of the wideangle telescope array, and at the same time greatly improve census capabilities.

The snapshot image mapping spectrometer (IMS) is the development of modern optical imaging instruments that combine advanced technologies in medical, biomedicine, remote sensing, etc. The technology has the potential of becoming a fundamental research for high-resolution and high-throughput optical imaging system. The image mapper is the most critical component in the IMS technology and consists of many mirror facets fabricated with a 2D tilt angle. However, these components are very difficult to fabricate and often become the limiting factor in the performance of the system. Therefore, the mirror 2D tilt angle errors are presented for analyzing the center of pupils to be displaced in the virtual apertures in the system. In this research, to accurately describe the relation between reflected light’s steering angle and corresponding mirror facet’s tilt angle. We propose a light ray tracing model which provides a rigorous analytical solution for the relation between mirror facet’s tilt angle and reflected light’s steering angle. Then the mirror tilt angle error model was established to analyze the influence of the image mapper based on reflected light’s steering angle. The results indicate that the tilt angle error increased causes the deviation from the center of the sub aperture, decrease the image intensity and loss of light throughput. The proposed method can be used to estimate the accuracy of sub pupil’s center position, and the conclusions will be helpful in the design and manufacture of the image mapper.

We investigate a slab waveguide with periodic structures on the both sides of the core to study the optical mode interaction behaviors in the presence of structure periodicity. As the variation is taking place in both substrate and coating at the same time, the refractive index can be formulated as n_sb(z) = n_cl(z) = n₀(1 + εW(z)), where W(z) = W(z +T) is a periodic function with period T, and ε is a small parameter. Considering a two-dimension mathematical problem, the Maxwell’s equations have been solved by assuming the Bloch modes in transverse direction. Particularly, the E_y component have been solved when the function W(z) is selected as a sine function. The field distributions of both straight and periodic core waveguide have been compared to get a better insight of modes generation. The waveguide mode field in a non-periodic waveguide is centered in the core layer, and exponentially decays outside the core, and the size of the mode field is only related to the lateral distance x. Introducing a variation in the refractive index by a sine function, influences the propagation of modes. The mode field distribution of the core layer remains unchanged, but the pattern field distributions in the cladding layer and the substrate have changed significantly. The TE₀ and TE₁ modes in the cladding and substrate are not continuous and decay gently, but periodically fluctuate along the z-axis. Changing the distribution of the mode field in the periodic structure destroys the orthogonality of the modes and leads to the interaction between a series of modes, referred as resonance.

A set of hyperspectral imaging integrated system with multi type spectrum detection ability has been developed. It has the capability to detect transmission spectrum, reflection spectrum and fluorescence spectrum, which overcomes the limitation of single spectral imaging system. The system synchronous control software controls the synergistic operation of the liquid crystal filter and the CCD camera; the spectral image data analysis software processes and analyzes the acquired image spectrum data, and has a powerful spectrum matching classification function for the detected samples. The spectral mixed decomposition ability makes the analysis target and the other uninterested content of the image easy to distinguish. It greatly improves the efficiency of sample inspection and identification.

A new method is proposed to measure the wavefront aberration of human eyes based on annular radial shearing interference technology in this paper. The feasibility and accuracy of the scheme are verified by implementing simulations of four typical model eyes on ZEMAX. The proposed scheme consists of an illumination light path and an annular radial shearing interference system. The light path focuses the laser with a diameter of about 1 millimeter on the macula of the simulated human eye to form a point. Afterwards, the reflected light passes through the simulated eye refraction system to be incident in the annular radial shearing interference system in the form of wavefront aberration. Then the interference system contracts and expands the beam that carries wavefront aberration of the simulated eye to generate interference within their common area to obtain annular radial shearing interference patterns. Zernike polynomials are used as the basis functions to calculate the Zernike coefficients of the phase difference wavefront after image processing. Accordingly, the trial wavefront is reconstructed by iterative method, and is compared with that of corresponding model eye constructed by ZEMAX to calculate the error and validate the exactness eventually.

Ray mapping method can greatly simplify the freeform illumination lens design. However, the result obtained by the ray mapping method sometimes deviates much from the design target. Therefore, we present a construction of double freeform surfaces based on nonlinear least squares and non-uniform rational B-spline surfaces (NURBS) to minimize the deviations. By this way, we can get a smooth double-freeform-surface lens with good optical performance.

For a laser scanning nanolithographic system operating at a deep ultraviolet wavelength of 266 nm, a hybrid highnumerical-aperture objective is proposed. The most important focusing part of such an objective is a combination of a diffractive optical element (DOE) and a spherical annular reflector (SAR). In the considered version, the proposed objective has the numerical aperture of NA = 0.95, the working distance of 1 mm and the size of a sub-wavelength focused spot of 105 nm (FWHM). However, such performance was found to require a high quality of optical components, as well as severe mechanical tolerances and a high precision of their alignment. The problem of a precision alignment of the optical components is additionally complicated by the fact that the wavelength of 266 nm is not visible and it is therefore not possible to use conventional alignment methods. To alleviate this problem, we propose to use an auxiliary brightening laser with a visible doubled wavelength equal to 532 nm. A dichroic mirror is used to combine the visible and invisible laser beams. In order to apply the proposed method, it is required to optimize the diffraction structure of the DOE for the simultaneous operation in the second order of diffraction at 266 nm and in the first order at 532 nm. An example of the optimized binary-phase structure of a two-wavelength DOE is given alongside with the optical response of this structure at the visible and invisible wavelengths. Also presented are the results of a computer simulation of the main aberrations of the focusing system under the displacement of its components. It is shown that the required accuracy of assembly can be achieved by the use of only a few of alignment methods at the visible wavelength.

Summarizing main methods of MRTD-testing for thermal infrared imager briefly. For the requirements of MRTD real-time measurement in engineering, the mature objective MRTD method with less manpower and less measuring time is adopted. While ensuring measurement accuracy, optimizing the measurement steps、 improve the method of eigenvector abstracted and significantly reduce the measuring time, the improved method is more suitable for engineering measurement. Compared the subjective measurement method with the improved objective measurement method, the obtained measurement results are well consistent. and the factors of influence on accuracy of objective measurement were discussed. The given method provides an effective means for MRTD engineering measurement.

In order to meet the requirement of high image quality and super-wide-angle mobile phone lens, a super-wide-angle mobile phone lens with a curved image surface and 10 megapixels based on monocentric lenses is designed in the paper. The mobile phone lens is composed of 4 monocentric lenses. The focal length is 3.32mm, the F-number is 1.85, the FOV is 95° and the total length is 5.24mm. The final design shows that the MTF is larger than 0.52 in the 0.7 field of view and the MTF of the whole FOV is larger than 0.45 at 209 lp/mm. The MTF is larger than 0.3 in the 0.7 field of view and the MTF of the whole FOV is larger than 0.2 at 417 lp/mm. The RMS radiuses of different fields of view are less than 3 μm . The relative illumination values are greater than 0.6 in the full field of view. The optical system has good image quality.

MOEMS accelerometers bring together the advantages of both optical measurement and MEMS technique. It has higher resolution than traditional accelerometers and can be widely implemented in more application fields. Packaging is an important step for MOEMS accelerometers in their fabrication process. It can maintain the high parallelism of the upper surface of the proof mass and the grating, so that it helps to improve the temperature stability of accelerometers. In addition, it can reduce the effect of the external temperature on the sensitive structures, thereby reducing the changes of the zero drift and scale factor by temperature. Since the accelerometers measures the acceleration which involves the stress and strain of the springs, the thermal stress introduced during the packaging process will have significant side impacts on the device performance and life, etc. In this paper, we establish a finite element method (FEM) model of the MOEMS accelerometer which contains package and sensitive structure based on grating interferometry cavity. The FEM model considers the thermal coupling of sensitive structure and adhesive, adhesive and package substrate. Based on it, the influence of the thermal stress of the material of the adhesive and the substrate are studied. The results show that a good match between the coefficient of the thermal expansion (CTE) of the substrate and sensitive structure material and a reduced elastic modulus as well as the increase of thickness of the adhesive can effectively diminish the thermal stress. Besides, well designed packaging can help to reduce the zero drift and scale factor drift to minimum.

Two methods of AOTF bandpass broadening are compared: multi-frequency generation and frequency-modulated ultrasound. The principal goal is to increase the optical throughput and signal-to-noise ratio of AOTF-based spectrometers. We present a simplified model of linear frequency-modulated mode, which make easy qualitative analysis of that operation model. Using the model we derived exact formulas for AOTF field-of-view and the total optical throughput raise with bandpass broadening and we found that AOTF field-of-view is much larger in the linear frequency modulation (LFM) mode. We conclude that for imaging applications of AOTF-based spectral elements, LFM mode of bandwidth control is more efficient than multi-frequency mode.

The report summarizes the design technique of middle infrared continuous zoom optical system with 2×expander and recites the design technique of optimizing continuous zoom optical system with expander, of correcting aberration in long focal length and large aperture optical system and of analyzing and controlling of narcissus effect. The above-mentioned techniques have formed a general method of designing continuous zoom infrared optical system with expander. Based on these design techniques, a MWIR long focal length continuous zoom optical system with expander has been developed. The system is composed of a 2× expander, a zoom system and a secondary imaging system with off-centred folded path which comprises eight lenses and two reflectors. The spectral band of the system is 3.7~4.8μm and it can realize 62.5mm ~ 500mm continuous zoom. This optical system can achieve 100% cold stop efficiency. The optical system can achieve 100% cold stop efficiency, smooth zoom and long focal length, and has large aperture and high image quality. The testing results show that its image quality can meet the requirements of application.

For cooled detector with staring focal plane array, a long focal length large aperture middle infrared continuous zoom optical system was presented. The zoom system is composed of eight lenses and two reflectors. The parameters and schematics of the system are given by using zoom system principle and optical design software. The image quality and narcissus of the system are analyzed. The system with 3.7～4.8μm spectial region can realize 88～1100mm range continuous zoom and fulfill 100% cold shield efficiency. The system has the advantages of long focal length, large aperture, high image quality and smooth zoom locus.

In inertial confinement fusion high energy system, the mid-spatial frequency (MSF) errors of optical elements induced by computer numerical control tools lead to damage to the optical system. Based on the characteristics of the mid-spatial frequency errors, it is measured by using phase retrieval technology. Compared with conventional measurement methods such as interferometry, MSF errors can be measured by phase retrieval without complex measurement systems and large aperture optical elements with MSF errors can be measured via phase retrieval in theory. In this paper, we compare multiple phase retrieval algorithms that are used to measure optical element with MSF errors and explore approaches to improve the quality of results. First, we briefly introduce the feature of MSF errors and the relation between the wavefront of optical element with MSF errors and its diffraction pattern. Second, multiple phase retrieval algorithms including error-reduction (ER) algorithm, hybrid input-output (HIO) algorithm and oversampling smoothness (OSS) algorithm are adapted for the measurement of MSF errors. According to the bandwidth and structure characteristics of MSF errors, the convergence speed and the accuracy of above algorithms are discussed and compared. Then, according to the characteristics of different algorithms, different retrieved wavefront phase via using these algorithms are integrated to improve the accuracy of results. Last, based on the feature of MSF errors, the priori knowledge of algorithms is also discussed to further gear up the convergence speed and the accuracy of algorithms.

The focal length of a deformable mirror can be changed by altering its mirror profile or refractive index. With the rapid development of microelectromechanical systems technology, the variations in optical power introduced by refractive and reflective deformable mirrors have been improved, and a stabilized zoom system based on these deformable mirrors has thus become a hotspot for quick zooming and better image quality. In this paper, we discuss the domestic and foreign research on these kinds of systems, which can be divided into three categories—refractive zoom systems, all-reflective zoom systems, and catadioptric zoom systems—to indicate the differences in optical path and the deformable mirrors used. The initial theoretical layout, the verification experiment, and the performance of these systems are discussed. Above all, their characteristics and operating temperatures are highlighted, and these three types of deformable mirrors are then compared to find the possible layout for a zoom stabilization system based on two reflective deformable mirrors. Our study can help in the selection of the most suitable types of deformable mirrors and in discussions of a prototype of a stabilized zoom system. A system performance and defects radar chart for these three types of system is drawn to facilitate the selection of deformable mirrors for system design. Finally, ideas for further work to handle the challenges confronted by deformable mirrors are discussed.

Many applications like laser manufacturing, homogeneous illumination or laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy require a uniform intensity distribution and variable size of laser beam. Conventional laser beam shapers have a homogeneous but fixed-size laser spot. In this paper, a continuous zoom beam shaper based on microlens array is designed. It is essentially a multi-channel Kohler illumination system consisting of two identical microlens arrays and a zoom lens group, which transforms a Guassian or other complex spacial intensity distributions to a uniform square distribution of variable size on the target plane. The continuous zoom beam shaper adopts mechanical compensated optical configuration. Cam curve of the continuous zoom beam shaper is smooth enough and avoids inflection point. Compared with conventional laser beam shapers, the continuous zoom beam shaper has high intensity uniformity, variable size of uniform distribution and low cost. The design method and optimum result of continuous zoom beam shaper are presented. As an example, a continuous zoom beam shaper with a zoom ratio of 3× and variable size of uniform square distribution from 4.12×4.12 mm² to 12.36×12.36 mm² , is designed. The zoom lens group consists of the front fixed group, zoom group, compensation group and the rear fixed group. Intensity uniformity of output beam is greater than 90% in different zoom stages. It satisfies the needs of laser applications.

In the long-term production and processing practice, China's optical manufacturing industry has formed a coexistence model with traditional optical classical polishing and high-speed polishing. China’s optical experts are familiar with many optical standards such as the US military standard, German standard, ISO10110, and China national standard, promote optical elements production which can meet the needs of high precision instruments. High efficiency production methods are used to lay a foundation for meeting the market demands of China and other countries. The application of virtual prototyping methods, the emergence of a large number of professional optical specialists, and the popularization of advanced processing and testing equipment have all contributed to the development of China's optical industry. The number, shape and type of the optical components and test requirements are critical to the mass production of the optical components. An optical manufacturer’s sustainable operations not only depend on professional lens design, but also rely on advanced processing and testing equipment, effective cost control management and China's mature industrial chain. In this paper, we analyze the current state and characteristics of China's optical industry from the aspects of component design, processing methods, optical standards, processing and inspection equipment, and cost control. The cost information is valid for China. We propose a way to optimize a mass production cost which is based on the complexity of the optical system. As result it makes it possible to produce complex optical systems in China. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method of analysis, we present examples of the lenses produced.

Large-aperture aspheric mirror is usually transferred to the test axis by rotating and translating when measured by a computer-generated hologram(CGH). This paper focused on the optimal design of CGH, minimizing the line density of CGH, in testing off-axis aspheric mirror with large aperture, off-axis amount and asphericity. The analytics formula of the transferred aspheric is used for deriving the phase function of CGH by geometric computing. And the precision of optical path difference(OPD) is proved reaching nanometer level for aspheric mirror with large asphericity by zemax. The defocus and tilt-carrier amount are two parameters to be optimized for filtering the unwanted orders brought out by CGHs. A merit function consists of the line densities at lower and upper boundaries of CGH to describe the etching difficulty of CGH is proposed. The propagation progress is analyzed while the reflection is amended by considering the saggital height of the reflection point. The separated distance of the given (m,n) orders ray is proved reaching micron degree. The filtering condition is expressed as an inequalities system. The gradient descent method with Karush Kuhn Tucker condition is used for optimal solution of the constrained optimization problem. Finally, design example is presented and the parameter optimization for testing off-axis aspheric mirrors is proved to have a high precision, which providing extensive applicability possibility in designing freeform testing system.

This paper presents a phase-correcting Fresnel Zone Plates array produced by maskless grayscale lithography, electroforming and transfer film. The Fresnel Zone Plates is fabricated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer, which allows for the adjustment of optical focus. The Fresnel Zone Plates array material has the transparency and stretch ability of the PDMS. By stretching the elastomeric composite in radial direction, the lens focal length is tuned. Good focusing response is demonstrated and a large focus change (≥50%) was achieved by stretching lenses up to 25%. The stretchable Phase-mode Fresnel Zone Plate could be integrated with electronics and have a wide range of potential applications, from medical imaging to surveillance.

From the nodal aberration theory, aberration nodes will move to other locations of field of view when the optical element is decentered or tilted in rotationally symmetric system, which will lead to uncorrected off-axis aberration at locations of large field of view; cause the terms of wavefront aberration function are linked directly to the terms of Zernike polynomials, the aberrated wavefront of the system can be fitted by Zernike polynomials. At the same time, specific terms of Zernike polynomials can be selected to correct wavefront aberration efficiently by evaluating full-field display. Based on the method above, an off-axis optical system with field of view of 3°×3°is designed with two freeform surfaces and one aspheric surface, and certain Zernike polynomials are chosen as the descriptor of freeform surfaces. Keywords:Nodal aberration theory, freeform surface, Zernike polynomials, full-field display.